702 Erymanta: Greek accusative. manu: with a blow of his sword, in distinction from the throw of the javelin.

704 neque - dedisset: a javelin could not have penetrated the

FIG. 14.

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two thicknesses of bullock's hide, and the double layer

of gilded scales. iaculo: dative.

contorta: sc. a Turno; the

705 magnum: cognate accusative. falarica was a massive spear usually discharged from a catapult;

see the annexed cut.

707 squāmā et auro: hendiadys for squa

ma aurea; the annexed cut illustrates a lōrica made of scale armor.

709 Dat-ingēns: thus Homer regularly describes the fall of a warrior: δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, ἀράβησε δὲ τεύχἐ ἐπ ̓ αὐτῷ : “but with a thud he fell, while rang the armor on him." clipeum: observe the rare neuter form in place of the usual clipeus. For the shape of the clipeus see the annexed cut.

FIG. 15.

710 Tālis : "such"; translate so. Euboico Baiarum litore: the Italian coast in the vicinity of Baiae was supposed to have been settled by a colony from Euboea. See VI. 42. Baiae was a luxurious watering-place, with magnificent villas that in many cases were built out into the sea on artificial foundations.

711 saxea pīla, quam ante constructam: a large block of concrete or artificial stone was prepared, and after it had set, or hardened, it was dropped into the water where it was to serve as the foundation for the building or breakwater to be constructed on it.

FIG. 16.

712 ponto: dative, poetical for in pontum. iaciunt: the subject is indefinite, they throw, i.e., the workmen employed; on jette. ruīnam prōna trahit: plunges down with a crash; ruinam trahere is more properly used of what falls and crashes to pieces, as in II. 465; compare also ruinam dare, II. 310.

714 miscent sē, attolluntur: the forms are manifestly coördinate; we might equally well have miscentur, attollunt sẽ; se mêlent, s'élèvent; compare I. 124, miscērī pontum.

715 Prochyta, Inarimē: small islands in the vicinity of Baiae. dūrum cubile Inarimē imposta Typhōeō: Typhoeus was one of the giants struck down by the thunderbolts of Jove for attempting to scale heaven. Inarime was a volcanic island, and earthquakes and volcanic disturbances were fabled to be occasioned by the uneasy throes of one of these giants imprisoned beneath the ground. See III. 578-582.

716 Typhōeō: not Ty-phoe-ō, but Ty-phō-e-ō; the last two syllables are, however, united here by synizesis.

717 Hic - Timōrem: see Il. IV. 439: "those Ares roused, bright-eyed Athena these, and with her Fear and Flight." In Homer the two latter are war deities who add to the violence of the battle; in Vergil the warriors to whom they come are thereby discouraged and dispirited. We are not, however, in the present instance to conceive of the personal intervention of Mars. The language is to

be taken as metaphorical.

718 stimulos vertit: sharply spurred their souls, i.e., plied them with keen incentives to energy.

720 conveniunt: sc. Rutulī.

723 et see note on line 421.

726 moenibus: ablative of separation.

727 aliōs: sc. suōrum.

728 qui viderit - incluserit: since he did not see; a relative clause giving the reason for calling him dēmēns, and therefore taking the subjunctive. in medio agmine: the band of his comrades. 729 ultrōque: and even; see note on line 676.

731 nova: unwonted, such as had never flashed from his eyes before.

732 horrendum: cognate accusative.

733 sanguineae: blood-red; see lines 50, 270. micantia fulmina: gleaming flashes, by the quick, repeated movement of his shield.

734 agnoscunt turbātī subitō: recognize with sudden dismay.

737 Nōn - Amātae: this is not Amata's palace, brought you as your bride's dowry. Amata was the wife of Latinus. She was still desirous to wed her daughter to Turnus, notwithstanding the decision of Latinus that Aeneas was the husband intended by the fates. 738 Ardea: the home and capital of Turnus. 739 exire: see note on poscere, line 12.

740 Olli: archaic for illi after subrīdēns. confident smile of scornful pity for Pandarus.

741 cōnsere dextram close with me in combat.

subrīdēns: with a

742 hic-Achillem: i.e., I shall soon slay you, and in the underworld you may tell the shade of King Priam, that here in Italy you encountered a hero as formidable as Achilles proved before the walls of Troy. See VI. 89, and compare II. 547.

