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3. They take the apostrophe before nouns commencing with a vowel.

4. They must never be abbreviated before nouns beginning with the s impure.

5. Bél-lo and quel-lo only drop the last syllable in the singular and before nouns of the masculine gender.

6. Grán-de also drops the last syllable in the singular and before nouns of the masculine gender; but, in addition to this, it may lose its last syllable before a noun of the feminine gender, and also in the plural before nouns of both genders. 7. San-to only drops the last syllable before a proper name of the masculine gender and singular number, but not before an appellative or common name. It must also immediately precede the proper name; e. g.

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U'-no drops the final vowel before any word commencing with a consonant which is not the s impure. Buô-no only drops its final vowel when immediately preceding a noun of this description; e. g. un giar-dí-no, a garden; un po-co, a little; buôn fi-glio, good son; un buô-no ed o-nê-sto vec-chio, a good and honest old man.

Adjectives very frequently are used in the place of nouns, and in such cases have the article before them; e. g. il vér-de ná-sce da ú-na com-po-si-zió-ne del gial-lo e del tur-chi-no, the green colour springs from a mixture of (the) yellow and (the) blue; un pô-co di bê-ne, un pô-co di ma-le, a little of what is good, a little of what is bad."

In most cases, emphasis or euphony will be the best guide for deciding whether an adjective is to be placed before or after a noun; e. g. con ver-gó-gna e-tér-na or con e-têr-na ver-gó-gna, with eternal dishonour; un ca-vál-lo bel-lis-si mo or un bel-lis si-mo ca-vál-lo, a very beautiful horse; un con-té-gru pre-giubi-le or un pre-giá-bi-le con-té-gno, an estimable appearance. In the following cases, however, the learner will do best, at least in prose, strictly to adhere to the practice of placing the adjective after the noun :

1. When adjectives are derived from proper names of nations, countries, and towns; e. g. la let-te-ra-tu-ra in-glé-se, English literature; l'ac-ca-de-mia fio-ren-ti-na, the Academy of Florence; il po-po-lo spa-gnu-lo, the Spanish people.

2. When adjectives express the form or colour of a thing; e. g. ú-na piáz-za ro-tón-da, a round market-place; ú-na fi-gu-ra qaa-dra-ta, a quadrangular figure; in-chio-stro né-ro, black ink; ber-rét ta rrós-sa, red cap; d-bi-to tur-chi-no, blue dress.

3. When adjectives have more syllables than their nouns, or the words pó-co, little; mól-to, much; as-sá-i, enough, much, greatly, very; trop-po, too much, too, excessively; be-ne, well, justly, rightly, right; co-si, so, thus; and similar adverbs before

them; e. g. un véc‐chio ra-gio-né vo-le, a sensible old man; ú-na don-na gra-zió-sa, a graceful woman; un li-bro pô-co ú-ti-le, a not very useful book; un o dór mól-to grá-to, a very agreeable od ur; un u-mo trip-po pe-ri co-ló-so, a too dangerous man; ú-na ma-ri-na bên ɩm-por-tan-te, a very considerable navy; un bô-sco co-si fól-to, so dense a wood.

4. When participles are used in the place of adjectives; e.g. ú-no sguár-do com-mo-vên-te, a moving look; un uô-mo e-ru-di-to, let-te-rd-to, a learned man.

5. When adjectives denote natural qualities perceivable by the clfactory organs, by the sense of tasting, or by any other of the senses, or when they express bodily defects and infirmities or official employments and rank; e. g. pán-no fi-no, fine cloth; ér-ba a-ma-ra, bitter herb; lé-gno séc-co, dry wood; pan fré-sco, new bread; l'a-mór ciê-co, blind love; a piè zôp-po, with a lame foot; il mán-to im-pe-riú-le, the imperial mantle; il consi-glie-re aú-li-co, the aulic counsellor; il giar-dí-no im-perid-le, the imperial garden.

