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Ipse, caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae,

Stans procul in prora pateram tenet, extaque salsos
Porricit in fluctus ac vina liquentia fundit.
Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis.
Certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt.

At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curis
Adloquitur, talisque effundit pectore questus:
Iunonis gravis ira nec exsaturabile pectus
Cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnis;
Quam nec longa dies, pietas nec mitigat ulla,
Nec Iovis inperio fatisque infracta quiescit.
Non media de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis

774.] G. 3. 21 (note), where ornatus' occurs instead of 'evinctus.'

775.] Some MSS. give "stans celsa in puppi," apparently from 3. 527. Libations and sacrifices however seem usually to have been made from the stern: comp. the passage just referred to, and Apoll. R. 4. 1595 foll. Heyne suggests, plausibly enough, that on leaving the harbour they would naturally perform the ceremony from the prow, looking to the sea over which they were to sail. 'Procul' is not easy perhaps it may refer to the distance from the shore, implying that the offering is thrown far into the sea: or it may refer to the height of the prow above the waves, Virg. preferring it to 'celsa' on rhythmical grounds. Entrails would be placed in 'paterae' as well as wine (Dict. A. 'Patera ').

776.] v. 238 above (note). Here the MSS. are said to be unanimous for 'proiicit' or some such word, 'porricit' being due to Heins.

777.] Repeated from 3. 130.

778. Repeated from 3. 290. In Pal., Gud., and another good MS., the first Mentelian, this and the preceding line change places.

779-826.] ‘Venus appeals to Neptune, expressing her fear lest Juno, after this last outrage on the ships, should attempt to raise another storm. Neptune reassures her, reminds her of past instances of his care for Aeneas, and promises that the Trojans shall reach Italy in safety, with the loss of only one of their number. He glides in his car of state over the waves, smoothing them as he goes.'

780.] Comp. above v. 482., 4. 553.

781. Nec exsaturabile' ('neque' Pal., Med. corrected, &c.) was restored by

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Heins., from Med. and others for 'et inexsaturabile.' The MSS. frequently vary between simple adjectives with negatives prefixed and adjectives compounded with negatives, e. g. non piger' and 'impiger,' 'non felix' and 'infelix.' With the sense comp. above v. 608., 7. 298. Exsaturabi lis' seems found nowhere else.

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782.] Caesar B. C. 1. 9 has "ad omnia se descendere paratum." See other instances of this use of the word in Forc. The usual combination seems to be 'descendere ad,' which is here found in some of the MSS. of Serv. Gossrau well comp. "Ire in lacrimas" 4. 413, "ad miseras preces decurrere" Hor. 3 Od. 29. 59. So also Tac. A. 1. 12, "Senatu ad ultimas obtestationes procumbente."

783.] Pietas,' as Aeneas had endeavoured to propitiate Juno 3.547. It might however be extended to other acts of piety not affecting Juno, 6. 405.

784.] The change of the nom. is harsh, as we are not warned of it by a change in the gender. Iovis inperio: Jupiter had declared himself favourable to Aeneas in Book 1, and had checked Juno afterwards by sending him away from Carthage. 'Fatisque Med., Rom., Pal., 'fatisve' fragm. Vat., Gud. It signifies little which we adopt. The command of Jove and the will of destiny are naturally combined, tending as they do the same way, and as naturally distinguished. Infractaque constitit ira" Ov. M. 6. 626. With the general language of the line comp. Juno's own words 7. 297, "At, credo, mea numina tandem Fessa iacent, odiis aut exsaturata quievi."

785.] Media de gente: Juno is not satisfied with having torn Troy as it were out of the heart of Phrygia. "Exedisse'

Urbem odiis satis est, nec poenam traxe per omnem :
Reliquias Troiae, cineres atque ossa peremptae
Insequitur. Causas tanti sciat illa furoris.
Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tu testis in undis
Quam molem subito excierit: maria omnia caelo
Miscuit, Aeoliis nequiquam freta procellis,
In regnis hoc ausa tuis.

Per scelus ecce etiam Troianis matribus actis
Exussit foede puppis, et classe subegit

muliebriter dictum," says Serv., which is
perhaps the best way of accounting for
Virg.'s use of so harsh a metaphor, at the
same time that he was probably thinking,
as Heyne well suggests, of the taunt of the
Homeric Zeus to Hera II. 4. 34 foll.:

εἰ δὲ σύγ ̓ εἰσελθοῦσα πύλας καὶ τείχεα μακρὰ

ὠμὸν βεβρώθοις Πρίαμον Πριάμοιό τε παῖδας,

ἄλλους τε Τρώας, τότε κεν χόλον ἐξακέ

σαιο.

