Ipse pedes, tegumen torquens inmane leonis, may have been common to the early 666.] Torquens:' see on 8. 460. Here it is loosely if not carelessly followed by indutus,' the meaning of the poet being that the lion's skin is swathed round the body, while the head forms a sort of cap. This however is no reason for altering the text, with Peerlkamp and Ribbeck. In Rom. the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth letters of torquens' are written over an erasure. The form tegumen' or 'tegimen' has occurred already 3. 594. Tegumen leonis' like "tegmine lyncis' "1. 323. The mention of Aventinus as marching on foot, just after we have heard of him as driving his chariot, is another mark of incompleteness, which cannot be paralleled, as Heyne thinks, by the passages in the Homeric narrative, where heroes are represented as at one moment in their cars, at another fighting on foot. We can hardly suppose pedes' to mean 'dismounting from his car.' 667.] Inpexum' expresses the same as 'horridus' v. 669. Rom. has inplexu,' and one of Ribbeck's cursives (originally) and some inferior MSS. inplexum.' The sing. 'saeta,' where the pl. is meant, seems unusual, but perhaps follows the analogy of "crinis," "capillus" &c. 'Caput ingens oris hiatus Et malae texere lupi cum dentibus albis" 11. 680, where see note. ་་ 668.] "Induere aliquid alicui" is not an uncommon construction (11. 76); so here, to the ordinary construction of indutus' with an acc. of the thing put on, a dative is added of that on which the thing is put. Sic' refers to 'torquens' and indutus:' comp. 1. 225. 669.] This line expresses further the accoutrement with which he entered the palace of Latinus. For innexus' Pal. and Rom. have 'innixus:' see on 1. 448., 4. 217. "Crinem vittis innexa" 6. 281. 670 675 670-677.] Two brothers, Catillus and Coras, come from Tibur.' 670.] The story was that Catillus, son of Amphiaraus, settled in Italy, and that his three sons, Tiburtus, Catillus the younger, and Coras, founded Tibur. See Heyne, Excurs. 8 to this Book. 671.] Med., Pal. corrected, and Gud. originally have 'fratres,' which would be a weak repetition. Rom. was said to read Tiburni' (comp. Hor. 1 Od. 7. 13), but Ribbeck gives its reading as 'Tiburthi.' Pal. has de nomine' as in 1. 533 &c. Cognomine dicunt" 1. 530 &c. 'Gentem :' in founding a city they had founded a nation: comp. 1. 248. ་ 672.] Catillus is the same as the Catilus of Hor. 1 Od. 18. 2. Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 100 (comp. by Forb.) has a further variety, Catillus with the first vowel short. Iuventus' is used somewhat boldly of two persons (in Aesch. Ag. 109 the MSS. have Exλádos Bar of the two Atridae, though the editors are doubtless right in reading Bas from Aristoph.), unless we suppose Virg. to include the followers of the two brothers, who are not otherwise mentioned. Argos was the city of Amphiaraus. 673.] Primam ante aciem' above v. 531 &c. Densa inter tela' refers to the shower of darts (comp. 12. 408), not to ranks bristling with spears. 674.] The comparison seems to be Virg.'s own. Serv. rightly infers from it that the two brothers are horsemen, comp. 11. 465. Nubigenae' is used by other poets of the Centaurs: see Forc. Heyne rationalizes the epithet by supposing that it was originally applied to the Centaurs as dwelling in cloudy mountains, whence the legend of Ixion and the cloud. Such a notion may not impossibly have occurred to Virg. in the present connexion. Inpolv åpeσkýoli Il. 1. 268 of the Centaurs. 675.] Homole (in Thessaly) is men Linquentes cursu rapido; dat euntibus ingens tioned by Eur. Herc. F. 371 in connexion 680 Pecora inter agrestia,' which goes with 'genitum,' is not explained by any detail in the account; but it may mean little more than "in agris." Regem' seems to be proleptic. Volcano,' abl. "Fauno et Nympha genitum Laurente Marica,” v. 47 above. 677.] Silva' and 'virgulta' are cou- 680.] Inventum,' by the maidens menpled again 12. 522. They express the tioned in the preceding note. 'Omnis same thing, the one collectively, the other aetas,' as we say, all time. It is more distributively. In 'magno-fragore' Virg. commonly used in the sense of every may have thought of Il. 13. 140, "Tage,' i. e. persons of every time of life: see δ ̓ ἀναθρώσκων πέτεται, κτυπέει δέ θ ̓ ὑπ ̓ Dictt. αὐτοῦ Ὕλη. 678-690.] Caeculus, son of Vulcan, leads troops from Praeneste and other places.' 678.] Praenestina urbs' for "Praeneste like Agyllina urbs," v. 652 above, for "Agylla." Rom. has 'deficit.' 