The method of obtaining water ufed by the ancients fill prevails; which is by conveying the fluid from the fprings or fources, which is sometimes very remote, in earthen pipes, or paved channels, carried over the gaps and breaks in the way on arches. It is received by a ciftern with a vent; and the wafte current paffes below from another ciftern, often an an cient farcophagus. It is common to find a cup of tin or iron hanging near, by a chain; or a wooden scoop with a handle, placed in a niche in the wall. The front is of ftone or marble; and in fome painted and decorated with gilding, and with an infcription in Turkish chara&ers in relievo.

The voyagers next fteered for Eski-Stamboul, anciently called Alexandria Troas. The diftance of this city from Tenedos was reckoned forty ftadia, or five miles. Some of its ruins are to be feen, ftanding on an eminence, with the uneven fummits of mount Ida rifing beautifully behind.

On the way from Tenedos, fays our author, we were amused by vaft caravans or companies of cranes, paffing high in the air from Thrace to winter, as we fuppofed, in Egypt. We admired the number and variety of the fquadrons, their extent, orderly array, and apparently good difcipline. About a quarter after three we landed near the ancient port of Troas.

• We immediately began a curfory furvey of this deferted place; afcending to the principal ruin, which is at fome diftance from the shore. The whole fite was overspread with stones and rubbish intermingled with ftubble, plantations of cotton. and of Turkey wheat, plats of long dry grafs, thickets and trees, chiefly a fpecies of low oak which produces valanea or large acorns for exportation, to be used in tanning. A folemn filence prevailed, and we faw nothing alive, but a fox and fome partridges. In the mean time, the Turks, who were left in the wherry, removed above three miles lower down, towards Lectos, where the beach afforded a station lefs expofed to the wind and more fecure.

,,

The evening coming on, we were advised to retire to our boat. By the way, we faw a drove of camels feeding. We came to a fhed, formed with boughs round a tree, to fhelter the flocks and herds from the fun at noon; and under it was a peafant, who had an afs laden, befides other articles, with a goatskin containing four curds, called Caimac. On thefe and Tome brown bread our Turks made their evening meal. A goat skin, with the hair on, ferved likewife for a bucket. It was diftended by a piece of wood, to which a rope was faftened. drew for us water from a well not far off, and promised to bring us milk and a kid the next day. We found our cook, a Jew, bufy by the fea-fide preparing fupper; his tin-kettle boiling over a fire, in the open air.

3

He

• The

The beauty of the evening in this country furpaffes all defcription. The ky glowed with the rich tints of the fetting fun, which now, fkirting the western horizon, raised as it were up to our view the diftant fummits of the European mountains. We faw Mount Athos diftinctly, bearing from us 55m. weft of north, of a conical form, and fo lofty, that on the top, as the antients relate, the fun rifing was beheld four hours fooner than by the inhabitants of the coaft; and, at the folftice, its fhade reached into the Agora or market-place of Myrina, a town in Lemnos, which ifland was diftant eighty feven miles eastward. The fhore was ftrewed with pumice-ftones, once perhaps floating from Etna or Vefuvius, unless ejected by fome nearer Volcano. The pikes of Athos and of Tenedos fuggeft the idea, that their mountains have burned; and it is poffible, that thefe, with many of the islands in this fea, may have been the produce of eruptions, which happened at a period too early to be recorded in hiftory.