Where common usage has assigned to an adjective a place before or after a noun, no positive rules can be stated, and only a practical acquaintance with such usages, and the attentive reading of good writers, will enable the learner to see his way in such cases. Where, on the contrary, usage gives no preference to the place of an adjective before or after a noun, euphony, the great guide in the arrangement of Italian words, will best decide the matter. Some adjectives have a different meaning, according to their position before or after a noun, To illustrate this, a few of the most important phrases of this kind will be, I think, sufficient :-

Un ga-lánt' uo-mo, an honest man.
Un uo-mo ga-lán-te, a genteel, polite man.

E'-gli a-vé-va prô-prio ve-sti-to, he had his own dress.
Un-ve-sti-to prô-prio, a neat, clean dress.

Un gen-til uo-mo, a gentleman by birth, a nobleman.
Un us-mo gen-ti-le, a well-bred, genteel, courteous man.
It po-or uô-mo! quán-to de-ve sof fri-re, poor, unfortunate
man! how much must he suffer.

L'uo-mo pô-ve-ro, the poor man (opposed to rich).

Gran có-sa ve-ra-mén-te, a wonderful thing indeed.
Cô-su grán-de, a great thing.

Un dól-ce són-no, a soft or calm sleep.

Un tém-po dil-ce, a mild season (or mild weather.) U'-na cer-ta no-ti-zia, certain (i. e. a kind of) news. U'-na no-ti-zia cér-ta, certain (i. e. indubitable, positive) news.

cular prepositions after them; e. g. in, per, etc. Adjectives frequently require a particular case or partition must be bestowed by the learner upon this peculiarity; Great attenand in reading Italian writers, he ought never to lose sight of the peculiar and, therefore, invariable or frequently recurring cases or prepositions connected with some adjec tives; e. g. am-ma-la-to, in-fer-mo di côr-po e di á-ni-ma, sick in body and in mind; a-vá-ro, cu-pi-do di da-ná-ri e ricchez-ze, greedy of money and riches; con-ten-to del-la sú-a sor-te, satisfied with his lot; frán-co di pô-sta, post-free, postpaid; é-gli mi è in-fe-rió-re di rán-go, he is my inferior in rank; po-ve-ro di spi-ri-to, poot in spirit; ricco di bê-ni di for-tú na, rich in gits of fortune; as-sú-i prá-ti-co del-le cá-se an-ti-che, very expert or skilful in natters of antiquity; no-bi-le di nácen-te dell o-mi-ci-dio, innocent of the murder or manslaughter; sci-ta e co-stu-mi, noble by birth and in his manners; in-nocol-pé-vo-le ael de-lit-lo, com-pi-ce del fur-to, con-sa-pe-vo-le del fat-to, re-o ai môr-te, guilty of the crime, accessory to the theft, privy to or acquainted with the deed, guilty of death-bui no al-lo scô-po, good for the purpose; buô-no a nien-te, good for nothing; de-sti-nd-to a vén de-re, destined for sale; di-spó sto, pre-pa-rá-to, prim-to a ser-vir-vi, ready to serve you; tut to inten-to al-la mú-si-ca, wholly occupied with music; o-dió- so al po-po-lo, odious to the people; sog-gel-to a nes-sú-no, dependent ou nobody; ú-na cit-tà vi-ci-na al má-re, a town near the sea -a-liê-no dal-lo stú-din, averse to study; de-ca-du-ti dai pri-vile-gi di cit-ta-di-no, deprived of civil rights; ê-su-le dul-la pátria, exiled from one's native country; e-sin-te da qua-lúnque su-per-sti-zió-ne, im mu-ne da ogni gra-véz-za, free from every superstition, from every burden; stán-co dal viag gio, tired by the journey-vir-tuô-so nel cán-to, accomplished in singing; va-lên-te, ec-cel-len-te in poe-si-a, skilful, excellent

in poetry; ês-ser as-sí-duo in un la-vó-ro, dê-stro, spe-di-to in quésta cô-sa, to be assiduous in a work, clever, expeditious in this thing; in-fá-me per mól-ti mis-fát-ti, infamous on account of many misdeeds; un uó-mo chid-ro per no bil-tà, e fa-mó-so per le sú-e im-pré-se, a man noble by birth and famous for his exploits; pre-gid-bi-le per la sú-a ma-gna-ni-mi-tà e per il sú-o in-gé-gno, estimable for his generosity and for his intellect; de-sti-na-to per la so-len-ne fun-zió-ne, destined for the solemn function.

