EXPLANATION OF PLATES. a, Summer or Spring Wheat. b, Winter or Lammas Wheat. c, Egyptian Wheat. d, Turgid Wheat. e, Polish Wheat. f, Spelt Wheat. g, One-grained Wheat. h, The Wheat Fly of Scotland, New England, &c., the larva or worm of which destroys the grain in the head or chaff. i, One of the Worms magnified. k, The Hessian Fly, which attacks the stem near its root. 1, A portion of Wheat Straw affected with Rust, magnified, to show the parasitic plant or fungus giving rise to the disease called Rust, Blight, and Mildew. m, Another portion of a Diseased Stem in a green state, and before the fungus is quite ripe. n, The small portion marked 1 (1) is still more strongly magnified. o, p, q, r, s, t, u, Very highly magnified representations of the Fungus Parasite in different stages of growth and maturity. o, Showing it in the young state; p, fullgrown; q, two plants bursting and shedding their seeds when under water in the microscope; r, two plants bursting in a dry place; s, apparently abortive; t, seeds in a dry state; u, a small part of the bottom of a pore with some of the parasitic fungi growing upon it. The first group exhibits the Tall Hay-Grasses of temporary duration; the second group, Tall Hay-Grasses of permanent duration; the third group, Grasses adapted to particular soils and situations. a, Ray or Rye-Grass (Lolium perenne), Perennial Darnel, Perennial Rye-Grass. b, Orchard Grass, or Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata). c, Woolly or Creeping Soft Grass (Holcus mollis). cc, Tall Oat-like Soft Grass, Andes Grass (Holcus avenaceus). d, Meadow Barley-Grass (Hordeum pratense). dd, Meadow, or Fertile Fescue (Festuca pratensis). e, Tall, or Infertile Fescue (Festuca elatior). f, Spiked, or Darnel Fescue Grass (Festuca loliacea). g, Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). h, Great, or Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass, Spear-Grass (Poa pratensis). i, Rough-stalked Meadow Grass (Poa trivialis). k, Timothy, or Meadow Cat's-tail (Phleum pratense). 1, Floating Fescue (Festuca fluitans). m, Water Meadow Grass (Poa aquatica). n, Fiorin (Agrostis stolonifera). PLATE 6. p. 576. Grasses. The first group exhibits the Early Pasture Grasses; the second and third groups Pasture Grasses adapted to particular soils and situations. a, Sweet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). b, Downy Oat-Grass (Avena pubescens). f, Dog's-tail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus). C, Furze or Whin (Ulex Europaus). g, Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). PLATE 8. Plants cultivated for Hay or Herbage. a, White,or Creeping Clover (Trifolium'repens). k, Yarrow (Millefeuille, Fr.). PLATE 10. p. 1108. Weeds and Plants troublesome to the Farmer. a, Cockle, or Corn Campion (Agrostemma Githago). b, Mellilot Clover (Trifolium officinalis). c, Tares. Smooth Tare (Ervum tetraspermum). d, Black Bindweed (Polygonum Convolvulus). e, Dodder (Cuscuta Europea). f, Mellilot trefoil of Switzerland. g, Charlock, or Wild Radish (Raphans Raphanistrum). h, Hariff, Cleavers, &c. (Galium Aperine). i, Couch Grass (Triticum repens). k, Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa). 1, Colt's-foot (Tussilago Farfara). m, Corn Mint (Mentha arvensis). n, p, Hedge Parsley, or Dill (Torilis infesta). q, Fool's Parsley (Ethusa). r, Bawd-Money. Fennel. (Meum bunias). s, Corn Poppy (Papaver Rhaas). t, Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus). u, Blue Bottle. Ragged Robin. (Centaurea Cyanus). v, Mayweed. themis Cotula). Stinking Chamomile. v, v, St. John's Wort (Hypericum). (An w, Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum). ww, Chamomile Feverfew (Matricaria Chamomilla). x, Common Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis vel vulgaris). xx, Yellow Toad-Flax (Linaria vulgaris). y, Cinquefoil (Potentilla Pennsylvanica). yy, Soap Wort. Bouncing Bet. (Saponaria officinalis). PLATE 11. p. 628. b, Common Red, or Biennial Clover (Trifo- Russian Bee-Hive and Echium vulgare, called lium pratense). c, Meadow, or Cow Clover (Trifolium medium). d, Yellow, or Shamrock Clover (Trifolium procumbens). e, Lupuline Clover (Medicago lupulina). f, Flesh-coloured, or Roussillon Clover (Trifolium incarnatum). g, Saintfoin (the Bourgogne or Esparcette of the French). h, Lucern (Medicago sativa). i, Yellow Lucern (Medicago falcata). k, Long-rooted Clover (Trifolium macrorhizum). in Russian Ciniak. 1, The Hive with the upper door removed so as to show the interior, and arrangement of the honey frames. a, Movable doors; b, wooden pegs; c, movable pieces on which the doors are supported; d, slats separating the comb from the doors; e, frames in which the honey is deposited; f, entrances with slides. 2, One of the Honey Frames drawn out. 3, Grating, or Adapter. 4, Movable Board for separating. 5, A Transverse Section of the Hive, showing, at f, the places of entrance; at a, the depth to which the frames extend; and at c, one of the combs. 6, The Echium vulgare, or Ciniak, with its. Root, Efflorescence, and nut-like Fruit. 4, Cucumber Flea (Haltica striolata). Magnified. See pages 172 and 173. 