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Compare οψ, οπ-ος, the voice; χερνιψ, χερνι-βος, consecrated water; νιψ, νιφ-ος, snow ; κοραξ, κορακος, a raven, αιξ, αιγος, a goat; μwvvž, μwvvx-os, not cloven-footed; yeλws, yeλWT-OS. laughter; λapnas, λaμmad-os, a torch; opvis, opril-os, a bird; ελπις, ελπιδος, hope.

Compare, also, in the Latin, duxi from duco, rexi from rego, and coxi from coquo. As an exception, in the preposition EK the x before a remains, as exσwyw, I save.

N vanishes before σ, and if is connected with a t sound both sounds vanish before ; but the short vowel before the is lengthened, that is to say, & into ɛ, o into ov, and à, i, v, into ā, ī, v; as

σ

δαιμον-σι becomes δαίμοσι

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τυφθεῖσι

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σπείσω

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οδοντ-σι becomes ἑδοῦσι τυφθεντ-σι έλμινθασι ελμῖσι σπεδάσω δεικνυντ-σι κ δεικνύσι τυψαντ-σι τυψᾶσι Ξενοφωντοσι,, Ξενοφωσι The following are exceptions:-ev, as evoπelpw, I sow in; Taλiv, as Taλivoкiog, thickly shaded; some inflexions and derivations in oal and oic, as Tepavoal from pawvw, I show, and a few substantives in vg and uvc. The in ovv in compounds before o and a following vowel passes into o, as ovooww; but if after v a o with a consonant or a follows, then the disappears, as συν-στημα, συστημα ; συν-ζύγια, συζυγια.

συν

An exception to the extension of into a before v and a t sound appears in the adjectives which end in eg, sooa, ev, the dative plural masculine and neuter of which is to instead οι εισι.

Two immediately following syllables of a word cannot in certain cases begin with aspirates, but the first aspirate passes into the kindred tenuis. This fact is exemplied in 1. The Verbal Reduplication, as

instead of φε-φιληκα from φιλεω, I love, we have πε-φιληκα χεχυκα χεω, I pour, Θε-θύκα Ovw, I sacrifice, " (stem ɛ), I place,

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θι-θημι

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2. In the Aorist and First Future passive of the two verbs OvEL, to sacrifice, and rilevai, to place, as εTv-Oŋy, Tv-Onσoμai, ete-Oŋy, te-Oŋooμal, instead of εOv-Onv, etc. 3. In some words whose root begins with the aspirate and ends with an aspirate, e. g.

ΘΡΙΧ: θριξ, τριχος, hair, but the dative plural is θριξιν
OAX: Taxνs, swift, comparative Oarrov
ΘΑΦ: θάπτω, I bury, aor. 2. pass. εταφην
ΘΡΕΦ: τρέφω, I nourish, fut. θρεψω, aor. έθρεψα.

Here belongs also the verb exw, I have, instead of ¿xw, fut. έξω ; aor. ἔσχον instead of εσέχον,

But in the passive or middle inflexions beginning with 0 of the verbs just mentioned θαπτω and τρεφω, the aspirates remain; as

εθρεφ-θην, θρεφ-θηναι, θρεφ-Θησεσθαι, τεθράφθαι,
εθαφ-θην, θαφθεις, θαφθησομαι, τεθάφθαι.

The two flexional terminations of the imperative First Aorist passive would both begin with an aspirate, as one, but the latter aspirate is changed into its tenuis, as Onri, e. g. BovλevOnri; nevertheless the termination et appears in the Second Aorist passive, as τριβηθι.

Finally; the liquid p is doubled, 1. with the augment, as Eppov; 2. in compounds when the p is preceded by a short Vowel, as арpηктоg, unbroken, indestructible, Balvopovs, flowing deep; but Evpwσros (from ev and pwvvvμi, I strengthen), very strong, with only one p, since ɛv is long.

FRENCH READING S.-No. XVII.
CHARLES I.

COURAGE ET GRANDEUR DANS L'INFORTUNE.
SECTION V.

Quand il eut revêtu ses habits de fête, ainsi qu'il le désirait, il demeura en prières jusqu'à midi. Alors il mangea2 un morceau de pain et but un verre de vin. Puis la fenêtre de son appartement à Whitehall s'étant ouverte, il put apercevoir au milieu des soldats de Cromwell l'appareil de son supplice. Il le vit sans crainte. Comme on était au trente de janvier, et que le roi sentit que la saison était rigoureuse, il dit à Herbert:

Il fait froid, ils croiraient que je tremble de peur; donnez-moi mon manteau.

