forma tricorporis um 289. Harpyiae: see the note on iii. 209. brae: the reference is to Geryon, a monster with three bodies, slain by Hercules. 292. ni admoneat, irruat: poetic for ni admonuisset, irruisset. Vir gil takes us back to the time of the action. Sibyl had passed among the shades before. docta: experienced; the vitas: essences. 293. cava sub imagine formae: under a hollow mask of substance (C.). 295-336. At Charon's ferry. 295. hinc: i.e. after leaving the entrance, the vestibulum and fauces. 297. Cocyto: = in Cocytum. 299. cui ... jacet: on whose chin lies a matted mass of grizzled hair; explanatory of terribili squalore. 300. stant: i.e. stand gleaming. 301. nodo: i.e. the fastening is primitive. A buckle might naturally be expected. 302. ipse with his own hand. 304. sed cruda deo, etc.: but being a god his age is hale and fresh ; literally, to him a god, etc.; ei is to be supplied in thought. 305. effusa: in a stream; literally, poured out. 307. magnanimum: genitive plural. 308. impositi . . . parentum: i.e. youths who had prematurely died. 309. quam multa, etc.: as many as the leaves that drop and fall, etc. 310. gurgite sea; the word is chosen to suggest the seething waters of a stormy sea. 311. frigidus annus: i.e. the cold season, winter. 313. primi transmittere cursum: to be the first to cross; literally, to send their passage across. The infinitive with oro is poetical for a subjunctive substantive clause. 315. navita: Charon. 318. quid volt: what means? 319. quo discrimine: with what distinction; i.e. on what principle of distinction ? 320. linquunt: retire from; being refused admission to Charon's skiff. ... 324. di cujus . numen: by whose mighty name the gods fear to swear and (then) prove false; in the meaning 'swear by,' juro takes the accusative. 327. ripas horrendas, etc.: to set them across the banks and flood; i.e. from the bank and across the flood. The accusatives depend upon trans in composition. datur: viz. to Charon. 328. sedibus ossa quierunt: i.e. not before their bones have had proper interment and so have found peace in a resting-place (sedibus). 330. admissi, revisunt: i.e. revisit the stream and are admitted to the skiff; Hysteron Proteron. 332. animi: locative; in his heart. 333. mortis honore: i.e. honors paid at death; funeral honors. 334. Oronten see i. 113 ff. 335. simul: together. vectos: sailing. 336. viros: crew. 337-383. The shade of Palinurus begs for burial. 337. sese agebat: was advancing. 338. Libyco cursu i.e. on the voyage from Libya to Italy. 339. exciderat puppi: see v. 835 ff. 343. mihi : Dative of Reference. 344. responso: Ablative of Specification. 345. qui canebat, etc. : Virgil has not previously mentioned this promise. 346. haec promissa fides: haec (for hoc) is attracted to the gender of the predicate noun; promissa is the participle used adjectively. 347. cortina: oracle; see the note on iii. 92. 350. cui datus haerebam: to which I was assigned and was holdcursusque regebam: understand quo (with which') ing fast. from cui. 351. praecipitans: here intransitive, plunging down. juro juro is transitive ('swear by '), as in line 324. maria 352. cepisse understand me as object. 353. spoliata armis: disabled; armis refers to the tiller. cussa magistro: a bold form of expression for magistro excusso. Translate bereft of its helmsman. ex 354. deficeret: should founder. 355. hibernas: stormy. 356. aqua: on the deep; repeating the idea of per aequora. lumine: day. 357. summa sublimis ab unda: aloft from the crest of a wave. 358. tuta tenebam: was laying hold of safety. The statement 6 suggests, and should have attained it'; hence the following contraryto-fact condition, ni invasisset. 359. madida cum veste gravatum: literally, with my dripping garments, weighted down. But translate: weighted down by my dripping garments; gravatum limits me understood. 360. capita montis: the summit of a crag. 361. praedam: a prize; predicative accusative with me understood. The natives ignorantly imagined that Palinurus had gold upon his person. 363. quod: therefore. 365. mihi terram inice portusque require Velinos: seek the harbor of Velia and cast earth upon me; Hysteron Proteron. The mere sprinkling of earth upon a dead body sufficed, when formal rites were impossible. 367. si quam: understand viam. parent; Venus. 371. saltem: with sedibus placidis. diva creatrix: thy divine Palinurus asks that, now he is dead, he may at least have a resting-place, and not be compelled to wander aimlessly about. 373. dira: wild. 374. severum: it is properly the Eumenides that are stern, not the river. 377. cape dicta memor: listen to my words and remember them. solacia in predicate relation to dicta, : as a consolation. 