320. nuda genu: with knee bare; literally, bare as to the knee; Synecdochical or Greek Accusative; B. 180, 1; A. 397, b G. 338; H. 416. nodoque sinus collecta fluentis: and with the flowing folds of her dress gathered in a knot; literally, having gathered, etc.; sinus is the object of collecta, which is here used with middle force; B. 175, 2, d; A. 397, c; G. 338, 2; H. 407.

321. prior: beginning, or the first to speak.

322. vidistis si quam: another instance of the free order of words in poetry. Note that the clause is not an indirect question, but a simple condition, if you have seen any one of my sisters, point her out to me! 325. Venus: understand dixit.

326. mihi: Dative of Agency; B. 189, 2; A. 375; G. 354; H. 431, 2. Note the long final i, as in line 8; this is a reminiscence of the original quantity.

327. quam te memorem :- what shall I call thee; quam (for quid) is attracted to the gender of te; memorem is Deliberative Subjunctive. tibi: Dative of Possession. voltus: supply est.

328. nec vox hominem sonat: nor does thy voice sound like that of a human being; literally, sound a human being; Accusative of Result Produced; B. 176, 1; cf. A. 390, b; G. 330; H. 409, 2.

329. an: understand es. Phoebi soror: Diana, who was a famous huntress.

330. sis, leves, doceas: Optative Subjunctives. understand es.

quaecumque :

331. tandem: used, as frequently, to emphasize the interrogative, -under what sky, pray.

332. -que: the final e is elided before the inital vowel of the next line. Such verses are called Hypérmeters; B. 367, 6; A. 612, e, N. ; G. 745, 3; H. 738, N. 2.

334. multa.. dextra: i.e. if thou wilt grant my prayer; dextra is Ablative of Means.

335. honore: dignor, following the construction of dignus, may take an ablative of the thing of which one is regarded worthy.

336. Tyriis, Tyrios (338): the Carthaginians were Tyrian colonists. mos est gestare pharetram, etc. i.e. there is no occasion, from my dress and quiver, to think me a goddess.

338. Agenoris urbem: Carthage is so called because Agenor was the founder of the Phoenician race, and so, in a sense, shares its present fortunes.

339. fines Libyci: the frontiers belong to the Libyans. in apposition with the idea of Libyans, implied in Libyci.

genus:

340. imperium regit: wields the sovereignty. Tyre.

Tyria urbe: i.e.

341. longa est injuria: i.e. the story of her wrongs is a long one. 342. sequar: follow out, touch upon. fastigia: i.e. the chief points; literally, the summits.

343. huic referring to Dido. Sychaeus: the y is regularly short; but in proper names, particularly if foreign, the poets often vary the quantity. Note Sychaeum in line 348. ditissimus agri:

richest in lands.

344. miserae: by his hapless wife; literally, by (her) hapless; miserae agrees with ei understood, Dative of Agency; see the note on mihi, line 326.

345. intactam: a maiden; intactam agrees with eam understood. primis ominibus: in her first bridal; literally, her first (marriage) The Romans regularly consulted the auspices in connection with all important matters. jugarat : = jugaverat.

omens.

เ

347. ante alios omnis: we say than all others.'

348. quos inter between these;

Pygmalion. Note the Anastrophe.

quos refers to Sychaeus and

medius furor: mutual hatred.

350. securus amorum: reckless of (his sister's) affection; free use of the Genitive with Adjectives. Note the poetic plural amorum. 351. germanae: i.e. of his sister for her husband. amantem: the heart-sick loving (wife).

aegram

352. multa simulans: i.e. inventing many excuses for her husband's absence.

353. inhumati: the ancients believed that, unless the body were properly interred after death, the ghost of the deceased roamed restlessly about. venit viz. to Dido.

354. ora... miris: lifting a face of wondrous paleness; literally, pale in wondrous wise.

355. crudelis: as not preventing the murder.

357. celerare, excedere: the infinitive (instead of ut with the subjunctive) is poetical; B. 295, 5, N.; A. 563, N.; G. 564, N. 3. As subject understand eam, referring to Dido.

358. auxilium viae: in aid of her journey; auxilium is in predicate relation to thesauros. tellure in the earth; in attributive relation

to thesauros.

360. his i.e. by this communication from her dead husband. 361. conveniunt: those assemble. crudele i.e. deadly, relentless. 362. forte paratae: i.e. such merchant ships as happened to be at anchor in the harbor.

363. portantur: are carried off; the simple verb for the compound,

as often in poetry.

364. pelago on the sea.

dux femina facti : understand est.

solum: the noun, 'ground.'

365. locos poetical use of the Accusative of Limit of Motion. 367. mercati: supply sunt.

facti de nomine Byrsam: (called) Byrsa from the name of the transaction. Byrsa, the Greek form of the Punic bosra, 'citadel,' also means in Greek a bull's hide.' Hence the legend referred to in line 368.

368. quantum possent, etc.: as much as they could enclose; possent is in the subjunctive because of the implied indirect discourse, mercati (sunt) being equivalent to 'agreed to take.' The direct form would have been, ‘we bargain for as much ground as we can enclose,' etc. The story ran that the settlers bargained for as much ground as a bull's hide would cover. By cutting the hide into long strips and stretching these around the land, they secured an extensive area. 369. vos qui: understand estis. tandem as in line 331. bus aut poetical for aut quibus.

qui

370. quaerenti talibus: to this inquiry; literally, to (her) inquiring with such (words); quaerenti limits ei understood, the indirect object of respondit or some such word to be supplied.