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Henry reads 'excidisse' from fragm. Vat. and several MSS., and probably Donatus: but it may be doubted whether excidere' occurs in Virg. in this sense: see on 2.637. 786.] Traxe,' an abbreviated form, like "exstinxti" 4. 682, "vixet " 11. 118. So "abstraxe" Lucr. 3. 650. Its strangeness has led to many alterations in the MSS., some of which, including Med. a m. pr., write the word in full, traxisse,' regardless of the verse, while others, adopting 'traxisse' omit nec.' Pal. and fragm. Vat. originally had traxere.' With the expression trahere per poenam ' Ruhkopf comp. Eur. Iph. T. 257, dià móvwv yet. Comp. also 3. 315, "vitam extrema per omnia duco." The old punctuation continued the sentence to reliquias: Torquil Baden on Sen. Herc. F. p. 32 proposed to put a stop at omnem,' continuing 'Reliquias Troiae, cineres atque ossa, peremptae;' and Wagn. has improved on this by removing the comma after 'ossa.' Gossrau points nec poenam traxe per omnem Reliquias Troiae,' fortifying himself by the authority of Med., which on questions of punctuation is worth very little. The objection to this, as to the old pointing, is that it makes too subtle a distinction between 'reliquiae,' the remains after the destruction of Troy, and 'cineres atque ossa,' the remains of those remains, which have survived subsequent persecution.

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788.] Let her be well assured that she has reasons, for I know of none.' Serv. says "Bene supprimit: contra ipsam enim sunt quae Iuno in decimo [v. 92] exsequitur, me duce Dardanius Troiam expugnavit adulter?""

789.] It seems better to remove the comma which many editions place after undis,' as Libycis in undis' refers rather to 'excierit' than to 'testis,' though the latter combination might be defended, if necessary.

790.] The language closely follows 1. 133, 134, "Iam caelum terramque meo sine numine, Venti, Miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles?" Venus' language however has a slightly more colloquial air than Neptune's, as she speaks under feminine excitement and refers to an event which, being some time past, need not be In 1. 134, as characterized so exactly. there remarked, Neptune may refer to the mountains of waves: Venus evidently means no more than What a coil she made!' Maria omnia caelo miscuit' is one form of the proverbial expression, the other form of which is given in 1. 133. Juv. combines the two 2. 25, "Quis caelum terris non misceat et mare caelo ?" In another passage he has "clames licet et mare caelo Confundas" (6. 283).

792.] Comp. generally Neptune's speech 1. 132 foll.

793.] For 'per scelus,' the reading before Pierius, found in one of Ribbeck's cursives, was "pro scelus!" So 'produxit' and 'perduxit' are confounded E. 1.73. Heyne gives a choice of interpretations, per scelus' with 'exussit,' i. q. sceleste,' and per scelus actis.' The latter seems best. Ruhkopf comp. such expressions as di ὕβρεως μολοῦσαι, ἀγόμεναι, &c., Heyne "Gens humana ruit per vetitum et nefas " Hor. 1 Od. 3. 26.

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794.] Subegit' Aeneam. Classe amissa' is of course exaggerated, though she qualifies the words in v. 796, if the inter

Amissa socios ignotae linquere terrae.
Quod superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas
Vela tibi, liceat Laurentem attingere Thybrim,
Si concessa peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae.
Tum Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit alti:
Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis,

pretation adopted in the note there is correct. There is the same spirit of exaggeration in her language 1. 251, where she talks of "navibus amissis," though she doubtless knew at the time that only one ship was really lost.

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795.] Ignotae' is another touch of exaggeration, as elsewhere the Trojans speak of Sicily as familiar and friendly, above vv. 24, 28 foll., 630. But she may call it so with reference to the separation between Aeneas and those left behind, who will be strangers to him henceforth. Ignota terra is read by Med., Gud. a m. pr., first Mentelian, &c.: but the dat. which is found in fragm. Vat. is more poetical and less obvious, and so more likely to have been altered. Rom. exhibits the error in its transitional state, reading ignotae terra,' and the original reading of Pal. was perhaps ignota terrae.'

796.] There is even more variety of opinion about 'quod superest' here than in v. 691 above. Heyne, who placed a semicolon after 'superest,' seems to have regarded it as i. q. ceterum,' to which Wagn. objects that the request which follows, so far from being an afterthought, is the main object of Venus' speech. This objection is not quite conclusive, as there might even be a dramatic propriety in the request so introduced. Venus has been carried on by her impetuosity into an enumeration of Juno's crimes, and now bethinks herself of what she wants to have done, at the same time that she may purposely adopt a phrase which rather disguises her anxiety about the main point. Such a defence however can hardly be urged against other views equally reconcilable with the language, and not requiring to be reconciled with the context. Henry understands it to mean all that is now possible for us to obtain from you in this our distressed condition,' which would agree with the common interpretation of the words in v. 691, "all that is left for you to do in order to ruin us utterly." But Neptune's help was really worth far more to them than this, though it may again be replied that it suits Venus' pur

