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Tu quoque litoribus nostris, Aeneia nutrix,
Aeternam moriens famam, Caieta, dedisti;
Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus, ossaque nomen
Hesperia in magna, si qua est ea gloria, signat.
At pius exsequiis Aeneas rite solutis,

Aggere conposito tumuli, postquam alta quierunt
Aequora, tendit iter velis, portumque relinquit.
Adspirant aurae in noctem, nec candida cursus

1-24.] 'Aeneas' nurse too dies and is buried in a place called after her Caieta. Aeneas sails thence, coasting along the land of Circe."

1.] Tu quoque,' i. e. besides Misenus and Palinurus. Cerda comp. the opening of G. 3, "Te quoque, magna Pales." Heyne (Excursus 1) remarks that the nurse was a personage of great consequence in an ancient family, as appears in the tragedians. Comp. 5. 645. The town and promontory of Caieta were on the confines of Latium and Campania, near Formiae; and at Formiae, according to Livy 40. 2, there was a temple of Apollo and Caieta. For the legend and etymology of the name see Heyne, Exc. 1, Lewis vol. 1. pp. 326 foll. Litoribus nostris' is a vague or exaggerated expression. Caieta may be said to have conferred fame on a single spot on the Italian coast: the coast itself rather conferred fame on her. The poet speaks in his own person, as in 9. 446, though the feeling here is more national than personal. Aeneia nutrix' like "Aeneia puppis" 10. 156, "Aeneia hospitia" ib. 494, "Tithonia coniunx" 8. 384. So the Homeric βίη Ηρακληείη.

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3.] And thy renown still broods over thy resting-place.' 'Sedem' like "sedibus" 6. 328. Servat' seems to include the notions of haunting (G. 4. 459), guarding (6. 575), observing and preserv ing in memory. Perhaps the last is the most prominent in the parallel 6. 507, "Nomen et arma locum servant." Ov. M. 14. 443 gives Caieta's epitaph.

4.] Med., Pal., and Gud. originally, have 'signant,' which Heins. preferred and Wagn. now adopts. But though 'signare nomen' might possibly mean to impress a name, 'signat,' the reading of Rom. and most MSS., is far more natural, and the confusion of sing. and pl. by transcribers is common enough. Signare' then will mean to commemorate, as in 3. 287. Tac. Germ. 28, perhaps imitating this passage, "nomen signat loci memoriam."

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Wagn. seems right in his former explana-
tion of the words 'the name of a city
and promontory in Italy is your epitaph,'
'Hesperia in magna' going rather closely
with nomen.' Comp. 6. 776, "Haec
tum nomina erunt." " Hesperia in magna'
1. 569. 'Si qua est ea gloria' as equiva-
lent to "quae magna est gloria," just as
we might say if the glory of sepulture in
a great country be more than a dream.'
Serv. and Don. think there is a reference
to the insensibility of the dead, which is
not improbable, on comparison of 10. 828.

5.] Med. (originally) and Rom. have
Aeneas exsequiis,' just as in v. 2 Pal. and
Gud. originally had "famam moriens."

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6.] "Aggere tumuli" 5. 44. Comp. 3.
63 Aggeritur tumulo tellus." For
'quierunt' Serv. mentions a variant 'qui-
erant,' supported by a grammarian whose
name is variously given as Hebrus and
Acron Helenus. 66
Quierant aequora 4.
523. The reference perhaps is, as w
suggests, to the gales mentioned by P
nurus 6. 354 foll.

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7.] Tendit iter velis' as "tendere ite pennis" 6. 240. Comp. 5. 28, “Flect viam velis." Probably Virg. also meant his readers to think of "tendere vela." Pal. and Gud. have 'portus,' which is perhaps the more usual expression in Virg., being found in various places where only a single harbour seems to be meant (below v. 22., 5. 813., 6. 366; besides many others where the reference is uncertain); but we have had "Caietae portum" 6. 900.

8.] A fair wind blows steadily into the night (i. e. it does not fall at sunset and at other times, 3. 568), and the moon rising bright enables them to hold on their course. At other times they put in for the night, 3. 508 foll. In noctem' like "Nilus in aestatem crescit" Lucr. 6. 712, "humor in lucem tremulo rarescit ab aestu" ib. 875. Mr. Munro, who formerly interpreted these words as = "aestate,' "luce," explains them now (3rd edition) as = "every summer," "every day," com

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Luna negat, splendet tremulo sub lumine pontus.
Proxuma Circaeae raduntur litora terrae,

Dives inaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos

Adsiduo resonat cantu, tectisque superbis
Urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum,
Arguto tenuis percurrens pectine telas.
Hinc exaudiri gemitus iraeque leonum
Vincla recusantum et sera sub nocte rudentum,

paring "in diem," "in horas." They
might perhaps also bear the sense of "as
summer, as light comes on:" "in noctem"
here can hardly mean "every night," but
"towards the approach of night." Nec
cursus negat'"et sinit currere." Can-
dida' and 'tremulo' seem to be from Enn.
Melan. fr. 4 Vahlen, "Lumine sic tre-
mulo terra et cava caerula candent," as
Macrob. Sat. 6. 4 remarks.