679.] The story, as told by Serv., is that there were two brothers known as "divi Indigetes " of the spot where Praeneste was built; that they had a sister, who, sitting near the fire, was struck by a spark, and conceived in consequence; that she dropped her child, when born, by the temple of Jupiter, and that it was there found close to the hearth by maidens going to a neighbouring spring for water. Mai's palimpsest Schol. gives this story in a briefer form on the authority of Cato's Origines, adding that the name Caeculus was derived from the smallness of his eyes, "quam rem," observes Serv., "frequenter efficit fumus." Serv. goes on to say that he was at first a brigand, but afterwards founded a city; that he exhibited games, to which the neighbouring people were invited, when he proclaimed himself as the son of Vulcan; and that after doubting his pretensions, they were convinced by the sudden appearance of fire all round them, upon which they joined his community. The story seems a variety of that of Cacus, with whose name the name 'Caeculus' is probably to be connected. 681.] 'Late' may either be used loosely to mean collected from far and wide, or may be closely connected with 'comitatur,' follows in a large and spreading multitude. Ribbeck reads late legio' from Med. and one of the inferior MSS., it is difficult to see why. Legio' used vaguely as in 8. 605 &c. 683.] Anio' is the commoner form in the nom. 'Anien' ('Anienis,' '-i,' '-em') in the oblique cases (Dict. G. s. v.). Roscida rivis:' so Sil. 4. 226, "Quosque in praegelidis duratos Hernica rivis Mittebant saxa." 684.] "Herna or "hernae," according to Serv. and Festus, was the word for rocks in the Sabine or Marsian language, so that Hernica saxa' is an expression like "novae Karthaginis" 1. 298, and others mentioned there. For the features of the country, "well characterized by Virg. in a single line," see Dict. G. Hernici.' Dives' apparently from its fertility (Sil. 8. 392 foll., 12. 532 foll., quoted by Cerda), which would agree with 'pascit.' Bun Quos, Amasene pater. Non illis omnibus arma, bury (Dict. G. s. v.) explains the epithet by the importance of the city compared with its neighbours. Serv. has an odd notion that there is an allusion to Antony's having issued money with his name there after his union with Cleopatra. Heins. read 'pascis' from a few MSS. (none of Ribbeck's) and so Heyne. See on 2. 56. 685.] Amasenus 11. 547, said to be the only other place in ancient writers where it is mentioned, except a passage in Vibius Sequester. It rises above Privernum and flows through the Pontine marshes, and is still called "Amaseno" (Dict. G.). 'Pater' as a river: see on G. 4. 355. 686.] It matters little whether 'sonant' goes with arma' or not. Rom. has currusque.'" Plumbea glans," of a leaden bullet, Lucr. 6. 178, 306. For the use of bullets in slings comp. 9. 588. 687.] Liventis, a perpetual epithet, 'livens' being defined in Forc. as " plumbei coloris." Spargere' of frequently flinging weapons 12. 51. 688.] The 'galerus' seems to have differed from the "galea" in being made of skin rather than metal, though skin was also used in the latter, as a probable etymology (yaλén: comp. Kuvén) indicates. See Lersch Antiqq. § 32. 689.] Pal. and originally Gud. have 'tegmina,' Med. corrected' capitis.' So v. 742 below, "Tegmina quis capitum raptus de subere cortex." Virg. doubtless intentionally consulted variety, which he has carried out by making a pl. there stand in apposition to a sing., as here a sing. is in apposition to a pl. 'Nuda.' Much difficulty has been made about this passage, the more ordinary custom being to have the left foot protected with a greave, the right remaining bare. Macrob. Sat. 5. 19 tells us that Euripides in his Meleager (fr. 534) represented the sons of Thestius, Meleager's uncles, as having the right foot shod, ws ἐλάφριζαν γόνυ Ἔχοιεν ὃς δὴ πᾶσιν Αἰτω‐ Aois vouos, but that Aristotle in the 2nd book of his treatise Пepl TomTŵv stigmatized the notion as absurd, deî yàp olua τὸν ἡγούμενον ἔχειν ἐλαφρόν, ἀλλ ̓ οὐ τὸν uuévovra. Macrob. suggests no explana 685 690 tion, merely commending Virg. for his learning in transferring an Aetolian custom to the Hernici, who, according to Hyginus, were a Pelasgian colony. Serv.'s solution, adopted by Heyne, is that these Italians carried a shield ("scutum ") which would protect their left foot, which he supposes to be the one advanced in battle: but this is contrary to v. 686, unless we press the word 'clipeus' as indicating only one sort of shield. The simplest solution would seem to be this: the unshod foot would have the disadvantage of being unprotected, but it would have the advantage of being disencumbered. It is of this latter point that Virg. is thinking here, like Eur. and Aristot., though with the Romans generally (see Heyne, Excursus 8) the former seems to have been the prominent consideration. But Vegetius 1. 