We had here no choice, but were forced to pafs the night on the beach, which was fandy. The Turks conftructed a halftent for us near our boat, with the oars and fail. We now dif covered that we had neglected to procure wine and candles at Tenedos. We did not, however, remain in the dark. An extemporary lamp fupplied one omiffion. It was a cotton-wick fwimming in oil, on a bit of cork, in a drinking-glafs fufpended by a string. By this light, the Turks fitting before us on the ground, cross-legged, endeavoured to amufe us, by teaching us the numbers in their language, or by learning them in Englifh. Some defired us to diflinguifh each by his name, Mahmet, Selim, Muftapha, and the like. They were liberal of their tobacco, filling their pipes from their bags, lighting and prefenting them to us, as often as they faw us unprovided. Our janizary, who was called Baructer Aga, played on a Turkish inftrument like a guittar. Some accompanied him with their voices, finging loud. Their favourite ballad contained the praises of Stamboul or Conftantinople. Two, and fometimes three or four, danced together, keeping time to a lively tune, until they were almost breathlefs. Thefe extraordinary exertions were followed with a demand of bac-fhish, a reward or prefent; which term from its frequent ufe, was already become very familiar to us. We were fatigued by our rough hot walk among the ruins, and growing weary of our favages, gladly laid down to reft under the half-tent. The Turks flept by us upon the ground, with their arms ready in cafe of an alarm, except two, who had charge of the boat. The janizary, who watched, fate fmoaking, cross-legged, by the fire. The ftars fhone in a clear blue fky, fhedding a calm ferene light; the jackalls howled in vaft packs, approaching near us, or on Mount Ida; and the waves beat gently on the fhore in regular fucceffion.'

The city of Troas was begun by Antigonus, and from him firft called Antigonia; but Lyfimachus, to whom it afterwards

de

devolved, as a fucceffor of Alexander, changed the appellation in honour of the deceafed king. Troas was feated on a hill, floping towards the fea, and divided from mount Ida by a deep valley. On each fide is an extensive plain, with water courfes. The city wall is ftanding, except toward the vineyard, but with gaps, and the battlements ruined. It was thick and folid, had fquare towers at regular diftances, and was feveral miles in circumference.

Above the fhore, proceeds the traveller, is a hollow, overgrown with trees, near which Pocock faw remains of a stadium or place for races, funk in the ground; and higher up is the vaulted fubftruction or bafement of a large temple. We were told this had been lately a lurking place of banditti; who often lay concealed here, their horfes tied in rows to wooden pegs, of which many then remained in the wall. It now fwarmed with bats, much bigger in fize than the English, which on our entering, flitted about innumerable; and fettling, when tired, blackened the roof. Near it is a fouterain; and at fome diftance, veftiges of a theatre and of an odeum, or mufic theatre. These edifices were towards the centre of the city. The femicircular fweep, on which their feats ranged, is formed in the hill, with the ends vaulted. Among the rubbish, which is of great extent, are a few fcraps of marble and of fculpture, with many fmall granate pillars. But the principal ruin is that feen from Tenedos. This has before it a gentle efcent with inequalities, to the fea diftant by computation about three miles. It was very ample building, and, as we fuppofed, once the gymnafium. It confifts of three maffive arches, towering amid walls and a vast heap of huge materials. They are conftructed with a fpecies of ftone, which is full of petrified cockle-fhells, and of cavities, like honey-comb. The piers have capitals and mouldings of white marble, and the whole fabric appears to have been incrufted. Some remnants of the earthen spouts or pipes are vifible. On one fide is a ruin of brick, and behind, without the city-wall, are fepulchres. One of these is of the mafonry called Reticulated or Netted.

A city diftinguished and flourishing by Roman favour would not be tardy in paying the tribute of adulation to its benefac

tors.

The peafant fhowed me a marble pedeftal infcribed in Latin, the characters large, plain, and well-formed. We found near this, two other pedestals, one above half-buried in rub. bifh, but the Turks cleared the front with their fabres to the eighth line. All three were alike and had the fame infcription, except fome flight variations. They had been erected by differ ent cities in honour of Caius Antonius Rufus, flamen or high prieft of the god Julius and of the god Auguftus. A maimed trunk, which we faw, was perhaps one of the ftatues; and it is probable the basement before noted belonged to the temple dedicated to the deities whom he served, or to the goddess Rome.

Thefe

Thefe marbles are about mid-way between the gymnafium and the beach.'

