686. semianimem: i before a here has the force of j, thus making a word of only four syllables.

689. stridit: gurgles. sub pectore: i.e. deep in her bosom. 690. sese: object not merely of attollens but also of levavit.

692. reperta: having found it; viz. the light; luce is to be supplied.

693-705. Juno releases Dido from further suffering.

694. difficilis obitus: i.e. difficulty in dying.

695. luctantem animam nexosque artus: i.e. to release her spirit from her limbs that clung to it.

696. fato: i.e. by a natural death. merita morte: a deserved death, i.e. a death by violence in retribution for some act of aggression, as in war.

698. nondum illi flavum, etc.: according to the Roman belief, Proserpina plucked a lock from the heads of the dying as a token of their admission to the underworld; but this practice was not thought to be followed in the case of those who took their own lives.

699. damnaverat: had not yet consigned; nondum belongs also to this clause.

700. roscida: as goddess of the rainbow.

701. trahens: trailing.

adverso sole: opposite the sun; but

adverso is an adjective and the construction is Ablative Absolute;

literally, the sun being opposite.

702. hunc: understand crinem from line 698.

703. jussa: by direction.

705. vita: i.e. the life principle or spirit.

BOOK V.

1-34. Aeneas's fleet is driven by a storm on the coast of Sicily.

1. medium tenebat iter: i.e. was already in the midst of his voyage; an exaggeration for 'was well out to sea.'

2. certus: resolutely.

5. duri magno amore, etc.: the cruel pangs when a mighty love is outraged, and the knowledge of what a frenzied woman can do. The force of notum extends to duri dolores as well as to the clause quid femina possit, - the knowledge of the cruel pangs . . and of what a frenzied woman can do; notum is here used as a substantive. magno amore polluto: Ablative Absolute.

7. triste per augurium, etc.: lead the hearts of the Trojans to dismal forebodings; literally, through dismal auguries.

8-12. These lines are almost identical with iii. 192-195.

10. olli: see the note on i. 254.

13. quianam: an archaic word.

15. colligere arma: practically equivalent to shorten sail; literally, to gather in the tackle, etc.; i.e. make all things snug. validis incumbere remis: i.e. they are to use the oars to make good the loss in speed incurred by shortening sail. Besides this the oars helped to steady the boat.

16. obliquat sinus: sets the sails obliquely to the wind. Virgil seems to mean that instead of going directly before the wind, Palinurus sets the sails at an angle, so that they draw less effectively; if this is the sense, the observation betrays ignorance of seamanship.

17. auctor: predicatively, as sponsor.

18. hoc caelo: with this sky; Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. sperem contingere: for the present infinitive, without subject accusative, after spero, cf. line 337.

19. transversa: accusative, with adverbial force, — athwart our

course.

20. cogitur: is condensing.

21. nec tendere tantum: nor to make so much effort; viz. so much as is necessary for the purpose of holding our course.

23. litora fraterna Erycis: i.e. the shores of your brother Eryx. As son of Venus, Eryx is brother of Aeneas, though by a different father, Butes the Argonaut; litora is subject of esse understood.

25. servata astra: the stars I once observed; viz. on their voyage from Sicily to Carthage. Lacking the compass or other instruments of navigation, the ancients, when out of sight of land, were forced to depend upon the stars to determine their course on the sea.

26. sic poscere: demand this; viz. that we alter our course. 28. velis: i.e. by changing the trim of the sails. an sit mihi, etc.: could there (literally, would there) be any more welcome land, or (a land) to which, etc.; tellus is to be understood with ulla and also as antecedent of quo. For an used to introduce the second member of a double question whose first member is omitted, see B. 162, 4, α; A. 335, b; G. 457, 1; H. 380, 3.

29. demittere: bring to harbor. quo magis optem: to which I should prefer; Potential Subjunctive in a relative clause. 30. Acesten: cf. i. 195.

31. Anchisae ossa: for Anchises's death, see iii. 707 ff.

33. gurgite on the waters, waves.

35-71. Aeneas is welcomed by Acestes and prepares to celebrate solemn games in memory of Anchises.

36. adventum sociasque rates: i.e. the coming of friendly ships. occurrit: rushes to meet us.

37. horridus in jaculis, etc.: i.e. dressed as a hunter.

38. Troïa mater: Egesta by name. Criniso flumine: Ablative of Source.

39. veterum parentum: i.e. his Trojan mother.

40. gratatur reduces: congratulates them on their return.

42. Oriente: here in the sense of dawn.' cum fugarat: poetic for cum fugisset. The indicative was the original usage in all cumclauses, and hence is often employed in poetry where in prose the subjunctive would be used.

44. tumuli ex aggere: from the elevation of a mound.

45. genus alto a sanguine: descended from the lofty lineage.

46. annuus exactis, etc.: the year's cycle is fulfilled by the passing of the months (literally, months spent).

47. ex quo: since; see note on ii. 163 for this force of ex quo. divini: sainted; i.e. raised to the gods.

49. dies, quem, etc.: i.e. the anniversary of Anchises's death.