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800

pose to extenuate the boon. Two other interpretations are mentioned by Wagn., 'quod superest de classe,' or 'de sociis,' and quod superest de itinere.' The former brings the passage into conformity with what appears on the whole the best view of v. 691, at the same time that it supplies a subject for 'dare,' which would otherwise perhaps be too obscure with 'tibi' following. Besides, the latter is open to one or two objections of its own : it is not suggested by the immediate context, which speaks of the burning of the ships, the Aeolian storm having been dismissed in v. 792: perhaps also it makes Venus assume too readily that their journey is near its end, as if distance and tempests had been the only causes of its prolonga tion. I think then that 'quod superest' is to be explained of the remaining ships and their crews, and that the probabilities of this interpretation here and in v. 691 may fairly be said to strengthen each other.

797.] Most editors take 'tibi' as an ethical dative, virtually equivalent to 'I pray;' but the instances they quote are, as Forb. admits, not strictly parallel, and there can be no doubt that such a use of the word in a connexion like this would create a very awkward ambiguity. With Ladewig then I accept Heyne's first explanation, "dantur proprie vela ventis: nunc ea Neptuno quasi creduntur." So perhaps in 12. 263 "profundo," in G. 2. 41 "pelago" may be the dat. after “dare vela." We have already had a bolder innovation on the usual expression in 3. 9, "dare fatis vela."

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798.] Ea moenia' has to be explained from the previous knowledge of Neptune, as no city has been mentioned. Comp. 3. 100, " quae sint ea moenia quaerunt," where the reference is scarcely more direct. With 'dant' comp. v. 737 above.

799.] The rhythm of this line is harsh : probably however we are meant to pause at haec,' separating Saturnius' from domitor."

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800.] "Fas omne" 3.55. "Fas fidere" 2. 402.

Unde genus ducis. Merui quoque; saepe furores
Compressi et rabiem tantam caelique marisque.
Nec minor in terris, Xanthum Simoentaque testor,
Aeneae mihi cura tui. Cum Troia Achilles
Exanimata sequens inpingeret agmina muris,
Milia multa daret leto, gemerentque repleti
Amnes, nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset
In mare se Xanthus, Pelidae tunc ego forti
Congressum Aenean nec dis nec viribus aequis
Nube cava rapui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo

801.] Merui quoque' ut fideres. Beside the general ground for Venus' confidence, Neptune had given her further reason by his personal interference in Aeneas' behalf.

802.] Tantam' seems emphatic, as if he had said "tantos furores rabiemque compressi," substantiating the assertion 'merui quoque.' The reason why he does not give 'tantam' its natural place may be that he wished to bring saepe' into prominence. So many have been his deliverances from dangers so great.' Some difficulty has been felt about 'saepe,' as the only interference recorded is that in Book 1. It is answered by Heyne that we may assume Neptune's protection to have been exerted on such occasions as vv. 8 foll. above, 3. 192 foll. This may have been what Virg. refers to: but it is perhaps more satisfactory with Burm. to say simply that he refers to occasions not mentioned (expressly at least) in the

Aeneid.

803.] Xanthum Simoentaque testor' is explained by what follows. The combat of Aeneas with Achilles (Il. 20. 158 foll.) happened before the μάχη παραποτάμιος of II. 21, but both took place on the same occasion, the return of Achilles to battle, so that it is scarcely inaccurate to speak of them as contemporaneous.

805.] The expression seems to be taken from II. 21. 295, κατὰ Ἰλιόφι κλυτὰ τείχεα λady ééλσaι Towikov, ös ke punoi, words used by Poseidon himself to Achilles, though they had been previously used by Achilles himself (v. 225) in speaking to Scamander. For the fact see the latter part of II. 20 and 21. A similar expression occurs in Tac. H. 2. 41 (cited by Forc. s. v. 'impingo'), a paucioribus Othonianis quo minus in vallum inpingerentur." Fragm. Vat. originally had inmitteret."

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806.] Daret leto' G. 3. 480 note. The

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Virg. perhaps alludes to the connexion of the two senses of στένω.

807.] Amnes,' as Scamander invokes Simois against Achilles, Il. 21. 307 foll. Evolvere' is used in post-Augustan prose of rivers emptying themselves: see Forc. For atque' Pal. has neque,' which might stand if volvere' were read.

808.] Another reference to Homer's words, Il. 20. 334, where Poseidon blames Aeneas for encountering Achilles, ds σeû ἅμα κρείσσων καὶ φίλτερος ἀθανάτοισιν.

