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ave been of the greatest value. ppreciated this point of view. 100,000 on Mrs Keppelman, a divorce was arranged; dnd Miss Gaul, as Mr Keppelman's present wife, cannot, nder American law, be a witness against him.

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The foregoing evidence enables one to see, as on a then age, an excerpt from the busy and profitable life of me erman organisation. Psychological lessons are not anting-the degeneration caused among the employees the German concern themselves, the suggestive comblaints of Mr Keppelman as to difficulties in 'training lesmen, together with the delightfully human picture Chris Eisfeld, who was willing to make any affidavit cause a Bible could not be found! But it is necessary, closing, to recognise the scale on which the German dye dustry worked, and its methods of adulteration and theruption. Statistics, when cited at any length, are apt weary and fail to fix the attention. Let us content rselves, therefore, with stating that the annual value the dyes imported into the United States before the atlar amounted to about $10,000,000; and that, although take general rule was to add 10 per cent. for the selling tipenses and 10 per cent. for the profits of the American epttributing managers, the total prices paid by the bnerican consuming mills were almost $25,000,000 yearly which sum, of course, included the results of 'graft dadulteration. One of the six Companies alone claimed edit for $700,000 in graft'; and one American mill (the e where 85 cents was paid for a certain black instead 21 cents) presented figures to the author of this article wing, after graft' was eliminated, a yearly reduction expenditure on dyestuffs from $265,000 to $125,000.

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Art. 3.-CLIVE IN INDIA.

1. The Life of Lord Clive. By Sir George Forrest, C.I.E. Two vols. Cassell, 1918.

2. MSS. at the Madras Record Office, India Office, Public Record Office, and British Museum.

THE work of the first Englishmen who attempted to control an Indian province has seldom been duly appreciated. Their motives and difficulties, the system they gradually built up, the methods they were obliged to adopt, have been discussed and judged from the standpoint of European conditions and ideas. It may then be useful, especially when the whole fabric of Indian administration is under revision, to re-examine its beginnings with the aid of contemporary documents, many of which have just been published in Sir George Forrest's 'Life of Clive,' while I have also drawn on others still unpublished, some of which are in my keeping in Madras

It is, indeed, strange that we should have had to wait till now for an authoritative biography of that great. man and statesman. Orme, though authoritative, was as a contemporary, bound within narrow limits of discre tion, and deliberately refrained from dealing with Clive later and more important achievements. Malcolm biography is well-intentioned but confused. The writ ings of Malleson, Wilson, and Arbuthnot are second hand, uncritical, and misleading. Thus Sir Georg Forrest's work fills what was a deplorable gap in ou historical literature, and does so in the manner which those already acquainted with his 'Bombay Selections and Foreign Department Papers' expected.

We propose to indicate here merely the salient feature of Clive's wonderful career, and his decisive influence of the origins of British power in Hindustan. At the age of nineteen he went out as writer to Madras, and for tw years performed the easy duties assigned to the junio servants, amusing his leisure in the library accumulated by a succession of pious chaplains and beneficent governor When, in 1746, La Bourdonnais captured the settlemen and Dupleix violated the capitulation, Clive fled to For St David, and for the next three years served as a officer, distinguishing himself on several occasion

e

When the war ended he returned to civil employment, and was appointed Steward at St David's. Humble as it sounds, this was the first step in an amazingly prosperous career. War broke out again almost at once, on account of the way in which Dupleix's schemes threatened the continuance of English trade. The English took the field with a large part of their troops; and to Clive as Steward fell the duty of providing bullocks and coolies for transport, and meat, rice, and arrack for provisions. By the time Clive went home, early in 1753, he had made 40,000l. Nor had this involved great personal exertions. Clive had employed numerous agents-many of them were his brother officers-who themselves amassed handsome sums of money as well.

The war was at first carried on with indescribable incompetence. Lawrence went home almost at once to quarrel with the Directors over his pay. The command devolved on a captain named Rodolf de Gingens, who considered that the art military lay in keeping out of the enemy's reach. When the Francophil Nawab, Chanda Sahib, marched to attack Trichinopoly, the only refuge of the English candidate, Muhammad Ali, Gingens retreated with such haste as to lose most of his baggage and some of his guns. When the enemy approached the ity, he would not stir beyond the shelter of its guns, and but for the Nawab's protests would have retired behind its walls. Luckily the French troops with Chanda ahib were commanded by officers equally unenterprising nd incompetent.