Here the travellers dined under a fpreading tree before the arcade, and had just resumed their labour, in taking a plan and two views of the principal ruin, when they were obliged by an accident to fly with precipitation. One of the Turks happening to empty the ashes from his pipe, a fpark of fire fell unobferved on the grafs, which being of great length, parched by the fun, and inflammable like tinder, immediately kindled, and fpread with fuch velocity by means of a brisk wind, that a general conflagration of the country feemed likely to enfue. The Turks, however, cutting down boughs with their fabres, they all begun buffeting the flames, which in about an hour were extinguished. On a tour fo interesting as the prefent, we should have pleasure in tracing the progress of these travellers without interruption; but the variety of a Review not permitting us to indulge our inclination, we must defer till next month the profecution of this entertaining journey.

[To be continued.]

II. Curfory Remarks made in a Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe, particularly Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Petersburgh. By N. Wraxall, jun. 8vo. 5. Cadell.

IN

N the epiftolary form, and the lively manner, in which this work is written, it fo much refembles the Tour through Sicily and Malta, that a reader might be apt to ascribe the prefent publication to the author of the latter, did he not know that they are the productions of different gentlemen. But while the fimilarity in point of compofition is obfervable, there is a total diverfity with respect to the objects of defcription in the narrative of each of the travellers; and therefore no charge of imitation can lie againft Mr. Wraxall, though, as a writer, he is pofterior to Mr. Brydone in the order of time.

The first of these letters is dated on board the Friendship, in the German ocean, 14th April, 1774; and in the second we find the traveller arrived at Copenhagen, from whence he gives an account of his landing at Elfinoor, of the castle of Cronfberg, &c. One of the most remarkable objects of his attention at Copenhagen, is the round tower, built by Chriftian IV. under whom the celebrated Tycho Brahe flourished, and defigned for an obfervatory, We are told there is not a fingle step in it, though very lofty. The afcent is by a fpiral road, near fourteen feet broad, from the bottom to its fummit. Our

author

author was affured by a profeffor who conducted him, that one of their kings, Chriftian VI. drove in his carriage up and down it. In the Danish capital every person of fashion speaks French, and many of them English; to both which languages the gentlemen of the army and navy in particular, are almost univerfally accuftomed. Mr. Wraxall obferves that the people feem to have a great turn for politics, and as it may not be quite fo fafe to inspect too deeply into the conduct of their own court, they gratify their humour by interefting themselves in the affairs of Britain. They were extremely inquifitive about the inhabitants of Bofton, and were unanimous in opinion, that our colonies will foon be abfolutely free; nor could they be perfuaded of the contrary, by all the arguments which the author advanced. He informs us, that there is no appearance of industry or business at Copenhagen, and, though one of the finest ports in the world, it can boaft of little commerce. National poverty must be the unavoidable confequence of fuch a ftate; and in Denmark this is evident from the scarcity of fpecie; where, having no gold, and hardly any filver, every thing is paid in paper.

From Mr. Wraxall's information relative to the unfortunate count Struenfee, it appears that the cause of this minifter's perfecution was a general odium which he had incurred on account of many alterations made in the management of public affairs. As a politician, fays our author, I rank him with the Clarendons and the Mores, whom tyranny, or public basenefs, and want of virtue, have brought, in almost every age, to an untimely and ignominious exit; but to whose memory impartial pofterity have done ample juftice."

The following particulars relative to count Brandt, who fuffered with Struenfee, we believe have not hitherto been made public.

This unfortunate man rofe chiefly under Struenfee's aufpices, though he was originally of an honourable defcent. Dur ing a refidence which the court made at one of the royal palaces, that of Herfholm, it happened that his majefty quarrelled with Brandt, and, which was fingular enough, challenged him. This the count, you may imagine, declined. When they met foon after, the king repeated his defiance, called him coward; and Brandt ftill behaving with temper, as became a subject, he thruft his hand into his mouth, feized his tongue, and had very nearly choaked him. In this fituation can it be wondered at, that he fhould bite the king's finger, or strike him, or both? Self prefervation much neceffarily fuperfede every other feeling at fuch a moment, and plead his pardon. By Struenfee's mediation the quarrel was immediately made up, and the king promised never more to remember or refent the circumstance of