EXERCISE.-ENGLISH-ITALIAN.

We now have

You have beautiful weather for travelling. beautiful days continually. He had last year a large garden out of the town, in which there were beautiful flowers and beautiful fruit-trees. That book treats of the life of St. Stephen and of St. George, and in this there are interpretations of some passages from the epistles of St. Paul and St. Peter. Theodosius the Great died at Milin, in the arms of St Ambrose. That

writing contains one beautiful thought on the advantages of commerce. Those princes are happy who are loved by their subjects. In this business, one must have great precaution and great courage. Rome and Carthage had great wars with one another. Demosthenes was a great Greek orator. He is a good lad, and has a great talent to learn every thing with ease. The precious stones are transparent bodies; such are: the white diamond, the red ruby, the blue sapphire, the green emerald, and the yellow hyacinth. The pearls, small or large, grow in shells; and the corals in the sea, in the sl ape of small trees. The uncle has given me a French book. Godfrey has a large stock of Hungarian and Austrian wines. The Spanish horses are as dear as the English,

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VOCABULARY.

Continually, con-ti-nua-mén-te Day, gior-ná-ta, f.

He had, é-gli êb-be

Last year, l'an-no scór-so

Garden, giar-di-no
Out of, fuô-ri di
Town, cit-tà

In which, nel quá-le (or in cur)

There were, tro-vá-van-si
Flower, fió-re, m.

Fruit-tree, al-be-ro da frút-ti
Book, li-bro

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no a-má-ti

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Je suis, dit-il, un commerçant de Moscou ; j'avais entreprisa un voyage à Varsovie. Avant de m'éloigner, j'ai voulu aller visiter un gentilhomme que je connais, et qui demeure à quelque distance; armé d'un fusil, je me suis rendu à pied à son château, où je me suis attardé. La neige tombait à gros flocons, je me suis égaré, je cherchais en vain ma route, quand je vis venir à moi deux hommes à qui je m'empressai de demander quelques renseignements. Je n'avais aucune défiance, et j'attendais tranquillement leur réponse, quand tout à coup ces deux scélérats, se précipitant sur moi, me terrassèrent et me dépouillèrent du peu d'eux tira sur moi un coup de pistolet, car ils voulaient me d'argent que j'avais. Je poussai un cri; c'est alors que l'un

tuer.

7

Pendant le récit de l'étranger, Fodora avait eu l'œil Who are loved, i quá-li vén-go- constamment fixé sur lui. Il lui semblait retrouver sur son visage des traits connus, sans se rappeler où elle l'avait vu; toutefois, son cœur battait avec violence, un sentiment 10 irrésistible l'attirait vers lui. Polowski pria son hôte de lui donner quelques détails" sur l'incendie de Moscou.

Subject, sud-di to

Business, af-fá-re, m.

One must have, bi-só-gna avé-re

Precaution, eir-co-spe-zió-ne, f.
Courage, co-rág-gio
Rome, Ró-ma

Carthage, Car-tá-gi-ne
Had, a-vé-va-no

With one another, tra di ló

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Orator, o-ra-tó-re, m.
Lad, gió-ca-ne, m.
Talent, di-spo-si-zió-ne, f.
To learn every thing with
ease, d'im-pa-rár tút-to fa-

cil-mén-te

Precious stone, gêm-ma, f. Body, cór-po

Transparent,

tras-pa-rén-te)

Such, tá-le White, bian-co

diú-fa-no

Diamond, dia-mán-te, m.
Red, rós-80
Ruby, ru-bi-no
Blue, tur-chi-no
Sapphire, zaf-fi-ro
Green, vér-de
Emerald, sme-rál-do
Yellow, gial-lo

Hyacinth, gia-cín-to
Pearl, pér-la
Small, pic-co-lo

Large, grós-so
Grow, cré-sco-no
Shell, con-chi-glia
Coral, co-rál-lo

In the sea, in má-re, m.