Jess war.

The English Council, however, wearied of this bloodIn order to relieve the pressure on Trichinooly, they resolved to attack the enemy's capital, Arcot. his promised the collection of revenue in the enemy's ountry, or at least the disturbance of his collections. at, when Gingens was ordered to detach a force for is purpose, he refused. Clive then offered to invade rcot with such troops as could be spared from the arrisons of St David's and Madras, on condition of ceiving rank as Captain. His offer was accepted. In ugust 1751, he seized the city of Arcot; and next onth was closely besieged by forces gathered from richinopoly and Pondicherry. This is the siege long mous as the occasion on which sepoys are said to

have offered their rice to feed the European troops. Sir George Forrest, we note, accepts the story as genuine. But, if so, how comes it that no allusion can be found either in Clive's letters from the besieged place, or in the diaries of the men who served there, or in subsequent correspondence, or in any of the official records? The story depends wholly upon what Sir John Malcolm called 'undoubted authority,' without saying what his authority was. Malcolm was an uncritical person, and we suspect was deceived.

At last Clive's tottering walls were breached, and the enemy sought to carry the place by storm. But the French troops consisted of sailors newly landed and undisciplined-'tarpaulin rascals' an irreverent Englishman called them-and they took no part in the attack, while the native troops were driven off with considerable loss. Shortly afterwards they withdrew, on the approach of certain Maratha allies of Muhammad Ali.

When, early in 1752, Clive had expelled the enemy from the Carnatic by an unbroken series of victories, the English Council resolved to send him with every man that could be spared to reinforce Gingens at Trichinopoly, in the hope that at last that sluggish commander would venture to move. On his way to St David's, Clive marched by the ground on which fourteen months earlier the French had by a night-attack secured their most conspicuous success-the death of Nasir Jang, Subahdar of the Deccan and principal enemy of Chanda Sahib. But instead of the city and the stately monument which Macaulay declared Dupleix had built there in commemoration of his victory, he found only a couple of choultries, or rest-houses for travellers, and an unfinished inscription on a block of stone. Of such materials are some of the high-sounding stories of history composed.

Just as Clive was ready to march from St David's, Lawrence arrived from Europe. This was very lucky for Clive. Had he proceeded alone to Trichinopoly, he would have found small occasion to distinguish himself. He was the youngest captain on the list; and most of his seniors were exceedingly jealous of the reputation which he had acquired. Any attempt on the part of the Council to give him command of the English forces would certainly have been followed by the resignation

f the officers generally, just as happened when Dupleix ried to give Paradis command of the expedition against t David's in 1746. Under Lawrence's command, howver, Clive was given every opportunity he could desire. At this time the French were led by an exceedingly nefficient officer, Law, who failed to prevent the junction f Lawrence's reinforcements with the troops already Trichinopoly, and then retired into the island of rirangam, which lies between the Cauvery and the Coleroon. Clive then proposed that the English forces hould be divided, one part operating to the south and he other to the north, so as to block up the French nd compel their surrender. Every English officer but awrence condemned the plan as foolhardy; and indeed ts sole justification lay in the proved inactivity of the Trench command, but for which the two parties might ave been crushed in detail. The plan was adopted, and live received command of the detachment operating to he northward. Once there, he became much more senible of the dangers of his position, from which indeed e escaped only by his own activity and the enemy's egligence. His camp was surprised, but by a party 00 small to take advantage of the confusion they had aused. Soon after this all the French posts outside the land were carried. A party advancing with treasure rom Pondicherry was driven back and finally captured. hereupon Chanda Sahib and the French surrendered. Chanda Sahib was beheaded by the Tanjoreans, whose erritory he had ravaged a dozen times in his day of ower; and Law's surrender determined the French Company to recall Dupleix. It is hard to see what else hey could have done. Dupleix had for three years been musing them with stories of a war that was always oing to end and was never going to cost any money. le had never explained to them or even formulated to imself the principles on which his policy rested. Nor as his recall so great a misfortune as some have suposed. Fertile of expedient as he was, he lacked all ense of reality and failed to see what was, and what was not, practicable.

Clive's military career in Southern India was now most concluded. He conquered a few posts which the rench had re-established in the Carnatic, and then