Herbert lui jeta son manteau sur les épaules. Le roi marcha ensuite d'un pas ferme à l'échafaud tendu de noir. Il considéra d'un œil calme les instruments 10 du supplice et parut s'étonner que l'échafaud ne fût pas plus élevé. Il adressa la parole" à quelques-uns de ceux qui l'approchaient de plus près, leur déclarant de nouveau qu'il12 n'avait point à se reprocher d'avoir commencé la guerre contre le parlement anglais; mais il avoua ce qui depuis long-temps affligeait son âme. Il dit que le ciel le punissait justement d'avoir consenti à l'arrêt de mort iniquement prononcé contre son noble ministre le comte de Strafford. Il répéta qu'il pardonnait1 à tous ses ennemis. L'évêque Juxon lui adressant des consolations:

15

13

-Oui, dit le roi,15 je vais quitter une couronne périssable pour une couronne qu'aucun trouble n'accompagnera. -Sans doute, reprit l'évêque,16 vous échangez une couronne temporelle contre une couronne immortelle. Oh quel favorable, quel heureux échange!

Quand le roi eut lui-même ôté son habit, il passa1 autour du cou de l'évêque son collier de Saint-Georges en ne lui disant que ces mots:

--Souvenez-vous,'

Alors posant sa tête sur le billot, il éleva ses mains 18 comme pour donner lui-même le signal. D'un seul coup l'un de ses deux bourreaux, qui étaient des hommes masqués, lui trancha la tête; l'autre la saisit toute sanglante et la montra au peuple.

Ainsi périt le roi Charles premier d'Angleterre dans la quarante-neuvième année de son âge. La mort également courageuse 20 et résignée du malheureux roi de France, Louis seize, devait faire, à la fin du siècle suivant, le terrible pendant de la sienne.

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7. Que demanda-t-il à Herbert? 8. Que fit Herbert?

9. Comment marcha-t-il à l'échafaud?

10. De quel œil regarda -t-il l'échafaud?

11. Que fit-il alors?

12. Que déclara-t-il de nouveau? 13. Quel aveu fit-il ? 14. Que répéta-t-il ?

15. Que dit Charles à l'évêque

Juxon qui lui adressait des 10. Quelle était l'habitude du | 15. Ce nom plut-il à Frédéric ? 16. De quelle loi l'auteur parlet-il ici ?

consolations?

16. Que lui répondit le prélat ? 17. Que fit le roi lorsqu'il eut ôté son habit ?

18. Que fit Charles après avoir posé sa tête sur le billot? 19. Quel âge avait Charles I. ? 20. Quelle mort devait ressembler à la sienne?

NOTES AND REFERENCES.-a. from revêtir; L. part ii., p. 104.-b. from boire; L. part ii., p. 80.-c. L. S. 44, R. 1, 2.-d. L. S. 32, R. 5.-e. arrêt de mort, death-warrant.-f. L. S. 31, R. 2. g. pendant, counterpart.

LE MEUNIER SANS-SOUCI.

SECTION I.

e

L'HOMME est dans ses écarts, un étrange problème.1
Qui de nous en tout temps est fidèle à soi-même ?
Le commun caractère est de3 n'en point avoir;b
Le matin incrédule, on est dévot le soir,
Tel s'élève et s'abaisse au gré de l'atmosphère
Le liquide métal balancé sous le verre.
L'homme est bien variable; et ces malheureux rois,5
Dont on dit tant de mal, ont de bon quelquefois.
J'en conviendraid sans peine, et ferai mieux encore;
J'en citerai pour preuve un trait qui les honore;
Il est de ce héros, de Frédéric second,
Qui tout roi qu'il était, fut un penseur profond.
Il voulait se construire un agréable asile,
Où loin d'une étiquette arrogante et futile,
Il pût, non végéter, boire et courir les cerfs,
Mais des faibles humains méditer les travers.
Sur le riant coteau par le prince choisi,
S'élevait le moulin du meunier Sans-Souci.
Le vendeur de farine avait pour habitude,
D'y vivre 10 au jour le jour, exempt d'inquiétude;
Et de quelque côté que vint souffler le vent,"
Il y tournait son aile," et s'endormait content.
Fort bien achalandé, grâce à son caractère,12
Le moulin prit le nom 13 de son propriétaire;
Et des hameaux voisins, les filles, les garçons
Allaient à Sans-Souci pour 14 danser aux chansons.
Sans-souci.... ce doux nom d'un agréable augure
Devait plaire aux amis des dogmes d'Epicure.
Frédéric le trouva 15 conforme à ses projets,
Et du nom d'un moulin honora son palais.