10.] Proxuma' after leaving Caieta. 'Raduntur' by the ships in passing, 3. 700. Circaeae terrae, Circeii; which, being on the mainland, is identified with Homer's island of Circe (Od. 10. 135 foll.) by supposing that the island had become joined to the mainland, by alluvial deposits or, as Varro ap. Serv. says, by the draining of marshes. Comp. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. 5. 9, Pliny 3. 5. 9 (quoted by Heyne). Virg. himself calls it "Aeaeae insula Circae," 3. 386, where Helenus predicts that Aeneas should visit it. West. phal (Die Römische Kampagne p. 59) says that the promontory was certainly no island even long before Homer's time, but that it looks like an island from the sea at a moderate distance from the shore, where the flat land of the marshes sinks below the horizon. For the legends which connected Ulysses with this part of Italy see Lewis pp. 327 foll. Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe, is the mythical founder of Tusculum. The very name Caieta was said by some to have been originally Airn (comp. Caulon, Aulon, note on 3. 553), a name associated by Lycophron, v. 1273, with the mooring of the Argo there, but more probably having to do with the Aeaean Circe, the sister of Aeetes of Colchis.

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approach her palace, Od. 10. 221. The same lines occur in Od. 5. 61 on Calypso, and it is her cave that is full of the scent of burning cedar, an incident which Virg. has transferred to Circe. Circe is the daughter of Helios and Perse, Od. 10. 138.

12.] Resonat,' makes them ring; a use of resonare' for which no parallel is quoted, though it is imitated by Sil. 14. 30. Hom. says of Circe's song δάπεδον δ ̓ ἅπαν àμpuéμRev. Adsiduo' expresses that she is always plying her loom, so that the Trojans see the light in her palace as they pass it in the night.

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13.] Nocturna in lumina :' see on G. 1. 291., 2. 432. The parallel in Od. 5 is in favour of supposing firelight to be meant here. "Nocturna ad lumina" occurs Lucr. 6. 900, where again the reference is doubtful. Med. has "nocturno in lumine."

14.] Nearly repeated from G. 1. 294, which is itself from Od. 5. 62, ioτdv ἐποιχομένη χρυσείῃ κερκίδ ̓ ὕφαινεν.

15.] Exaudiri,' reached the ears of the Trojans. In Hom. the lions and wolves are tamed by Circe's sorceries, so that they fawn upon comers, and are suffered to run loose. The swine are men metamorphosed, and are kept in sties. There are no wild boars or bears. "Hinc exaudiri gemitus" 6. 557. 'Gemere' is used by the Roman poets of the roaring of wild beasts, as by Hor. Epod. 16. 51 of bears. Lucr. 3. 297 has "leonum Pectora qui fremitu rumpunt plerumque gementes Nec capere irarum fluctus in pectore possunt," which Virg. probably had in his mind, as he certainly had when writing v. 466 below.

Gemitus iraeque' is thus ev dià dvoîv, as Serv. takes it, though Gossrau wishes to distinguish between the tones of grief and those of indignation.

16.]Rudere is another word used loosely by Roman poets: see on G. 3. 374. On 'sera sub nocte' Serv. says, with some imaginative feeling, "quasi eo tempore quo naturali libertate uti consueverunt." Pal. has 'saeva' for 'sera.'

Saetigerique sues atque in praesepibus ursi
Saevire, ac formae magnorum ululare luporum,

Quos hominum ex facie dea saeva potentibus herbis
Induerat Circe in voltus ac terga ferarum.

Quae ne monstra pii paterentur talia Troes
Delati in portus, neu litora dira subirent,
Neptunus ventis implevit vela secundis,

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Atque fugam dedit, et praeter vada fervida vexit.
Iamque rubescebat radiis mare, et aethere ab alto 25
Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis:

Cum venti posuere, omnisque repente resedit
Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore tonsae.

17.] In praesepibus' (" caveis" Serv.) should be taken both withsues' and 'ursi.' Lucr. 5. 969 has "saetigeris subus."

