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Leniit, et tacita refluens ita substitit unda,
Mitis ut in morem stagni placidaeque paludis
Sterneret aequor aquis, remo ut luctamen abesset.
Ergo iter inceptum celerant rumore secundo.
Labitur uncta vadis abies; mirantur et undae,
Miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe
Scuta virum fluvio pictasque innare carinas.
Olli remigio noctemque diemque fatigant,
Et longos superant flexus, variisque teguntur

It is probably to be regarded simply as an irregularity,quam longa est' being written as if the historic present "lenit " was to follow, for which leniit' is substituted. "Hiemem quam longa" 4. 193. Virg. seems to imply that the day was spent in preparation and the voyage begun towards night.

87.] Refluens' is to be taken in its proper sense with Serv., not with Forb. in that of" residens," or with Thiel in that of "fluens." It is not meant that the stream actually flows back to its source, which would be inconsistent with substitit,' but that its onward motion was checked so as to make it all but stationary, which would suggest the notion of flowing back.

88.] Placidae paludis' is a mere repetition ofmitis stagni:' and 'placidae' and 'mitis' are a part of the same metaphor with leniit.'

89.] "Sternitur aequor aquis" 5. 821 note. The second 'ut' is not co-ordinate with the first, but dependent on it. Luctamen,' struggle, though in connexion with abesset' it acquires the notion of cause of struggle or impediment. "In lento luctantur marmore tonsae" 7. 28.

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90] Rumore secundo' is rightly taken by Cerda to mean the cheering of the crews. Comp. 10. 266, 'fugiuntque (grues) notos clamore secundo," 5. 338, "plausuque volat fremituque secundo," and a fragment from an old tragedy (inc. inc. fr. 46 Ribbeck), "Solvere imperat secundo rumore adversaque avi.” "Secundo rumore," "adverso rumore" are phrases used to signify general approbation and the contrary. See the commentators on Hor. 1 Ep. 10. 9. Heyne, fancying with Donatus that rumor meant the noise of the waters, connected 'rumore secundo' with what follows. An absurd reading Rumone' (the old name of the Tiber) is mentioned by Serv. with approbation, and has found its way into

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95

some MSS. and even into Med. a m. p.: but even if Virg. were likely to have introduced the name, 'secundo' would contradict v. 58. Rom. and others, including quotations in Non. and Macrob., have peragunt' for 'celerant,' from 6. 384, and Pierius' Medicean has 'celebrant see on 4. 641., 5. 609. Canon. gives celebrant clamore.'

91.] From Enn. A. 14. fr. 2: "Labitur uncta carina, volat super impetus undas :" Macrob. Sat. 6. 1.

92.] The repetition of 'mirantur' serves instead of a repetition of 'et:' see on E. 4. 6. Nemus insuetum' like "ignaros montis " E. 6. 40.

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93.] The shields appear to have been hung along the after part of the galley: comp. 1. 183,"celsis in puppibus arma Caici." For pictas carinas see on 5.663. Heyne put a comma after virum ;' but the harsh collocation of que' with the second word in the clause is unknown to Virg.

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94.] Remigio noctemque diemque fatigant, give neither day nor night any respite in prose, spend day and night in incessant rowing. Prop. 5. 11. 81, "Sat tibi sint noctes quas de me, Paulle, fatiges." Heyne comp. also 10. 807, “diem exercere. "Conplexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur " 5. 766.

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95.] Superant :' see on v. 58. Variis teguntur arboribus,' pass under the shade of various trees. Wagn. finds the clause otiose: but we may well fancy the attention of the Trojans attracted by the variety of the trees. In the next clause pictorial effect pleads strongly for Serv.'s interpretation, referring the words to sail. ing through the reflection of the trees on the water, though the thought may be too modern for Virg. Even if we take the clause as a mere repetition of the preceding, we may still suppose that Virg. intended us to think of the reflection, by the juxtaposition of the words 'viridis

Arboribus, viridisque secant placido aequore silvas.
Sol medium caeli conscenderat igneus orbem,
Cum muros arcemque procul ac rara domorum
Tecta vident; quae nunc Romana potentia caelo
Aequavit; tum res inopes Euandrus habebat.
Ocius advertunt proras, urbique propinquant.