Hélas! est-ce une loi sur notre pauvre terre

Que toujours 16 deux voisins auront entre eux la guerre ;
Que la soif d'envahir17 et d'étendre ses droits
Tourmentera toujours les meuniers et les rois ?
En cette occasion, le roi fut le moins sage;
Il lorgna 1s du voisin le modeste héritage.

On avait fait des plans,19 fort beaux sur le papier,
Où le chétif enclos se perdait tout entier,
Il fallait sans cela 20 renoncer à la vue,
Rétrécir les jardins et masquer l'avenue.
COLLOQUIAL EXERCISE.

1. Par quelle réflexion le mor-
ceau commence-t-il ?

2. Quelle question l'auteur fait-il ensuite ?

3 Que dit-il du caractère humain ?

4. Comment compare-t-il le caractère humain avec le vifargent du thermomètre ?

5. Que dit-il des rois ?

6. Que va-t-il citer pour preuve de son argument?

7. De qui ce trait est-il ? 8. Que voulait se construire le roi?

9. Qu'y avait-il sur le coteau choisi par le prince ?

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meunier?

11. Que faisait-il à l'égard du

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Des bâtiments royaux l'ordinaire intendant Fit venir le meunier,' et d'un ton important:

a

b

-Il nous faut ton moulin; que veux-tu qu'on t'en donne? -Rien du tout; car j'entends ne le vendre à personne.

Il vous faut, est fort bon. . . . mon moulin est à moi,
Tout aussi bien, au moins, que la Prusse est au roi.
-Allons, ton dernier mot, bon homme, et prends y garde.
-Faut-il vous parler clair ?-Oui.-C'est que je le garde:"
Voilà mon dernier mot. Ce refus effronté
Avec un grand scandale au prince est raconté,
Il mande auprès de lui le meunier indocile;
Presse, flatte, promet; ce fut peine inutile,
Sans-Souci s'obstinait.-Entendez la raison,
Sire, je ne peux pas vous vendre ma maison:

Mon vieux père y mourut, mon fils y vient de naître ;
C'est mon Potsdam, à moi. Je suis tranchant peut-être ;

Ne l'êtes-vous jamais? Tenez, mille 10 ducats,

Au bout de vos discours, ne me tenteraient pas,
Il faut vous en passer," je l'ai dit, je persiste.

Les rois, malaisément, souffrent qu'on leur résiste,
Frédéric un moment par l'humeur emporté ;
-Vraiment, de ton moulin" c'est bien être entêté ;
Je suis bon de vouloir t'engager à le vendre!
Sais-tu que sans payer je pourrais bien le prendre?
Je suis le maître.-Vous!.... de prendre mon moulin ?
Oui,12 si nous n'avions pas des juges à Berlin.

Le monarque, à ce mot, revient de son caprice.13
Charmé que sous son règne on crût1 à la justice,
Il rit, et se tournant vers quelques courtisans;

-Ma foi, Messieurs,14 je crois qu'il faut changer nos plans.
Voisin, garde ton bien, j'aime fort ta réplique,
Qu'aurait-on fait de mieux dans une république ?

Le plus sûr est pourtant de ne pas s'y fier; 15
Ce même Frédéric, juste enviers un meunier,
Se permit maintes fois telle autre fantaisie ; 16
Témoin ce certain jour qu'il prit la Silésie;
Qu'à peine sur le trône, avide de lauriers,
Epris du vain renom qui séduit les guerriers,
Il mit l'Europe 17 en feu. Ce sont là jeux de Prince;
On respecte un moulin, on vole une province.

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ANDRIEUX.