20 (cited by Lersch § 33) lays down the rule that in discharging missiles the left foot is to be advanced, in using the "pilum" and sword the right. In representing then these slingers and darters as having their left foot naked, Virg. is not open to Aristot.'s censure, the left in their case being youuevos. For 10. 587, which might be alleged to show that Virg. does not recognize the distinction of Vegetius, see note there. For the custom of leaving unshod the foot which was meant to tread firmly, comp. Thuc. 3. 22, where Arnold refers to Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, Canto 4, st. 18. In vestigia nuda' the feet and foot-prints are confused: comp. 5. 566 note. 690.] Instituere' seems to mean plant or set down, so that the expression is not to be compared (with Heyne) with Lucr. 1. 406, "Cum semel institerunt vestigia certa viai." In Lucr. 4. 472, which was supposed to be an exact parallel, the MS. reading "in statuit," seems right: see Lachm. and Munro. The perf. is here aoristic. Mr. Long understands instituere' "have the custom of," and possibly Virg. may have intended to include both significations. Crudus,' made of raw hide, like “ crudo caestu " 5. 69. Dict. A. s. v. Pero :' At Messapus, equum domitor, Neptunia proles, Quem neque fas igni cuiquam nec sternere ferro, Iam pridem resides populos desuetaque bello Agmina in arma vocat subito, ferrumque retractat. Hi Fescenninas acies Aequosque Faliscos, Hi Soractis habent arces Flaviniaque arva, Et Cimini cum monte lacum lucosque Capenos. Ibant aequati numero, regemque canebant: 691-705.] 'Messapus leads a contingent from southern Etruria.' 691.] Messapus was the eponymous hero of Messapia or Iapygia, and was claimed by Ennius as his progenitor. Why Virg. connects him with a different part of Italy does not appear. This line is repeated 9.523. See also v. 189 above. 692.] This property of invulnerability Virg. may have borrowed from the legend of Cycnus, who was a son of Poseidon (Diet. M. Cycnus"). Incombustibility, as Serv. says, would naturally be ascribed to the offspring of the god of Ocean. Gossrau comp. 11. 787, where the worshippers of Apollo of Soracte are said to walk through embers unhurt. Sternere then will be joined with 'ferro' by zeugma. Forb. however interprets igni' of missile fire (8. 694 &c.). Some of Pierius' copies had 'sistere.' 693.] Partly taken from 1. 722, "Iam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda." Comp. also 6. 813 foll., "Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis Agmina." For this quiescence of the Italian populations comp. v. 46 above, and see on v. 423. 694.] Retractat,' handles again after disuse. Emm. comp. Hor. 2 Öd. 1. 38, "Ceae retractes munera neniae." "Ferrumque retractant" 10. 396 (note) in a different sense. 695.] Acies' is connected with 'habent' by a harsh zeugma, which may be a sign that the passage is unfinished. There is no reason however for assuming a lacuna with Ribbeck, still less for altering the text and transposing this and the preceding lines with Ladewig. For the connexion between Fescennium and Falerii see Dict. G., Fescennium' and 'Falerii,' as also the latter article for the different views that have been held about the 'Aequi Falisci.' Serv. took'aequos' as an ordinary adj., explaining it by the statement that the Romans derived the "iura 695 fetialia" and other laws from the Faliscans: others however, and Serv. himself on 10. 14, say that these were brought from the Aequiculi. 696.] Arces' of mountain heights G. 2. 535 &c. Habent' here = "habitant," as in v. 131 above. 'Flavinia arva' from Flavina or Flavinium, a town only known from the imitation of this passage in Sil. 8. 490 and Serv.'s note here (Dict. G. s. v.). In Pal. Flavinia' is altered into Flaminia.' Here as elsewhere I have not noticed the MS. varieties of the proper names, which even in the best copies are apt to be grossly corrupted. 697.] Besides the lake and mountain of Ciminus, there was also a forest, which was regarded with special awe in the early history of Rome, so that the Senate once forbade a consul to lead his army through it he had however passed it in safety before the order reached him, Livy 9. 36 foll. See Dict. G., where also the features of the country are described. 