743 Ille: changes the subject.

745 volnus veniēns: the coming blow. Thus, Il. IV. 128, Athena averts from Menelaus the arrow of Pandarus; V. 853, from Diomed the spear of Ares; XX. 438, from Achilles the spear of Hector.

747 tēlum: weapon; in this instance a sword.

748 neque - auctor: for not so (i.e., like you) do I wield my weapon and inflict a wound.

749 sublatum-ēnsem: rose to his full height as he lifted his sword.

754 illi: see note on line 65.

756 versi: see note on versi, line 686.

757 si ea cūra subisset: if this thought had come to.

758 rumpere, immittere: explanatory of ea cura, with which they are in apposition, instead of cūra rumpendī, etc. force.

manu: by

761 adversōs: those before him; he was not calm enough to think of the expediency of turning back to the gate and admitting his followers.

762 Phalerim Crethea. Most of the warriors here enumerated are not mentioned elsewhere in the Aeneid. The names are nearly all borrowed from Homer, but they do not designate the same persons; e.g., the four in line 767 are killed by Ulysses in the Iliad, and Homer's Clytius is a son of Laomedon. Phegeus was associated with Sagaris as a famulus in V. 263 (see note on line 569), but we cannot with any confidence identify these subordinate personages, as in Book XII. we find Turnus killing again a Phegeus (371, seq.), an Amycus (509), and a Cretheus (538), while a Clytius who is a mere lad is found in Book X. (325). Amycus is mentioned in Book I. 221 as a friend especially esteemed by Aeneas, and the name is also applied to a Bithynian prince in V. 373.

763 hinc: from them. fugientibus: those who were still fleeing before him; see line 756; he first caught and disabled with his sword Phaleris and Gyges, and then, snatching their spears, he hurled them at the backs of the fleeing Trojans.

765 comitem: to those whom he has already slain.

766 ignārōs in mūris Mārtemque cientis: on the walls, unaware of his nearness, and carrying on the contest. deinde: dissyllable; so in line 781 below.

767 Noēmonaque: the final syllable is here lengthened because of the two consonants at the beginning of the next word; an irregular usage in Latin, although common in Greek, as in the line of Homer which Vergil has here almost exactly transliterated.

769 ab aggere dexter: on the right of Lynceus as the latter approached from the rampart; Lynceus came toward Turnus from the wall on the left hand of Turnus.

772 felicior ungere: more successful at smearing with poison; ungere and armāre depend on felicior, a poetical construction instead of the ablative of the gerund or the gerundive.

773 manū: with expertness, skilfully. -que: see note on line 306. 776 cordi: see note on line 615. numerosque intendere nervis : and accompanying his poetry with the lyre, lit. ‘adapting his poetic numbers to stringed instruments.' The sequence of thought is he liked poetry and the lyre, and liked to chant verses to the accompaniment of the lyre; he was always singing of, etc. Ladewig

:

regards nervis as ablative, and explains "to mark the rhythm of his verses by the music of the strings." Kappes gives virtually the same interpretation, but regards numerōs intendere nervis as hypallage for intendere nervōs ad numerōs. With this use of numeri― versus compare: "I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came." "Tell me not in mournful numbers," etc. intendere is in the same construc

tion as carmina and citherae.

778-818 Mnestheus and Serestus rally the Trojans, who unite in attacking Turnus. Turnus escapes by plunging into the Tiber, and

rejoins his followers.

780 receptum: see line 727.

781 Quō deinde: whither next, how much further, where else; deinde as in IV. 561.

783 Unus homō et: a single human being, and that too; Turnus is after all but a man; he has no supernatural power.

785 Orcō: poetical dative for in Orcum.

787 miseretque pudetque : feel pity and shame for.

789 excedere: historical infinitive; so the three infinitives following.

792 glomerāre manum: close up their ranks.

793 cum: armed with. at-redit: but, as for him, he draws back in alarm, yet fierce, with furious looks.

794 acerba: cognate accusative; compare horrendum, line 732. 796 ille quidem hoc cupiens: though indeed he longs so to do; see note on illa, line 479.

797 dubius: undecided whether to continue the contest or to seek escape from the camp.

798 improperāta: without haste; see note on line 475; the word is a ἅπαξ λεγόμενον. mêns īrā: at the impossibility of prolonging

the contest.

799 Quin-tum: nay, even then, twice; even when he saw that he must retreat. invaserat: completed action in reference to the perfect vertit in the next line.

800 per mūrōs: throughout the camp.

801 in unum: sc. Turnum; against him alone.