the future betoken the excitement of the speaker. praecipitare: understand te as object; the infinitive with potestas (as in iii. 670) follows the analogy of the infinitive with posse, but the construction is poetical.

563. jam: presently. turbari trabibus: crowded with vesseis. saevas collucere faces: i.e. Dido will attempt to burn Aeneas's ships. 567. fervĕre: as in line 409.

569. varium et mutabile, etc.: a thing of moods and changes is woman ever (C.); for the neuter adjective with a feminine substantive, see B. 234, 2; A. 289 c; G. 211, Exc. (b), 4; H. 394, 5.

571-583. Aeneas obeys the vision and embarks at once.

571. umbris: apparition.

572. fatigat: i.e. allows them no rest; literally, wearies. 573. praecipites vigilate: awake quickly!

575. festinare: as subject understand me or nos; the infinitive with stimulat is poetical, following the analogy of the infinitive with jubeo.

576. sancte deorum: O sacred divinity; deorum is Genitive of the Whole. The construction is poetical and is in imitation of Greek usage.

577. quisquis es: Aeneas knew well that the god who first appeared was Mercury (see lines 356 ff.). The god of the second vision also resembled Mercury. Yet Aeneas feels uncertain and hesitates to utter the name. Ancient feeling especially avoided the risk of addressing any deity by the wrong appellation.

578. sidera dextra: favorable stars are the same as favorable winds, since the weather was thought to be dependent on the constellations. 581. rapiuntque ruuntque: lay hold and rush about; strictly, rapiunt is transitive. As object we naturally think of the ropes,

oars, etc.

latet sub classibus

582. deseruere: picturesque present perfect. aequor: i.e. the vessels cover the surface of the water. 583. This same line has already occurred iii. 208.

584-629. Dido sees the fleet disappearing over the sea, and heaps imprecations upon Aeneas.

585. croceum: the color of the sky when the day is breaking.

586. e speculis: i.e. from some lofty chamber of her palace overlooking the sea.

587. aequatis velis: with even sails; i.e. the sails of all the ships drew alike.

588. vacuos: limiting litora as well as portus.

591. illuserit advena: is a stranger to have mocked?

592. expedient, sequentur, deripient: as subject understand Dido's subjects.

595. mutat: warps.

596. infelix Dido: Dido addresses herself.

597. decuit: as subject understand te facta impia tangere.

scep

tra dabas: viz. to Aeneas. en dextra fidesque: understand illius; dextra is here used in the sense of 'truth.'

598. quem ajunt: Dido speaks with scorn, as though the story were a myth.

599. quem subiise: also dependent on ajunt.

600. divellere corpus et undis spargere: so Medea, when fleeing from her father, dismembers her brother and scatters his limbs over the waves, to delay pursuit.

602. patriis epulandum ponere mensis: as Atreus served up the flesh of the two sons of Thyestes to their father.

603. verum . . . fortuna: but the fortune of a battle would have been doubtful. Dido has just spoken of fighting Aeneas. She now suggests to herself that such a conflict would have been dangerous and uncertain; fuerat is used in the sense of fuisset. fuisset: grant

that it had; a Jussive Subjunctive with concessive force; B. 278; A. 440; G. 264; H. 559, 3.

604. quem metui moritura: i.e. even if the issue of the conflict had been doubtful, whom had I to fear, since I was resolved to die? in castra: i.e. among the ships hauled up on the shore.

606. cum genere: with the whole line; not an added idea, but explanatory of natumque patremque. By killing Aeneas and Ascanius, she would have destroyed Aeneas's whole line. exstinxem: by Syncope for exstinxissem; B. 116, 4, c; A. 181, b, n. 2; G. 131, 4, b, 1; H. 238, 3. memet super ipsa dedissem: (and) have flung myself upon the pile.

607. flammis: thy fires, thy rays.

608. harum curarum: Dido means her present troubles. interpres et conscia: cause and witness. Juno is called the cause of Dido's troubles because as Juno Pronuba she had presided over the marriage rites in the cave (line 166); interpres means first 'go-between,'' ' agent,' then cause.'

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609. nocturnis triviis: i.e. at the cross-roads by night.

Hecate :

see note on line 511. ululata: here used transitively, ― addressed with shrieks; viz. by her excited worshippers.

610. di morientis Elissae: i.e. the gods that were to witness her death.

611. accipite haec: listen to this petition. meritum malis advertite numen: turn to me your favor, which I deserve for my woes; malis is Ablative of Cause.

613. infandum caput: the accursed creature (Aeneas). est: it is destined.

necesse

614. hic terminus haeret: (and if) this consummation (literally, boundary-post) is determined, viz. that Aeneas shall reach Italy.

615–620. Virgil makes Dido pray that the very calamities may visit Aeneas which, according to tradition, were said to have befallen him. Thus he was harassed by the Rutuli and driven out of his dominions; he sought assistance from Evander, died prematurely, and failed to obtain due burial rites.

615. audacis populi: the Rutulians.

617. indigna suorum funera: a general reference to the disasters that befell the Trojans after their arrival in Italy.