(or

L'étranger parut éprouver quelque repugnance1 à satisfaire à cette demande; néanmoins, en réfléchissant au service qu'il avait reçu, il n'osa refuser. En décrivant le triste spectacle de ce vaste incendie, sa voix trahissait de vives émotions.13 Mais quand il commença à raconter ses propres malheurs il versa des larmes abondantes; et poussant un profond soupir, il dit :

14

—Hélas! ce terrible incendie ne m'a pas seulement enlevé une grande partie de ma fortune,15 mais encore ce qui faisait tout notre bonheur, ma fille bien-aimée. Tandis qu'au milieu du désordre affreux excité par l'épouvantable catastrophe, nous cherchions, ma femme et moi,16 à soustraire à la voracité des flammes nos objets les plus précieux, nous perdimes notre enfant, alors dans sa sixième année; sa bonne l'avait prise avec elle afin de la conduire dans la maison d'un ami qui demeurait dans une rue écartée, où le feu ne sévissait pas encore. Mais ni la bonne ni l'enfant n'ont reparu, et, depuis cet événement,18 toutes nos informations ont été stériles. Probablement, quelque édifice, en croulant, les aura englouties sous ses décombres.

A ces mots Fœdora, qui avait écouté avidement toutes les particularités de ce récit, ne put contenir davantage les émotions 19 qu'il avait excitées en elle. Elle se précipita au cou de l'étranger, en s'écriant:

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NOTES AND REFERENCES.-a. from entreprendre; L. part ii., p. 90.-b. m'éloigner, leaving the neighbourhood -c. je me suis égaré, I lost my way.―d. the il is unipersonal; it.-e. L. part ii., 138, R. (2).-f. from faire; L. part ii., p. 92. g. L. S. 83, R. 4.-h. from pouvoir; L. part ii., p. 100; also § 138, R. (2).-i. L. S. 41, R. 7.—j. from paraître; L. part ii., p. 98.—k. from the same verb.-l. from revoir; L. part ii., p. 140; also, L. S. 41, R. 8.

SECTION IV.

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12. Qu'était-il arrivé à Varso-24. Que fit alors sa fille adop
vie?
tive?

NOTES AND REFERENCES.-a. from devoir; L. part ii., § 62,

Après les premiers épanchements, Fodora raconta à son tour l'espèce de succession de miracles auxquels elle devaita sʊn salut. La bonne vivandière ne fut point oubliée2 dans e récit: mais avec quelle sensibilité, quelle touchante R. (2)-b. L. S. 41, R. 7.--2. from devoir.-d from revenir; L. expression de reconnaissance, elle exposa tout ce qu'elleg. from savoir; L. part ii., p. 104.-h. L. S. 25. R. 2.-i. part ii., p. 104.-e. se répandit, became known.-f. L. S. 66, R 2. devait à la bienveillance du seigneur polonais qui l'avait from gésir; L. part ii., p. 92.—j. L. S. 38, R. 6.—k. assise, seated; from asseoir; L.part ii., p. 78.

recueillie et traitée comme son enfant.

Au bout de quelques jours, la blessure du père de Fodora était guérie. Il dute quitter le château de Polowski, et Fœdora le suivit, non sans assurer à ses bienfaiteurs que sa reconnaissance ne s'éteindrait qu'avec sa vie.

Ils revinrent à Moscou, où leur retour causa une joyeuse surprise. L'histoire de Fodora se répandit. Un jeune seigneur russe, qui occupait un haut grade dans les rangs de l'armée, demanda la jeune fille en mariage et l'épousa.'