8. Que dit Sans Souci au mo. narque?

9. Pourquoi ne voulait-il pas vendre sa maison ?

10. Qu'ajouta-t-il à l'égard du prix ?

11. Que lui dit Frédéric em. porté par l'humeur ?

12. Quel fut la réponse de notre ami Sans-Souci?

13. Quel effet ces paroles eurentelles sur le monarque?

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220

16. Que se permit maintes fois-
ce même monarque ?

14. Que dit-il aux courtisans en
se tournant vers eux?
15. Quel est le plus sûr en pa- 17. Quels
reille circonstance?

prince?

sont ces jeux de

NOTES AND REFERENCES.--a. fit venir, sent for.-b. L. S. 47, R. 2.-c. à moi, mine; L. S. 46, R. 5.—d. est, belongs; L. S. 46, R. 5. -e. allons, come.-f. mande, summons.-g. from tenir; L. part ii., p. 108. Tenez is often used in familiar discourse, to call here it might be rendered by now.-h. L. S. 38, R. 1. --i. from croire; L. part ii., p. 84.—j. en, on.—k. L. S. 80, R. 1.

attention;

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BY HENRY DRIVER, TENTERDEN.
The man who knowledge would obtain,
Has now the path thereto made plain;
Each may the treasure find.

Pure fountains flow at trifling cost,
Our labour now cannot be lost;
Pray cultivate the mind!
Unceasing are the efforts made,
Large sums, indeed, are often paid,
A fleeting toy to gain;

Resolve this precious pearl to win-
Endure, when you the task begin;
Determine to attain !

Up and be doing what you can,
Consult the author of this plan,
And he will soon reply;

The "EDUCATOR" aims to be,

On all occasions, frank and free;
Remember this, and try.

June 12th, 1854.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

3. TIMMS (Chesterfield): His solutions are correct and elegant, but others are already inserted.--H. KILBURN (Dewsbury): The first two volumes of the P. E. may be had either in parts or in numbers at our office, or by applying to our country agents.-T. F. (Ayrshire): The solution by substitution of other quantities for x or y was not contemplated.-A. LAIDLAW (Cameron): His solution of the Two Tower Question is right.-MOSSLEY MECHANICS INSTITUTION, and W. ONN (Nottingham): Very good solu tions received.-B. P. S. (Une embarassée), by consulting Cassell's French Dictionary, will find that "Croquemitaine means "old bogy, black bogy." -S. M. J. (Wellington), and A. E. F. (Barrowden): We feel obliged by their politeness in forwarding the piece of poetry required.-STUDENT, etc. (Kingston-on-Thames): Photography will soon be treated of.-J. HARMITAGE (Little Horton): All right.-ARTIZAN (Edinburgh), in reference to the Marriage Question, says

If Miss was just quite x years old,
When she did get the ring of gold;
Then three times z inust be the thing
For him who gave the marriage ring.
By adding fifteen, then, to each,
The sums will most distinctly teach,
That a plus fifteen taken twice,
Will solve the problem in a trice.
For three times x plus fifteen, now,
(Since they took first the marriage vow)
The former statement equals quite,
And clearly brings the truth to light,
That three times x plus fifteen will
Match two times r plus thirty still.
If now the terms we first transpose,
And then subtract, it clearly shows
That fifteen will the value be
Ofz; and now we plainly see
That Miss was wed at sweet fifteen,
And Master's age will then be seen;

For thrice her age will surely make The age of him she vowed to take As her own husband, and to strive And please him, though he's forty-five. PHILOSOPHUS (Dover): His hint about the manipulation of glass will be kept in view.-J. STOTT (Sowerby), in answer to A. Hawkins, says, "If he will saturate with spirits of turpentine that part of the leaves where they are greased, and placing a piece of porous paper next each page, closing the book and putting weights on it for a few days, he will then find a large quantity, if not all, of the grease taken out; and the process may be reThe process of pill-box making is, we peated until it be entirely gone.' believe, protected by a patent.-DELTA (Poole): If he consult the P. E., vol. ii. p. 213; vol. iii. pp. 119, 295, and 323; vol. iv. pp. 207, 220, 224, 288, 345, and 347; and vol. v. p. 100, he will find all the information he requires relating to the University of London.-UN ANGLAIS (Lisle-street): We do not undertake to decide questions between contending parties without a handsome fee.-W. M. HALE (Birmingham): The Lessons in English are finished.