5, May Beetle, or Dor Bug (Phyllophaga quercina). See pages 172, 173. 6, Pine Tree Weevil (Hylobius pales). A most destructive insect to the Southern pine forests. See WEEVILS. 7, Moth of the Corn Cut-Worm (Agrotis clandestina). See CUT-WORM. 8, Female Fly of the Peach Tree Worm (Egeria exitiosa). See PEAR TREE BORER. 9, Bee, or Wax Moth (Gallerea cereana). See page 168. The three insects which follow are to be regarded as friendly to the interests of man, as they prey upon those which are destructive. 10, Caravus Gorgi, one of a large family which preys upon caterpillars, &c. 11, Lady Bird, or Lady Bug (Coccinella borealis). This insect lives upon plant-lice and other injurious insects. 12, Trogus Fulvis, an insect of the Ichneumon Family, which commit great havoc among caterpillars and grubs. See ICHNEUMON FLIES. N. B. Most of the subjects of this plate were furnished expressly for this work by Professor Haldeman, of Marietta, Pennsylvania, and drawn under his inspection by Miss Lawson, of Philadelphia. a, PLATE 17. p. 902. The Holland, or Rotterdam Plough. b, Small's Chain Plough. c, d, East Lothian Plough, two views, with scale of feet, &c. e, English Swing Plough. f, Skeleton Plough of Kent. g, Subsoil Ploughing. h, English Plough Head. i, Scotch Plough Head. k, Ploughshare for Stony Ground. 1, Ploughshare for Clear Ground. m, m, Skim Coulters. n, Wheel Coulters. o, Smith's Subsoil Plough. THE AMERICAN EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. "To render Agriculture more productive and beneficial to all, it is necessary that its principles should be better understood, and that we should profit more from the experience of each other, and by the example of other countries which excel us in this great business."-BUEL. THE work upon husbandry now ushered before the American public is the production of an English gentleman of great intelligence, assisted by some of the best authorities upon rural subjects in his country. By collecting and condensing the most interesting details relative to farming, chiefly derived from living authors, such as Professors Liebig, Lowe, Sir J. E. Smith, Brande, Youatt, Stephens, Thompson, Lindley, I. F. Johnson, etc., etc., he has been enabled to present the very latest information, and furnish a fund of matter which cannot fail to attract all who take an interest in rural affairs, so long studied and so thoroughly understood as these must "needs be in Great Britain. The absence of speculative views, with the very practical and matter-of-fact character of the information given upon all subjects treated of, will perhaps be found to constitute the highest recommendation of C. W. Johnson's Farmers' Encyclopædia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs." The comparatively limited range of English Agriculture is strongly contrasted with the diversity of culture met with in the United States. A work limited to an account of productions of the soil and climate of England would leave out many of the most important crops which exact the attention of the American farmer and planter. Hence the necessity of adapting a book of the kind to the new localities into which it is introduced. This, as may be well supposed, presents a task of no small labour. It has been charged upon agriculturists, that improvements in husbandry encounter great opposition, and generally work their way very slowly; whereas inventions and improvements made in the manufacturing and mechanic arts are seized upon and put to profit almost as quickly as promulgated. The late and justly celebrated Mr. Coke, of Holkam, England, the great benefactor of his own country, and, indeed, of every other country where agriculture is cherished, succeeded, by the adoption of an enlightened course of tillage, in converting a sandy and comparatively sterile district into one of very great productiveness. But, though his improvements were on so large a scale, and the results so very striking to observers, such was the general ignorance, apathy, or prejudice prevailing in the neighbouring counties, that he estimated the rate at which his improved process spread around him, at only about three miles a year. A better condition of things would seem to exist at present in the United States, doubtless owing to the extension of education. But a few months have passed since the treatise upon Agricultural Chemistry of the celebrated Dr. Liebig, reached this side of the Atlantic, and though much of it is couched in the abstruse phraseology of science, still has it been eagerly sought after in all directions, and gone through several editions. Can any stronger proof be furnished of the high state of intelligence pervading a large portion of the agricultural population of the United States? The advances in agricultural improvement have, of late years, been in what mathematicians call a geometrical ratio, the pace increasing with great celerity at every successive step. In proportion as the influences of modern education become diffused, the sayage characteristics of man are softened down, and the better feelings of his nature ac |