18.] There seems no reason with Sturz ap. Wagn. to take 'saevire' as a special expression for the roaring of bears. It mplies, like 'gemitus iraeque,' that the animals were confined. Ribbeck rather ingeniously suggests that saevire' may have been corrupted by 'saetigeri,' having been originally 'mugire.' Price on Appuleius Met. 4. p. 76, approved by Wagn., understands 'formae' as denoting the size of the creatures: but it is more probably to be explained by what follows. They were men in the form of wolves. Comp. the use of the word to denote unreal shapes 6. 289, 293. 'Saevire' and 'ululare' are equivalent to "saevientes" and "ululantes exaudiri." 19.] "Hominis facies" 3. 426. "Potentibus herbis " 12. 402 (comp. ib. 396); here with induerat,' not with saeva.' It is a translation of ἐπεὶ κακὰ φάρμακ' ἔδωκεν, Od. 10. 213. 'Dea saeva is Hom.'s dein Oeós, of Circe, Od. 10. 136. 20.] "Indue voltus" has occurred 1. 684. "Induit in florem" G. 1. 188. The construction with ex' may remind us of "exuere." Voltus ac terga' expresses briefly Hom.'s of dè ovŵv μèv ěxov kepaλàs φωνήν τε τρίχας τε καὶ δέμας, Od. 10. 240. 21.] That the Trojans might not undergo this dire transformation. So "monstra perferimus" 3. 884 of suffering from preternatural sounds. The word is probably suggested by Hom.'s alvà méλwpa, Od. 10. 219. Pii' gives the reason of Neptune's solicitude. So Anchises 3. 265 prays "Di talem avertite casum Et placidi servate pios," and Ilioneus, 1. 526, calls the Trojans "pio generi." Venus had however engaged the favour of Neptune for the Trojans, 5. 779 foll. 'Quae' is

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followed by 'talia' here and 10. 298 as
"haec ""
G. 4. 86 by "tanta." Comp.
"hunc talem virum " Cic. pro Mil. 27.
22.] Delati in portus' 3. 219. 'Subire'
of entering a haven 1. 400., 3. 292.

23.] τοῖσιν δ ̓ ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει ἑκάεργος 'Aπóλλwv Il. 1. 479.

24.] Fugam' need only mean a swift passage: but in the present context it may be taken strictly. With fugam dare' comp. "cursus negare" above v. 8. Vada fervida,' as Heyne remarks, is the breakers on the headland of Circeii. 'Fervetque fretis spirantibus aequor" G. 1. 327.

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25-36.] In the morning they come to a river, sail up it, and land."

25.] The poet of course purposely times the voyage of Aeneas so as to bring him to the promised land at dawn and amidst the pomp of sunrise.

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26.] Lutea,' KроKÓTETλos Il. 8. 1. "Roseis quadrigis" 6. 535. There is of course no difficulty in the juxtaposition of the two colours: Ribbeck however reads 'variis' from 'vaseis,' the first reading of one of his cursives, and Schrader and Bentley wished to read croceis' from Ausonius' Periocha of Il. 8, where this line is repeated. But comp. Ov. F. 4. 714, "Memnonis in roseis lutea mater equis." Serv. says "Multi iungunt inroseis,' i. e. non rubicundis."

27.] Posuere,' sc. "se," "fell.' Comp. 10. 103, "tum Zephyri posuere." "Jam venti ponent "Ov. Her. 7. 49. It is possible that the expression may be nautical. Lucan 3. 523 has "posito Borea."

28.] Lento,' sluggish. Pliny 36. 26 (65), "lentus amnis." The water, being quiet, seems to oppose a greater resistance, though in 8. 89 the thought is just the contrary. Luctantur tonsae.' It is of course implied that the sails had been

Atque hic Aeneas ingentem ex aequore lucum
Prospicit. Hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno
Verticibus rapidis et multa flavus arena

In mare prorumpit. Variae circumque supraque
Adsuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo
Aethera mulcebant cantu, lucoque volabant.
Flectere iter sociis terraeque advertere proras
Inperat, et laetus fluvio succedit opaco.

Nunc age, qui reges, Erato, quae tempora rerum,

struck. Tonsa' for an oar is as old as Ennius, in three of whose fragments it occurs, A. 7. frr. 6, 7, 8.

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29.] "Atque hic Aeneas" 6. 680. For 'atque' comp. 6. 162., 10. 219, for 'hic' 1. 728. Prospiceres arce ex summat 4. 410. Lucum:' there is still a wood in the Isola Sacra, and a great forest, Selva di Ostia, extends south along the coast from the Stagno di Ostia.