A. C. (Macclesfield), T. BOCOCK (Great Warley), J. RUSSELL (Chisle hurst): Their answers to the Two Towers' Query are all right.-J. BAIN (Hill-head): Unless we knew what his "after labours" were to be, we could not advise; he is asking us to make "bricks without straw."-LOVER OF KNOWLEDGE (Long Crendon) informs H. H. Ulidia, and our readers, that "Zarah Colburn, after astonishing the world by his power of mental calculation, afterwards obtained the best instruction-first in the College of Henry the Fourth at Paris; then in Westminster School, London, under the patronage of the Earl of Bristol. He afterwards became an extraordinary Wesleyan preacher. His powers, it is said, being nearly worn out by undue exercise, and his mind enfeebled rather than strengthened by the original predominance of one faculty, the memory, over the other faculties." See Dunn's "Normal School Manual," p. 123.- A YOUNG MECHANIC: We can't tell.-W. WILLESEE (Wisbeach) :The algebraic problem is right.S. HOLMES (Harden): Many thanks for his hints; they have been often pressed on us; but the scheme is Herculean.

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ON PHYSICS, OR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

No. XLI.

THE STEAM-ENGINE.

(Continued from page 210.)

over the Continent.

The steam-engines most generally employed for the propulsion of steam-boats are the double-acting condensing engines of Watt. The working-beam of these engines is inverted so as to be placed near the bottom of the frame, because it would be both inconvenient and dangerous in a steam-vessel to place it above as in land-engines. Fig. 209 represents the elevation of an engine of this construction, built for a transatlantic packet, of 450 horse-power.

ton, and had communicated with Mr. Fulton on the subject. Thus at Helensburgh, in the firth of Clyde, nearly opposite to Greenock-the birth-place of the illustrious Watt-and at a distance only of six miles, originated the first practical application of the modern steam-engine to the purpose of navigation in Europe, and the invention, also, of his own countryman. Very soon after this period, steam-navigation by paddleIn the first year of the present century, Mr. William Syming-wheels became general in Great Britain, and it thence extended ton, engineer, at the instance of Lord Dundas, made experiments on the application of steam to the propulsion of vessels on the Forth and Clyde Canal, which ended in the production of the first practical steam-boat, named the Charlotte Dundas. In this vessel there was an engine, with the steam acting on each side of the piston (Watt's patent invention), working a connecting-rod and crank (Pickard's patent invention), which was united to the axis of Miller's improved paddle-wheel (Symington's patent invention, 1801). Thus had Symington the undoubted merit of having combined together, for the first time, those improvements which constitute the present system of steam-navigation. In 1807, Mr. Robert Fulton, an American engineer, after having taken sketches and drawings of Mr. Symington's boat in Scotland, in 1801-as attested by the engineer left in charge of it- went to America and built the steam-boat Clermont, which first plied between New York and Albany, and was reckoned the first steam-boat that was put into actual practice in America or elsewhere; but it was only a copy of the Charlotte Dundas.

The first steam-boat that was put in actual operation was

In the figure, the shaded part of the eccentric shows one of the ends of the horizontal shaft on which are fixed the paddlewheels, which occupy the place of the fly-wheel in the fixed engines. The inversion of the working-beam of marine engines occasions the inversion and modification of all the rods attached to it; but the careful examination of the figure, or, what is better, the personal inspection of an engine of this kind on board of a steam-vessel, will convey a much more satisfactory idea of the arrangement of the parts than any laboured description; and after all, the marine engine is essentially the same as that described under fig. 204, in our

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the Comet, built by Mr. Henry Bell, of Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, in the year 1812. It began to ply for passengers upon the river Clyde, between Glasgow and Greenock, on the 5th of August of that year. It was a small vessel of thirty tons, and had an engine estimated at three-horse power. Mr. Bell had obtained a knowledge of the plans of Mr. Syming

It may be interesting to our readers to know that we had the pleasure of Mr. Bell's acquaintance, and that we saw some of his first attempts at the construction of an apparatus adapted for locomotion in a vessel on the Clyde, at his own house. "the Baths," at Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire. Like all real inventors and successful men in their own department, he was modest and shy, and had nothing of the blustering boastfulness of pretenders. He was the real individual who brought steam navigation

juto actual practice.

VOL. V.

| last lesson. In fig. 210, is a representation of such a vessel, and on the sides of it are seen the paddle-boxes which cover the paddle-wheels, and to which the horizontal or revolving shaft is attached; by this means the rotatory motion is imparted to the wheels, and rectilinear motion to the vessel.