Dix ans s'étaient écoulés. La Pologne avait proclamé son indépendance, et l'empereur de toutes les Russies, Nicolas mit une armée en campagne 10 pour comprimer les efforts de cette héroique nation. On saits l'issue de cette lutte inégale. L'époux de Fodora avait pris part à la campagne; Fodora l'avait suivi. Sans nous arrêter à rappeler les scènes déchirantes de cette guerre, nous dirons seulement que Varsovie venait d'être emporté d'assaut.12 Dans ce jour néfaste, des milliers de Polonais et de Russes périrent.13 Vers le soir, tous les officiers supérieurs de l'armée triomphante allèrent visiter le champ de bataille,14 où gisaienti pêle-mêle les cadavres des vainqueurs et des vaincus.

Là gémissaient confondus parmi les morts, un nombre infini de blessés.15 Poussé par la charité, ému de compassion pour le destin de ceux à qui la fortune avait été contraire, l'époux de Fodora fit transporter dans les hôpitaux et les ambulances,16 ceux à qu' il restait encore un souffle de vie. Après ces soins pieux, il allait s'éloigner de ce lieu de désolation, lorsque parmi plusieurs cadavres qu'on allait recouvrir de terre, il aperçut un officier polonais de haut rang" et tout chamarré de croix et de décorations. Il crut remarquer en lui quelques signes de vie, et le fit transporter dans la maison même où était Fodora. Là tous les soins nécessaires lui furent prodigués; 20 et, peu à peu, sortant de sa léthargie, l'officier polonais rouvrit les

yeux.

18

Fedora était assise au chevet de son lit.21 Tout à coup elle poussa un cri, elle avait reconnu Polowski,

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.-No. VII.

OUR readers, who have supported us in the movement regarding the Petition for the removal of the restrictions relating to the degrees of the University of London, will be glad to see, by the admission of self-taught and other students to the honours and following Extract from the Minutes of the Senate of the University, that this movement is still going on :

EXTRACT.

"To the Chancellor and Senate
of the University of London.”

"La Belle Sauvage Yard, La lgate Hill, London, 5th April, 1854.

"SIR,-I have the honour to transmit to you a Pition to the Senate of the University of London, in connexion with the Memorial presented by you to that body on the 1st of February last. To this Petition I have appended the names of a great number of readers of the Popular Educator, on whose behalf the Memorial and Petition were drawn up and sent to the Senate, along with the autograph letters of these readers authorizing the use of their names as subscribers to the said Petition. Will you be so kind as to lay the Petition before the Senate this day, and oblige, Sir, "Your most obedient humble servant, "R. WALLACE."

"R. W. Rotham, Esq.,
Registrar, &c."

[Inclosure.]

"To the Right Honourable the Earl of Burlington, LL.D., F.R.S., Chancellor, the Honourable John George Shaw Lefevre, C.B., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Chancellor, and the Right Reverend and Honourable the Senate of the University of London.

"The Petition of the Subscribers

Humbly sheweth,

"That, having carefully perused a memorial presented by the Editor of

the Popular Educator and others, to the Senate, on the first of February, 1854, in reference to the subject of throwing open the University of London to all self-taught and other Students belonging to the British Empire, so that they may be permitted to obtain the honours, distinctions, and degrees which it has to confer on those who are found sufficiently qualified, at its period at any of the affiliated Colleges of the University, we, your petis public Examinations, without their attendance being required for a given tioners, entirely agree in the sentiments expressed in that memorial on our

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T. H. P. Staunton, Albion Lodge, Peckham