Forte die sollemnem illo rex Arcas honorem
Amphitryoniadae magno divisque ferebat
Ante urbem in luco. Pallas huic filius una,
Una omnes iuvenum primi pauperque senatus.
Tura dabant, tepidusque cruor fumabat ad aras.
Ut celsas videre rates, atque inter opacum

and placido.' The whole passage is eminently characteristic of Virg., both in its graceful feeling and in its abstinent brevity. He is paying a tribute, we may remember, to the beauty of the river of Rome.

97.] Ημος δ' ήέλιος μέσον οὐρανὸν ἀμφιβεβήκει 11. 8. 68 &c. "Medium sol igneus orbem Hauserat" G. 4. 426 note. With this and the next line comp. generally 3. 521 foll.

98.] The visit to Evander is well contrived to bring Aeneas to the site of Rome. "Raris habitata mapalia tectis" G. 3.340. 'Domorum tecta,' 12. 132. The passage is imitated by Ov. F. 5. 93, "Hic, ubi nunc Roma est, orbis caput, arbor et herbae Et paucae pecudes et casa rara fuit."

100.] Tum,' which serves as a conjunction, couples clauses not strictly paral

lel. See on G. 2. 208. 'Res inopes' following 'quae' may also remind us of "has... stridentia limina" 7. 611. foll. With 'res inopes' contrast" maxuma rerum Roma " 7. 602, if the gen. there is parti. tive. Euandrus' is the form given in all Ribbeck's MSS. Euander,' the form before Heins., is supported by no good MS. here or elsewhere, except in 10. 515.

101.] Advertunt proras' 7. 35. 102-125.] They find Evander sacrificing to Hercules. Pallas, his son, comes to meet them, and, being informed of their errand, bids them welcome.'

102.] Honorem ferebat' i. q. sacra ferebat:" comp. vv. 61. 76 &c. 'Sollemnem honorem: comp. 2. 202. The circumstances are evidently borrowed from Od. 3. 4 foll., where Telemachus landing at Pylos finds Nestor with his son Peisistratus and his people sacrificing to Poseidon on the shore. Peisistratus rises first to greet

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105

the strangers, as Pallas flies to meet them here. It is worth while comparing the Homeric detail, groups of nine sacrificing nine bulls each, tasting the entrails, and burning the thighs, with Virg.'s more general language.

103.] The structure of the line is nearly the same as 3. 19, "Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam Auspicibus coeptorum operum," where see note. We may ob

serve that the name Hercules' is unmanageable in a Latin hexameter except in the gen. and abl., and that Virg. in consequence has to resort to a variety of expedients for expressing it.

104.] "Ante urbem in luco" 3. 302. Cerda shows that it was customary in Greece to sacrifice to Hercules without the walls, comp. Dem. Fals. Leg. p. 368, where Aeschines is reproached for having induced the Athenians to break the rule by sacrificing within the walls when they had not war as an excuse, and Plutarch Quaest. Rom. 28, who inquires why youths wishing to swear by Hercules went into the open air. The remark, he tells us, was first made by Scaliger, Poet. 3. 26, referring to the present passage. 'Una' with dat. like "similis," pariter."

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105.] 'Senatus' (senes) opp. to 'iuvenum,' as Serv. remarks. Iuvenum primi,' 9. 785.

106.] Serv. says that 'tura dabant' is from a regular sacrificial phrase, "Da, quod debes, de manu dextra aris:" but the sacrificial use of" dare" hardly requires illustration. 66 Dabimusque divis Tura benignis "Hor. 4 Od. 2. 51. Tepidus cruor,' 6. 248.