378. finitimi: i.e. the inhabitants of the district where Palinurus had been murdered. 379. prodigiis acti caelestibus: on the occasion of a pestilence the Lucanians received an oracle bidding them to propitiate the Manes of Palinurus. This they did by erecting a mound in his memory near Velia and consecrating a grove about it. 380. tumulo: dative. mittent shall offer, pay. 381. aeternum ... habebit a promontory near Velia bears the name Capo Palinuro. The ancient name was Palinurum. 384-416. Aeneas crosses the Styx. 384. ergo so now; i.e. having satisfied Palinurus. continue. peragunt: 385. jam inde: i.e. even from where he was; explained by Stygia ab unda. 387. ultro i.e. unaccosted; a stylistic variation of prior. 392. nec sum laetatus: Litotes for 'I regretted sorely.' Hercules came to carry off Cerberus. Charon ferried him across the Styx, for which act he was put in chains for a year. euntem here equiva lent to venientem. 393. lacu: ablative; on my pool. attempted to carry off Proserpina. Thesea Pirithoumque : these 394. quamquam essent: the subjunctive with quamquam is mainly characteristic of poetry and later prose. 395. Tartareum custodem: Cerberus. ille Hercules. manu: by violence. in vincla petivit, etc.: brought him to chains from the throne of the king himself. 396. regis: Pluto. 398. Amphrysia: the epithet properly belongs to Apollo and was applied to him as having tended the flocks of Admetus on the banks of the Amphrysus in Thessaly. As the servant of Apollo, the Sibyl also is styled Amphrysian.' 400. licet ingens janitor terreat: the burly warder may terrify. 401. aeternum: adverbially; see note on mortale sonans, line 50. 402. casta: unassailed; the emphasis of the sentence is on this word. patrui: Pluto was not merely the husband of Proserpina, but, as brother of her father Jupiter, also her uncle. i.e. abide at home. 405. nulla: an emphatic non. imago picture. 406. at: yet. 407. ex ira: after his anger; with residunt. servet limen : 408. nec plura his: understand dicit; his is Ablative of Compari son. 409. fatalis virgae: Appositional Genitive. after a long time. longo post tempore: 410. advertit: i.e. toward Aeneas and the Sibyl. 411. alias animas: an inexact, but poetically legitimate use of alius. Strictly interpreted the word implies that Aeneas and the Sibyl are also ghosts. So Homer speaks of 'Penelope and the other suitors.' per juga longa: scattered about the long benches. 412. deturbat laxatque: Hysteron Proteron. 413. gemuit sub pondere: the barge was unused to such a burden. 414. sutilis: being frail; literally, stitched. We are to conceive the skiff as consisting of pieces of leather sewn together over a wooden frame. paludem water. 415. incolumis: predicatively with vatem and virum. 417-439. Aeneas passes Cerberus and comes to the abodes of those who died before their time, among them Dido. 417. trifauci: Cerberus was conceived as three-headed. 418. immanis: with his giant bulk. 419. colubris: Cerberus's hide was conceived as covered with snakes instead of hair. When the monster becomes roused the snakes bristle up, as it were. 420. melle soporatam, etc.: soporatam applies with strictness only to medicatis frugibus, not to melle; honey has no soporific power. frugibus meal. : 421. famē: the e in the ablative of this word is regularly long, as though fames belonged to the fifth declension. 422. objectam: understand eam referring to offam. 424. sepulto: i.e. buried in slumber. 425. evadit: passes beyond; here transitive, as in ii. 731. irre meabilis: i.e. in general, but not in the present instance to Aeneas. 427. infantum: dependent on all three nominatives. 429. atra dismal. Black is the color regularly associated with death and its accessories. 430. falso . . . mortis: condemned to death on a false charge. 431. sorte: allotment. 432. quaesitor: as presiding magistrate. Minos: king of Crete. In consequence of his uprightness he was conceived as dispensing justice in the underworld. urnam movet: i.e. he draws by lot the jurymen who are to try the cases. The names of the jurors, written on tablets, were placed in the urn, which was then shaken until a name came out. silentum i.e. of the noiseless ghosts. 433. crimina: the charges against them. manu: as in line 395. Conclusion of a con 434. sibi letum peperere: i. e. committed suicide. 435. insontes: i.e. guiltless of any crime. 436. quam vellent: how they would wish! trary-to-fact condition, with protasis omitted. 440-476. The Mourning Fields. 440. fusi: stretching. 442. quos: as antecedent understand eos with celant and tegit. 445. Phaedram : the wife of Theseus. She fell in love with her step-son, Hippolytus, who rejected her advances. Thereupon she brought about the death of Hippolytus and committed suicide. |