G. W. Perry, St. Michael's Schools, Pimlico

J. Henry Champness, New Dorset Place, Clapham

Henry S. Pilley, Rood Lane, London

Wm. S. Johnstone, St. James's Square, Edinburgh

Francis S. Johnstone, St. James's square, Edinburgh

J. F. Entwistle, Wigan

W. R. Waugh, Arthur Terrace, Peckham

R. J. Kenworthy, Dewsbury Road, Leeds
Robt. Hudson, Beckett Street, Leeds

Thos, Sutcliffe, Leckhampstead, Buckingham

Geo. Shaddock, The Grammar School, Cavendish
Charles Allin, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Notts
James John Lockey, Alnwick

G. G. Green, Rothie House, Fyvie, Aberdeenshire
William Riley, Green Bank, Blackburn
Fred. W. Bedford, M.A., LL.B. &c., Leeds
Jas. Schofield, Undergraduate L. U, Leeds
Josh. Pickles, Mem. of Coll. Preceptors, Leeds
Thos. Christie, of Glasgow University, Leeds
Thos. Gaunt, Head Master, School of Art, Leeds

John Green, Fifth Master, Mech. Inst. Schools, Leeds
Hy. Wardingley, Assistant Teacher, Leeds
John Stutterd Brook, Mercury Office, Leeds
John H. Lyne, St. George's School, Leeds

Thos. C. Harding, St. Andrews, Leeds

Samuel Harper, Parish Ch. Sch. Leeds,

Geo. S. Carr, St. Stephen's Sch., Kirkstall, Leeds

John Thackeray, St. Paul's, Leeds

William A. Wood, St. Philip's, Leeds

Joseph Haresceugh, Kirkstall Infant School, Leeds
Thos. Elliott, Burley National School, near Leeds
J. W. Booth, Headingly Town School, Leeds

John Braithwaite, St. Mark's Sch., Woodhouse, Leeds
Samuel Bamford, Nether Green Woodhouse, Leeds
Thos. Waterworth, St. Thomas School, Leeds
John Bird, St. Mary's Nat. Sch., Newtown, Leeds
William Jowitt, St. Mary's Nat. Sch., Newtown, Leeds
Edwin Spencer, St. Saviour's, Leeds

Francis Newton, St. James's School, Leeds
George Charnock, St. George's School, Leeds

Edmund Hutchinson, Philip's Road, Sheffield

Wm. Yewd, Devereux Court, Temple

J. Marriott, Devereux Court, Temple

Henry Ikin, Welshpool

Thos. Watkinson, Stanstead, Suffolk
Geo. Sydney Rutherford, Portland Place
Thos. Brodribb, Walbrook, London

James Greaves, Leeds

J. Chapman, Penn Street, Birmingham
R. S. Price, Derby Street, Westminster

Wm. Martin, New Swindon

J. S. Brook, Leeds

Wm. Frith, Bishopsgate Street

James Murray, Denholm, Roxburghshire
William Brydon, Bath Street, Jersey
William Collie, Belmont House, Jersey

Jas. Thos. Stevens, Bath Street, Jersey
John Procter, Student. Clapham

Andrew Sturgeon. Student, Clapham
J. D. Bugg, Colchester

W. H. Morris, Manchester

Jabez Light, Landport, Portsea

Thos. Wemyss Bogg, Louth, Lincolnshire

Raymond Frith, Louth, Lincolnshire

Edward B. Bogg. Louth, Lincolnshire

W. H. Radley, Louth, Lincolnshire

John Bogg, Surgeon, Louth, Lincolnshire

Henry J. Merriman, Alwalton, Huntingdonshire

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And with a look all full of sweet accord,
Answered "The names of those who love the Lord."
"And is mine one?" said Abou. "Nay, not so;"
Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low,

But cheerly still, and said "I pray thee, then,
Write me as one that loves his fellow-men."
The angel wrote and vanished. The next night,

It came again with a more brilliant light,
And showed the names of those whom God had blest;
When, lo! Ben Adhem's name led all the rest.
HUNT.

LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING.-No. XVIII.

(Continued from page 85.)

BANK ACCOUNT.

INTEREST ACCOUNT WITH THE UNION BANK.

Days.

Products.

Dates.

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