107.] Videre' is construed in the first clause with acc., in the second with inf. In English we should vary the word;

Adlabi nemus, et tacitis incumbere remis,
Terrentur visu subito, cunctique relictis
Consurgunt mensis. Audax quos rumpere Pallas
Sacra vetat, raptoque volat telo obvius ipse,
Et procul e tumulo: Iuvenes, quae caussa subegit
Ignotas temptare vias? quo tenditis? inquit.

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115

Qui genus? unde domo? pacemne huc fertis, an arma?
Tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta,
Paciferaeque manu ramum praetendit olivae :
Troiugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis,

when they espied the ships and saw them approach &c. Not unlike is the coupling of a part. with an inf., as in 7. 421, 422. Some unseasonable lover of old Latin might suggest that 'celsas' has its participial force here, comparing kéλλw, "celer," "celox :" but the thought is of course only worth mentioning as a coincidence, and perhaps as a warning against similar speculations. To understand' atque-et' as 'que-que' would be unlike Virg.

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108.] Tacitos' is the reading of Rom., Med., Pal., and most of Ribbeck's MSS.; it is also found in Canon. Gud., and another of Ribbeck's cursives, both corrected, have tacitis,' and so Serv., whose comment is "tacitis incumbere remis' pro ipsi taciti, i. e. sine celeusmate." The editors generally have supposed tacitos' to be an interpretation, and this on the whole seems most probable. If it were admitted, it would simplify the construction in v. 107, as 'adlabi' as well as 'incumbere might be referred to the crews. But the complexity of the sentence, incumbere being said of the ships when really it refers to the rowers, is itself Virgilian. Whichever reading we adopt, the silence seems to mean not what Serv. supposes, but the absence of an intimation from the Trojans who they were, which would itself alarm the Arcadians: probably too we are meant to think of the calm of the river. Strictly of course the oars cannot have been noiseless. "Incumbere remis" 5. 15.

110.] Mensis,' the sacrificial banquet. Comp. 7. 176. 'Audax' refers to his readiness to meet the possible danger. Rumpere sacra: the interruption of a sacrifice or religious celebration was thought ill-omened by the Romans: comp. 3. 407. Serv. tells a story that the games of the Circus were once interrupted by an alarm that Hannibal was at the gates, and that on returning to the Circus the people

found an old man who had been dancing without intermission, which gave occasion to a proverb, "Salva res est, saltat senex." 111.] Ipse' in person.

112. He had apparently climbed a mound for the purpose of observation. 'Iuvenes' applies to all of a military age, all warriors. So the Anglo-Saxon knight and child and the German held mean a youth.

113.] Ignotas temptare vias' merely expresses that he perceives them to be strangers.

114.] τίς πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν; πόθι τοι πόλις ἠδὲ τοκλες; Od. 1. 170. 'Qui genus' is variously corrupted by the inferior MSS. into quod' or 'quid genus,' 'quo genere.' The construction is perhaps from the Greek, e. g. Od. 15. 267, ¿ '10άкns yévos eiμí. Comp. 5. 285, "Cressa genus Pholoe." Unde domo' is a phrase, as in Hor. 1 Ep. 7. 52, "quaere et refer, unde domo, quis, Cuius fortunae." Plaut. Cist. 4. 2. 6, "haec cistella numquam hinc a nobis domo est," comp. by Forb., from which we see that the abl. means 'in respect of domicile.' For 'domus' of place of extraction comp. 10. 141, "Maeonia generose domo," ib. 183, "Qui Caerete domo."

So

115.] Puppi ab alta,' 5. 12. Aeneas stands there, as Heyne remarks, because they had reached the land and as usual (6. 3) turned the prow to the sea, the stern to the land.

116.] Praetenditque' instead of " praetendens." 'Pacifer' is quoted from no author before Virg., but is frequently found in inscriptions as an epithet of the gods: see Freund. Here it reminds us of 'pacem fertis' v. 114. For the olive branch see on 7. 154.

117.] Comp. v. 55. Troiugenas' 3. 359. He reassures Pallas about the import of the weapons, as the Sibyl reassures Charon 6. 400.