Nec dis aequis' does not express the same thing as the words just quoted, but it agrees with the Homeric narrative, where the Greek gods generally show themselves stronger than the Trojan, as in the wounding of Aphrodite and Ares II. 5, and the θεομαχία 11. 20. Comp. the words of Hera 1. 20. 122 foll. Viribus aequis' occurs again in a similar connexion 10. 357, 431., 12. 218. With the sense comp. generally v. 466 above.

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810.] Nube cava' 1. 516. The description is not quite the same as that in II. 20. 321, where Poseidon puts a mist before the eyes of Achilles and then takes Aeneas away, but Virg. was doubtless thinking of other instances where Homeric gods carry off warriors in clouds, as in Il.

Structa meis manibus periurae moenia Troiae.

Nunc quoque mens eadem perstat mihi; pelle timorem.
Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni.

Unus erit tantum, amissum quem gurgite quaeres;
Unum pro multis dabitur caput.

His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis,
Iungit equos auro Genitor, spumantiaque addit

20. 444., 21.597. Eripui,' a former reading, is supported by a correction in fragm. Vat. There is some awkwardness in 'cum inpingeret' followed by 'cum cuperem:' but we should lose rather than gain if we were to remove it according to Wagn.'s suggestion by placing a full stop after Xanthus' v. 808, and connecting 'cum Troia' &c. with the previous sentence, as Xanthum Simoentaque testor' would then produce an awkward tautology with what follows. "Ex imo verti Neptunia Troia" 2. 625.

811.] The building of Troy by Poseidon and the perjury of Laomedon are sufficiently known. Periturae' is read for 'periurae' in fragm. Vat. and Med. a m. pr., perhaps as Wagn. suggests, from a recollection of 2. 660; but the two words are easily confounded, and there is the same variety in the Virgilian Catalecta 11. 51.

812.] Timorem' Med., 'timores' Rom., Pal., Gud., and probably fragm. Vat. The former is perhaps preferable, as we have "timorem mittite" 1. 202, while timores' does not occur at all in Virg., though we have 'solve' and 'auferte metus.' Wagn.'s distinction that the sing. denotes the apprehension of a particular thing, the plural the fear of many things, is I think refuted by 1. 202., 9. 90.

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813.] Portus Averni' is the harbour of Cumae. Comp. 3. 441, 442., 6. 236 foll., and note on G. 2. 161. Serv., and after him Spence, find an inconsistency in the passage as ordinarily pointed, as Neptune's promise that Aeneas should reach Cumae is not the same thing as Venus' request that he may arrive at the Tiber, and propose to remove it by separating Averni' from 'portus' and taking it with 'gurgite:' but the dangers of the voyage were in fact over when they reached Cumae, and Virg.'s love of variety is not to be controlled.

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814.] Quaeres' is the reading of all Ribbeck's MSS., 'quaeret' of one or two inferior copies, followed by most editors. Either would stand very well, 'quaeret' referring to Aeneas, 'quaeres' to Venus, who

815

would gladly be identified with him in his care for the fleet. The latter is less obvious, without being at the same time less Virgilian, and external authority is, I agree with Henry and Ribbeck, decisive in its favour. Comp. Venus' language 1. 250 foll., "Nos... Navibus. . . . amissis.... Prodimur," and the assurance she afterwards gives Aeneas of the safety of his fleet ib. 390 foll. (see also ib. 584, 585.) Amissum quaeres' is like "sublatam ex oculis quaerimus" Hor. 3 Od. 24. 32, comp. by Forb. So 1. 217,"amissos... requi runt." The person referred to is of course Palinurus, not, as Serv. thinks, Misenus, curiously fancying v. 814 to point to the latter, v. 815 to the former.

816.] Here, as in 1. 147, 156, Neptune mounts his car and rides over the waves to smooth them. The description however is from II. 13. 23 foll., where his object is to make a journey to the earth. Laeta' is apparently proleptic, in this as in other places, though it is not easy to distinguish this use of an epithet from its more ordinary employment. Venus was sad before Neptune spoke: but she had become happy before his speech came to an end.

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817.] Auro all Ribbeck's MSS., 'curru' two or three inferior copies. The latter is evidently a correction to make the passage easier. Aurum' for a thing made of gold is found elsewhere in Virg., e. g. 1. 739; but the reference has in each case to be determined from the context, a task which here is somewhat difficult. Hom. does not help us, as though he talks of gold repeatedly, it is with reference to Poseidon's palace, the names of his horses, and his own armourer. Probably Heyne is right in taking it of the yoke, though it may be the harness. In either case it is doubtless abl., not dat., so that Wagn.'s objection that 'iungere currui' is the proper expression, not 'iungere iugo,' falls to the ground. The horses are 'iuncti,' fas tened to the car, or to each other (comp. 3. 113., 7. 724, E. 3. 91 &c.), with gold,

aureo iugo' or 'aurea iunctura.' So Claudian, Phoenix 86, comp..by Heins.,

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