52. Argolico mari, etc.: i.e. in the midst of Troy's bitterest foes. et: we should expect aut. Mycenae here irregularly used in the singular number; Appositional Genitive.

53. tamen i.e. despite any possible state of trial or hardship. 54. exsequerer : with vota, perform; with pompas, conduct. suis donis: with their appropriate offerings; suis refers to altaria. For suus referring to an oblique case instead of the subject of a sentence, see B. 244, 4; A. 301, b; G. 309, 2; H. 503, 2.

55. ultro: beyond (expectation); unexpectedly.

56. reor as object understand nos adesse from adsumus in line 57. 57. delati: i.e. brought to land.

atque haec me

59. poscamus ventos: viz. from Anchises. sacra, etc. and may he (Anchises) approve my offering these rites annually in the temple dedicated to him, after I found my city. The wish put in Aeneas's mouth by Virgil is intended to account for the origin of the Parentalia, a festival celebrated annually at Rome in honor of the spirits of the dead; urbe posita is Ablative Absolute. 61. Troja poetic extension of Ablative of Source.

62. adhibete Penatis epulis: in saying, 'invite the Penates to the feast,' the poet means, 'sacrifice also to the Penates!' Penatis : patrios shows that the national, not the household, Penates are meant.

64. si: i.e. when.

clear.

nona: why Aeneas sets the ninth day, is not

65. radiis: i.e. of the sun.

66. prima: first of all.

67. quique: deinde is to be supplied in thought before this. The antecedent of qui is ille understood, in partitive apposition with cuncti (line 70); -que is correlative with et. viribus audax: glorying in strength; with reference to jaculo, sagittis, and also to crudo caestu.

68. incedit melior: bears himself better; literally, advances better; incedit is merely a more picturesque word for est. levibusque sagittis: sagittis and jaculis are thus combined because javelin throwing and archery were regularly classed together as involving a single kind of skill. Yet in the games that follow there is no mention of the javelin.

69. crudo... caestu: has courage to engage in battle with rawhide gauntlets; fidit has the meaning of audet, and hence takes the same construction, — the simple infinitive.

70. meritae palmae: Appositional Genitive, explanatory of praemia. 71. ore favete omnes: a common injunction at solemn ceremonies, equivalent to 'ütter no word of evil omen!' observe a reverent silence !'

6

72-103. Funeral offerings to Anchises.

72. materna: i.e. sacred to Venus.

73. aevi: for the genitive, see B. 204, 4; A. 349 d; G. 374, n. 6; H. 452, 2.

74. quos referring to Helymus, Acestes, and Ascanius.

75. ille: Aeneas.

76. ad tumulum: i.e. to the grave of Anchises.

etc. i.e. in the midst of a great throng attending him.

magna medius,

77. mero Baccho, lacte novo, sanguine sacro free use of the Ablative of Quality.

79. purpureos: gay, bright.

80. sancte: reverend. recepti nequiquam cineres: i.e. ashes of one rescued in vain from the destruction of Troy; but recepti is vocative plural (agreeing with cineres), not genitive singular.

82. non licuit: understand mihi.

83. tecum: this belongs logically before finis. i.e. Aeneas himself does not know what the Thybris is.

quicumque est :

84. adytis referring to the tomb of Anchises; adytum is properly 'shrine,' 'sanctuary,' but a tomb also was regarded as a hallowed place.

85. septem, septena: the number seven has always been regarded as invested with a mystic significance. The distributive septena is used with the force of the cardinal septem, as often in poetry.

86. amplexus lapsusque: the perfect participle with the force of the present, as not infrequently. placide: its placid course shows it

to be harmless. per: among.

87. caeruleae

notae: whose back dark spots (dappled); some such verb as distinguebant is to be supplied in thought with notae. et auri squamam: and whose scales; the force of cui extends also to squamam.

90. ille: the serpent.

91. lēvia: from levis, smooth,' 'polished.'

participle, from serpo.

92. -que . . . -que correlative.

milk, and blood.

serpens here the

dapes: the offerings of wine,

94. instaurat: the ceremony had been interrupted by the appearance of the serpent.

95. geniumne putet: whether to think; Deliberative Subjunctive in indirect question. famulum: i.e. a messenger.

96. bidentis, sues, juvencos: this sacrifice was called Su-ove-taurilia. de more bidentis: cf. iv. 57.

97. nigrantis terga juvencos: black-backed bullocks; terga is Greek Accusative. Black victims were chosen because black is associated with death and the underworld.

99. remissos: released; i.e. in order to come and partake of the offerings. The ancients believed that the souls of the dead actually partook of the wine and food offered to them.

100. nec non et: as in i. 707 and elsewhere.

copia: as each has store.

103. veribus: i.e. spits holding flesh.

quae cuique est

104-285. The boat-race.

104. serena luce: Ablative of Quality with Auroram, dawn.' 105. Phaethontis: here of the sun-god, not, as in Ovid, of his son. 108. et also. : parati: with pars; construction according to sense; B. 235, b. 2, c; A. 286, b; G. 211, R. 1, Exc. b; H. 389, 2.