Quos illi bello profugos egere superbo.
Euandrum petimus. Ferte haec, et dicite lectos
Dardaniae venisse duces, socia arma rogantis.
Obstipuit tanto perculsus nomine Pallas:
Egredere o quicumque es, ait, coramque parentem
Adloquere, ac nostris succede penatibus hospes.
Excepitque manu, dextramque amplexus inhaesit.
Progressi subeunt luco, fluviumque relinquunt.

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125

Tum regem Aeneas dictis adfatur amicis :
Optume Graiugenum, cui me Fortuna precari
Et vitta comptos voluit praetendere ramos,
Non equidem extimui, Danaum quod ductor et Arcas
Quodque a stirpe fores geminis coniunctus Atridis; 130

118.] Quos' refers of course to 'Troiu-
genas, illi' to Latinis,' though Virg.
has expressed himself rather ambiguously.
Aeneas speaks as if the Latins had con-
summated their intention of expelling the
Trojans. Superbus' and 'superbia' are
used much in the sense of ßpis, for out-
rage and tyranny, as well as pride; e. g.
Tarquinius Superbus for Tarquin the
tyrant. So it is used of the tyranny of
Mezentius v. 481, of that of Metabus 11.
539. The Latins had violated both the
treaty and the rights of suppliants.
119.] Ferte,' i. q. "nuntiate."
canio ferat haec " 1. 645.

"As

120.] Some MSS. (including one of Ribbeck's cursives) have viros,' apparently because it was thought that 'lectos' was superfluous with duces:' but the chiefs had not all come. Possibly there may be a connexion in usage between "legere" and "legare," as between "dicere " and "dicare." Wagn. thinks that 'viros' may have arisen from 7. 168. With 'rogantis,' the pres. part., comp. 1. 519., 2.

114.

"Socia arma" 11. 161.

121.] Nomine' sc. "Dardaniae." "Perculsus Rom., 'percussus' Med., Pal., Gud. See on 1. 513.

122.] Etgredere' or 'etgradere' is the reading of Pal. (originally), Med., and Rom., which seems to point to the form 'ecgredere,' restored by Ribbeck. With 'quicumque es' comp. the quasi-vocative "quaecumque' 1. 330. Pallas had not heard Aeneas' name, as Serv. and Donatus observe, though he had been informed of his nation. Some MSS. mentioned by Pierius have 'parente,' a natural error.

123.] "Tectis succedite nostris" 1. 627. For ac' the first reading of Med. has 'et.'

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124.] Excepit' not of physically catching by the hand, but in its transferred sense of welcoming, like "gaza excipit" 5. 40 &c. It is a translation of χερσίν τ' horáČOVтo Od. 3. 35. The reading before Heins. was 'accepit.' Inhaesit:' ev T', ǎpa oi pû xeɩpi Il. 6. 406.

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125.] For subeunt' with dat. see on 7. 161. Luco,' when the sacrifice was going on, v. 104.

126-151.] Aeneas explains to Evander that though they are Trojans and the Arcadians Greeks, both are sprung from a common stock and threatened by a common enemy, and asks for an alliance.' 126.] Dictisque ita fatur amicis" 2.

147.

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127.] Optume Graiugenum.' Serv. has a curious note: "Quantum ad Aenean pertinet, Graeci neque boni neque meliores sunt. Ergo 'optume Graiugenum' superlativus est pro positivo: nam optumus malorum non possumus dicere: superlativus enim suo tantum iungitur generi. Sic ergo dixit ut Homerus (II. 11. 832) δικαιότατος κενταύρων pro δίκαιος.” cari' with dat., like "supplicare," in the sense of becoming a suppliant to a person. Elsewhere the dat. is used of the person for whom good or bad is imprecated.

Pre

128.] Comptos,' in the sense of "comatos," for "coronatos:" comp. 7. 751, "Fronde super galeam et felici comptus oliva," Culex 217, "Tisiphone serpentibus undique compta." For the thing see on 7. 154.