371. imo. . . vocem a mark of weariness and discouragement; trahens vocem = loquens.

372. dea: despite Venus's veiled denial, Aeneas still clings to his first impression. prima. . . origine: going back to the very beginning. pergam i.e. should proceed with my story.

373. et vacet and (if) there were leisure; vacet is impersonal. audire poetic use of the infinitive denoting purpose; B. 326, N.; A. 460; G. 423, N. 2; H. 608, 1.

374. ante diem clauso, etc.: Vesper would close the doors of heaven and put the day to rest before (I should finish); ante is the adverb; after pergam and vacet, we should naturally expect the subjunctive (componat); the future indicative emphasizes the certainty of the realization of the conclusion. Vesper, the evening star, is here personified and represented as the warder of heaven.

375. Troja: ablative with vectos. vestras per auris iit: i.e. has reached your ears. vestras i.e. of you and your people; had Aeneas referred to Dido alone, tuas would have been used.

377. forte sua: by its own chance, caprice. Aeneas wishes to assure Venus that he has not come of his own desire, or with hostile intent.

378. qui... veho: explanatory of pius.

379. super aethera: i.e. not only on earth, but in heaven above; aethera is accusative like aëra, line 300.

380. Italiam patriam: my ancestral Italy. Dardanus, ancestor of the Trojan royal line, was said to have come from Italy. genus ab Jove summo: my kindred descended from Jove supreme (Mackail). Dardanus was the child of Jove and Electra.

381. denis: the distributive numerals are regularly used, instead of cardinals, with adverbs of multiplication,

aequor i.e. the sea near Troy.

382. matre dea: my goddess-mother. vouchsafed.

H. 640, 1.

as here bis. Phrygium

data fata: the oracles

secutus: following; B. 336, 5; A. 491; G. 282, N.;

383. vix septem: i.e. seven and barely that.

385. Europa: said with reference to Italy. Asia with reference to Troy. nec plura, etc. and not suffering him to complain further; literally, not suffering him complaining. In imitation of a Greek idiom, the participle is used instead of the infinitive.

387. haud invisus caelestibus: not hateful to the gods; Litotes. auras vitalis carpis: i.e. live.

388. qui adveneris: since you have come; Clause of Characteristic with accessory idea of cause; B. 283, 3; A. 535, e; G. 633; H. 592. 390. reduces, relatam, actam : in predicate relation to socios and classem. classem: the twelve missing ships.

391. in tutum: to safety, to shelter. versis Aquilonibus: by the change of the winds; Ablative Absolute.

392. ni frustra, etc.: unless my cheating parents taught me augury for nothing; i.e. unless her parents deceived her so that her knowledge is vain.

393. senos: see note on denis, line 381.

laetantis agmine: ex

ulting in orderly array. They had just been scattered by the eagle. cycnos: Virgil chooses the swan for this picture since that bird was sacred to Venus.

394. aetheria lapsa plaga: swooping down from the realms of ether.

Jovis ales: i.e. an eagle.

395. turbabat: i.e. was but just now driving in confusion.

capere to settle on the ground, to alight.

terras

396. aut captas jam despectare: or to look down upon the spots already occupied; i.e. some of the swans may be seen in the act of alighting, others are looking down upon the spots already taken, preparatory to alighting near by; captas limits terras understood; jam limits captas; videntur has the force, are seen.

397. ut reduces, etc. having called attention to the swans, Venus now proceeds to interpret the significance of their movements, comparing their recent danger and deliverance with that of Aeneas's missing vessels. Translate: just as they (the swans), returning, sport, etc. 398. et coetu cinxere, etc.: although placed after ludunt, the two verbs of this line indicate actions which really precede the action of ludunt. Hence logically after circling the heaven in company and uttering their cries. The reference is to the panic flight of the swans, when escaping the eagle.

399. haud aliter: Litotes.

pubes tuorum: the manly band of

6

thy companions; pubes, ordinarily youth,' here means youthful company,' 'company of men.'

400. portum tenet aut subit ostia: i.e. just as some of the swans have already alighted and others are preparing to alight, so some of Aeneas's ships are already in harbor, others are approaching the entrance under full sail; tenet agrees in number with the nearer subject.

402-417. The goddess reveals herself.

402. avertens: intransitive, as in line 104.

403. ambrosiae: ambrosial. The word literally means 'immortal,' but is loosely used by the poets in the sense of 'divine,' 'lovely,' etc. vertice from her head.

:

404. pedes ad imos: to her very feet. With the exception of the huntress Diana, the Roman goddesses are regularly represented with flowing robes falling to the feet.

405. vera incessu patuit dea: in her walk was revealed the true goddess (C.). Note the Hiatus (neglect of elision) in dea. Ille. This is justified by the pause in the sense after dea.

407. totiens: rhetorical exaggeration. like this is mentioned in the Aeneid.

as Juno and the other divinities.

Only a single other occasion

tu quoque i.e. thou, as well

409. veras as opposed to the mockery of falsis imaginibus. 410. moenia: viz. of Carthage.

411. obscuro aëre: i. e. with a mist.

gradientis: as they walked;

accusative plural agreeing with eos understood, referring to Aeneas and Achates.

412. circum . . . fudit: by Tmesis (literally, cutting,') for circumfudit, B. 367, ; A. 640; G. 720. dea by her divine power; dea is in apposition with the subject of circumfudit; literally, she, a goddess.