'Lucos Capenos' would naturally refer to Feronia, though that is mentioned by name in a different connexion v. 800 below. Yet 698.] Aequati numero' would naturally mean in bands of equal numbers (" Conpositi numero in turmas " 11. 599), as Serv. and most editors have taken it. the context is strongly in favour of another interpretation mentioned, though rejected, by Heyne, marching in measured time; and a passage in Sil. (3. 345 foll., also referred to by Heyne), looks as if he may so have understood it. The words will then go closely with 'ibant,' which they qualify like an adverb. Another writer might have written "aequato numero" or "aequatum in numerum:" but Virg. characteristically prefers the more artificial expression. 'Regem Messapus' indestructibility would doubtless make him the theme of many heroic stories, so that we need not wonder with Heyne that his followers sing of their living chief rather than of mere legendary worthies. Ceu quondam nivei liquida inter nubila cycni Dant per colla modos; sonat amnis et Asia longe Nec quisquam aeratas acies ex agmine tanto Misceri putet, aeriam sed gurgite ab alto Ecce, Sabinorum prisco de sanguine magnum 699.] From Il. 2. 459 foll., Apoll. 4. 1298 foll., though in the former passage the birds are not represented as singing. 'Quondam' in comparisons like "saepe," G. 4. 261 note. For nubila' Pal. and Gud. have flumina,' the latter with a variant 'nubila,' and so Ribbeck: but 'nubila' is more likely to have been altered into 'flumina' than vice versa, and the mention of the river in Hom. and Apoll. proves little, as Virg. may have purposely deferred it till v. 701. Liquida inter nubila' like "liquidis in nubibus" 5. 525. 700.] E pastu' G. 1. 381., 4. 186. 'Longa colla' is from Hom. 1. c., KUKVWV δουλιχοδείρων. Serv. says "Secundum Plinium, qui ait in Naturali Historia cycnos ideo suavius canere quia colla longa et inflexa habent: et necesse est eluctantem vocem per longum et flexuosum varias reddere modulationes." The words are printed as Pliny's in the editions of Serv.; but the copious Delphin and Variorum Index to Pliny supplies no clue to them, so that it would seem that Serv. has merely given Pliny's sense in the first clause, and that the words "et necesse est-modulationes" are his own. The songs of swans have already been mentioned 1. 398, E. 8. 55., 9. 29, 36. 701.] Amnis:' Cayster, as Asia palus' shows: comp. Hom. I. c., G. 1. 383, 384. 702.] Pulsa' by the sound, E. 6. 84. 703.] From Apoll. R. 4. 238 foll., ovde κε φαίης Τόσσον νηΐτην στόλον ἔμμεναι, ἀλλ ̓ οἰωνῶν Ἰλαδὸν ἄσπετον ἔθνος ἐπιВpoμéew weλáyeσow. Virg. may also have thought of II. 4. 429, 430, though the resemblance is verbal only. The comparison here differs from that which has just preceded: there the song of the troops was compared to that of swans; here the troops are regarded from a distance, and the confused noise of the mass suggests 700 705 the parallel of a flight of birds from over the sea. Ribbeck places these lines after v. 697, without reason. Ex agmine tanto' seems to go with 'misceri,' to be made up, or massed, out of that great multitude: a poetical variety for "hoc agmen tantum aeratas acies esse." Not unlike is "adverso glomerati ex agmine Graii," 2. 727. "Aeratas acies" 9. 463. 704.] Misceri' of thronging G. 4. 76. There seems to be no notion of joining in battle, as Heyne and others have thought. 'Aeriam,' flying through the air, like "aeriae fugere grues" G. 1. 375 note. Virg. may have thought of the Homeric épiai II. 3. 7. “Ad terram gurgite ab alto Quam multae glomerantur aves 6. 310. 705.] Urgueri seems to be middle, press themselves, or each other, on. 'Raucarum: Virg. is not thinking, as some have supposed, of swans, but of other birds, such as cranes. Nubem,' of a troop of birds, as G. 4. 60 of a swarm of bees. 706-722.] Clausus leads an army from the Sabine territory.' 706.] Heyne wished to take 'Sabinorum' with 'agmen:' but it evidently goes with 'prisco de sanguine,' which forms a description of Clausus. 707.] The name Clausus seems to be taken from the later legend of Attus or Atta Clausus, who shortly after the establishment of the commonwealth migrated to Rome from Regillum with a large number of followers, who were formed into the Claudian tribe, while he himself was known as App. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis (Dict. B. Claudius'). "Agmen agens "below v. 804. Agminis instar :' his strength and bravery made him worth an army-as we say, a host in himself. 709.1 "Vocamus in partem" 3. 223. The union with the Sabines under Tatius must be meant, so that Virg. has ante |