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Sed mea me virtus et sancta oracula divom,
Cognatique patres, tua terris didita fama,
Coniunxere tibi, et fatis egere volentem.
Dardanus, Iliacae primus pater urbis et auctor,
Electra, ut Graii perhibent, Atlantide cretus,
Advehitur Teucros; Electram maxumus Atlas
Edidit, aetherios humero qui sustinet orbis.
Vobis Mercurius pater est, quem candida Maia
Cyllenae gelido conceptum vertice fudit;
At Maiam, auditis si quicquam credimus, Atlas,
Idem Atlas generat, caeli qui sidera tollit.

Ribbeck in reading 'a.' 'Fores' seems to
be used on the analogy of those cases
where 'quod' with the subj. gives a reason
which the speaker denies to be the true
one (Madv. § 357 b), though what is denied
here is not the reason but the fact which
the reason might have justified. Geminis
Atridis' 2. 500.

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131.] This self-praise is quite consonant to the heroic age, Il. 4. 505, Od. 9. 19. Comp. also 1. 378, 9. Oracula,' given by the Tiber, and by the Sibyl 6. 96. Sed' is put as though "Atridis quidem coniunctus es or something similar had preceded. Virg. was thinking of Lucr. 1. 140, "Sed tua me virtus tamen et sperata voluptas " &c.

132.] The asyndeton in 'tua terris didita fama' is rather harsh, so that we need not wonder that it should have been proposed to transpose the latter halves of this and the preceding line, "Sed mea me virtus, tua terris didita fama, Cognatique patres et sancta oracula divom," though the change could not be allowed in a text so well supported as Virg.'s. 'Didita' 7. 144. 133.] The Homeric ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε Ovu is compared by Heyne: but there is probably no such contrast between consent and reluctance here. 'Volentem' is the emphatic word, and the sense is, and I have willingly obeyed the call of fate.' The expression however is somewhat perplexed, inasmuch as 'sancta oracula divom' alone accords with fatis egere,' while the rest gives the reason of 'volentem.' 'Coniunxere' is doubtless used to suggest the notion of rival claims to those expressed by coniunctus' v. 130. The fates are here made the instruments, as in 7. 239 the agents, agreeably to Virg.'s habit of treating them sometimes as persons, sometimes as things.

134.] Pater urbis:' Gossrau comp.

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140

Cic. de Div. 1. 2, "huius urbis parens Romulus," Forb. Ov. M. 15. 862, "genitorque Quirine Urbis."

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135.] Ut perhibent" 4. 179. The appeal to Grecian legend comes in strangely, as Wagn. remarks. It may be meant as an argumentum ad hominem to Evander, but it looks rather as if Virg. were speaking in his own person.

136.] Advehitur Teucros,' like " urbem adferimur" 7. 217. The mention of Atlas after Atlantide' is accounted for by Aeneas' natural wish to be explicit on a point which is the turning-point of his genealogical statement: but we may still wonder why Virg. should not have chosen some other epithet in v. 135. "Maxumus Atlas" 1. 741.

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137.] Aetherios orbis' of the heavenly bodies, like "astris aetheriis" 5. 514 &c. 138.] Candida,' fair, as in 5. 571 of Dido, not, as Serv. thinks, of Maia's brightness as a star.

139.] Conceptum fudit' seems i. q. "concepit et fudit," both conception and birth being supposed to have taken place on Mount Cyllene. It is not clear why Virg. has added 'gelido,' which to modern notions seems incongruous. 'Fudit' of production G. 1. 13. Whether it was commonly used of human births does not appear. In Cic. Pis. ad init., "Quae te beluam ex utero non hominem fudit," it has something of contempt, as is remarked by Serv., who thinks the word is chosen here to express easy parturition. Pal. originally had fundit,' which would agree with 'generat.'

140.] Rom. has 'cuiquam:' see on G. 4. 447. Pal. and the first reading of Gud. have creditis,' which may either be an accommodation to vobis,' or a mere error arising from 'auditis.'

141.] Of the two presents 'generat' is

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