The screw-propeller appears now to have taken the place of the paddle-wheel in the case of steam navigation at sea. This occasions a variation in the form of the steam-engine, so that its power may be brought into as direct action as possible, without the intervention of machinery. The marine engines exhibited by the firm of Messrs. James Watt and Co. (late Boulton and Watt), Soho, Birmingham, at the Great Exhibition of 1851, had four cylinders, each fifty-two inches in diameter

119

and three feet in stroke, and were adapted to drive the screw propeller by direct action at sixty-five revolutions per minute. The object of the inventor of this modification of the steainengine, was to combine lightness and compactness relatively to the power, along with simplicity of arrangement. These engines, which are of the collective power of 700 horses, are Fig. 210.

constructed so that they can be placed in the ship entirely below the water-line, whereby they are protected from the effect of shot in war-vessels; and in the mercantile marine service, they leave the decks clear for passengers and cargo. The same exhibitors showed in the Exhibition two working models made in 1785, by Mr. William Murdoch, of Soho, the inventor of the method of illuminating our streets by coal-gas, who was at that period connected with the firm of Messrs. Boulton, Watt and Co. The first of these models is represented in fig. 211; it is that of a "locomotive," showing the

Fig. 211.

the engines may be wrought by this force of steam only, by discharging the steam into the open air after it has done its A friend of Mr. J. P. Muirhead saw this model drive office.' a small wagon round the room in Mr. Murdoch's house at Redruth, in Cornwall. In a letter from Dr. William Small to Mr. Watt, dated September, 1786, he says: "Your very clever friend, Mr. Robison, and his pupil, passed Friday evening with me, to my great satisfaction. I told them I hoped soon to travel in a fiery chariot of your invention !" The tribute afterwards borne by Watt to the chief of these visitors was fully merited: "It was with great concern I learnt the other day the death of my worthy friend, Professor Robison. He was a man of the clearest head and the most science of any body I have known, and his friendship to me only ended with his life, after having continued nearly half a century." Mr. Muirhead states that among the persons who saw this "working model" ät Mr. Murdoch's was Mr. Richard Trevethick, who, in 1802, took out a patent for an engine to be applied to the driving of carriages, using the same principle with variations.

It is interesting to examine this model, in connexion with those complex, and in some instances, stupendous machines, of which the Exhibition supplied so many beautiful examples. Franklin said of the first balloon:-"It is a 'babe,' but it may become a giant." The balloon, however, is a "babe "still; while the locomotive presents to it a most striking contrast; if, in this model, we have "the babe," "the giant" is at hand inviting our contemplation. But it appears that the idea of a rail never entered the mind of Watt; all that he seems to have considered was, the movement of a carriage by steam on ordinary roads.

The second model exhibited by Messrs. J. Watt and Co. was that of an "oscillating engine," constructed at that early period, for the purpose of illustrating Mr. Watt's patent of 1784, for making the cylinder work on its axis. For the representation of this model, see fig. 212.

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original application of steam for the purposes of travelling; and it was tried by the maker of it upon the common road in Cornwall in 1785 and 1786.

Mr. Murdoch was a man of great ingenuity. Of this there is sufficient proof in his paper in the "Philosophical Tran actions" for 1808, on "The Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes," for which the Royal Society presented him with the large Rumford gold medal. He had previously proved, for many years, a most able and zealous agent in carrying out the plans of Messrs. Boulton and Watt, in the introduction of their engines into Cornwall; and afterwards in the construction and carrying forward their works at Soho. Watt refers, in one of his works, to several of Murdoch's very ingenious inventions, and also to his construction of tools for the manufacture of machinery. In these circumstances he made the model now referred to, the first locomotive ever applied to the drawing of carriages, as described in the specification of Watt's patent. I intend, in many cases, said that eminent man, "to employ the expansive power of steam to press on the piston. In cases where cold water cannot be had in plenty,

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The name of this engine is derived from the cylinder being made to oscillate, so that the important purpose of saving room may be gained. To understand this, let it be observed that, when a cylinder is fixed, the piston-rod can only describe a right line, and, consequently, there must be some interme diate mechanism between the piston-rod and the crank, as the latter describes a circle. But this mechanism requires space, which is greatly saved when the cylinder is made to oscillate, as the piston-rod can be attached at once to the crank. This

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