618. nec poetic for neve, the regular particle for introducing a second optative clause, if negative. se sub leges tradiderit: has submitted to the conditions; tradiderit is probably future perfect indicative.

619. optata luce: optata is merely an ornamental epithet, — life, that all men cherish. fruatur: in the sense of live to enjoy.' 620. mediaque inhumatus harena: understand jaceat, suggested by cadat; under media harena we are to understand the sandy waste where Aeneas is supposed to fall.

622. stirpem: viz. of Aeneas.

623. exercete odiis: hound with hate (Page). Virgil represents the later strife between Rome and Carthage as the fulfilment of Dido's prayer. mittite: offer, pay; haec munera refers to exercete

odiis.

624. populis: Rome and Carthage. nec: for neve, as above, line 617.

625. exoriare aliquis ultor: arise thou, some avenger! The prayer is prophetic of Hannibal.

626. qui sequare: Relative Clause of Purpose.

627. nunc, olim, quocumque tempore: a climax, -now, later, whenever, etc. dabunt se shall offer.

628. contraria: at war with.

629. ipsi: i.e. the two nations themselves now.

nepotesque: the

Hypermeter verse is admirably suited to the excitement of the speaker.

630-671. Dido mounts the funeral pyre and destroys herself.

633. suam: viz. nutricem. The word here is not reflexive but is irregularly used for ipsius. cinis ater habebat: it is inexact to say that dark ashes held her own nurse. Virgil means that the nurse had become ashes and that the tomb or the earth held her.

635. dic properet et ducat: tell her to hasten and to bring; properet and ducat are Substantive Clauses (without ut) Developed from the Volitive. fluviali lympha: flowing water was used for purification. So Aeneas (ii. 719) washes himself flumine vivo.

636. monstrata: i.e. as directed. The word agrees with piacula. 637. sic: viz. with the victims, etc.

638. Jovi Stygio: i.e. Pluto. rite incepta cf. lines 504 ff. 639. perficere est animus: I am resolved to finish.

640. Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae: explanatory of finem imponere curis. By Dardanii rogum capitis Dido means the pyre on which the effigies of Aeneas had been placed; capitis has the same force as in line 613.

643. aciem := oculos. maculis trementis interfusa genas: her quivering cheeks flecked with spots; genas is the object of interfusa. 645. interiora domus, etc.: i.e. burst through the entrance, into the inner part of the palace (where the pyre was located; line 494). 646. ensem Dardanium: i.e. the sword of Aeneas.

647. non hos quaesitum, etc.: Dido had presumably asked the sword as a memento.

648. cubile: the marriage couch of herself and Aeneas.

649. mente: recollections.

651. dulces exuviae, etc.: ye relics, sweet while the fates, etc.

654. mei: the genitive of the personal pronoun, irregularly used for the possessive mea.

655. mea: my own.

656. ulta virum poenas recepi: not two separate acts. avenged her husband in visiting punishment on her brother. punishment consisted in carrying off Pygmalion's treasure; i. 363. 657. nimium felix : (but) too happy.

659. impressa: middle; os is object. 660. sic, sic: viz. unavenged (inultae).

She

The

662. nostrae omina mortis: my death as an omen; viz. of what awaits him; mortis is Appositional Genitive.

663. ferro: best taken as Ablative of Means; but translate: on her sword.

665. ad alta atria: to the roof of the palace; atria is here used for the whole edifice.

666. bacchatur: runs wild.

667. femineo ululatu: Hiatus.

668. plangoribus: beating the breast was a common manifestation of grief with the ancients.

670. Tyros: nominative.

672-692. Anna rushes to her sister's side.

672. trepido cursu: with ruit, not with exterrita.

675. hoc illud, germana, fuit: was this the meaning of those preparations, sister? me fraude petebas: i.e. were you trying to deceive

me?

676. hoc rogus iste, etc.: is this what that pyre, etc., had in store for me?

678. vocasses, tulisset: the use of the pluperfect without utinam in the Optative Subjunctive is poetic and rare.

upon the gods; i.e. joined with Dido in all her preparatory rites.

681. sic te posita: i.e. when thou shouldst be stretched in death. ut crudelis abessem: only to be cruelly absent. Though innocent of blame, Anna chides herself with cruelty for being absent when her sister died.

682. exstinxti: syncopated for exstinxisti; cf. exstinxem in line 606. meque populumque patresque urbemque tuam: note the impressive emphasis of the Polysyndeton (repetition of the connective). patres i.e. the elders of the state.

683. date volnera lymphis abluam, etc.: suffer me to wash her wounds and... to catch with my lips, etc.; abluam and legam are Substantive Clauses (without ut) Developed from the Volitive, governed by date, which here has the force of a verb of permitting; B. 295, 2; A. 563, c; G. 553, 2. super: the adverb, meaning over and above'; hence, if any last surviving breath still lingers. 685. ore legam: it was a Roman custom for the nearest relatives thus to catch the breath of one dying. sic fata: the perfect parti

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ciple here has the force of the present, - as she thus spake she had scaled the lofty steps, viz. of Dido's pyre; the transitive use of evado is chiefly poetical.