30.]Tiberinus' of the Tiber 6. 873, after Enn. A. 1. fr. 55, "Teque, pater Tiberine, tuo cum flumine sancto." Here and in 8. 31, where the words recur, 'fluvio amoeno seems to be abl. of circumstance, or, which is the same thing, a descriptive abl.

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31.] Multa flavus arena' is a specific description of the Tiber, which is constantly called ' favus, Hor. 1 Od. 2. 13., 8. 8., 2. 3. 18. Comp. 9. 816. Gossrau remarks that Ov. F. 6. 502 mentions the 'vertices' at the mouth of the Tiber. 'Verticibus rapidis' may be either modal abl. or constructed with flavus.' In any case the line seems to qualify prorumpit.' 32.] Ov. M. 14. 447, in his brief narrative of Aeneas' landing, nearly repeats Virg., "lucosque petunt ubi nubilus umbra In mare cum flava prorumpit Thybris arena." Lucr. 6. 436 has "prorumpitur in mare of the wind. 'Variae volucres' G. 1. 383. Comp. Lucr. 2. 344 foll., Id. 1. 589 and Munro's note. 'Supra' is long else where in Virg. Stat. Theb. 9. 114 ends a line similarly, "circumque supraque," though he also elsewhere, as Markland observes, makes the first syll. long. beck fancies the original reading may have been "circum superaque " in both passages, an opinion in which few writers of hexameters will agree with him.

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34.] "Aera mulcentes motu" Lucr. 4. 136 (138). Wakef. would read 'aera' here; and so Ov. F. 1. 155, "et tepidum volucres concentibus aera mulcent." But in Virg. winged creatures fly in the aether, and

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the aether is said to be filled with sound, vv. 65, 395 below. 'Luco,' about the grove.

35.] Aeneas had been warned by Creusa (2. 781) that his destination was Italy, "ubi Lydius arva Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris:" and he says himself 3. 500, "Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridos arva Intrarim gentique meae data moenia cernam;" 5. 83, "Ausonium quicunque est,quaerere Thybrim." "Flecte viam" 5. 28, said by Aeneas to the pilot. "Terris advertere proram" G. 4. 117.

37-45.] A new part of my subject commences, the war in Latium and its antecedent circumstances.'

37.] This invocation marks a great epoch in the poem, and the commencement of a new class of characters and legends. The first words are from Apoll. R. 3. 1, Εἰ δ ̓ ἄγε νῦν, Ερατώ, παρά θ ̓ ἵστασο, καί μοι ἔνισπε. But Erato, as the Muse of Love, is more appropriately invoked to rehearse the loves of Jason and Medea than the present theme, though Germ. thinks that the war in Italy may be said to have been kindled by the love of Lavinia's suitors," tanquam flabello." Virg., by the help of the Muse, will describe the posture of affairs (tempora rerum') and the condition of Latium (quis Latio antiquo fuerit status') when Aeneas arrived, and will trace the origin of the war between Aeneas and the Latins (primae revocabo exordia pugnae '). 'Qui reges' seems to be said generally, including Latinus and his ancestors, Turnus, and perhaps the other Italian princes. With tempora rerum comp. the expression "reipublicae tempus," which occurs more than once in Cic. (Off. 3. 24 &c.), though tempora' here means times' rather than 'emergencies.' Virg. has said 'the times of affairs' where we should rather talk of

the circumstances of the time.' Serv. explains the words philosophically, "quia, secundum Lucretium, tempora nisi rebus colligantur, per se nulla sunt."

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Quis Latio antiquo fuerit status, advena classem
Cum primum Ausoniis exercitus adpulit oris,
Expediam, et primae revocabo exordia pugnae.
Tu vatem, tu, diva, mone. Dicam horrida bella,

Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera reges,
Tyrrhenamque manum, totamque sub arma coactam
Hesperiam. Maior rerum mihi nascitur ordo,
Maius opus moveo./ Rex arva Latinus et urbes
Iam senior longa placidas in pace regebat.
Hunc Fauno et nympha genitum Laurente Marica
Accipimus; Fauno Picus pater; isque parentem
Te, Saturne, refert; tu sanguinis ultimus auctor.

Peerlkamp connects 'rerum' with 'status,'
very improbably.

38.] · Advena' adjectively, like “advena possessor" E. 9. 2.

39.] "Adpulit oris" 1. 377., 3. 338,715. 40. Revocare' of recalling the past, like "repeto" v. 123 below. Primae exordia pugnae,' a variety for "prima exordia pugnae."

41.] Mone,' aid his memory. Comp. "monumentum," and see v. 645, "Et meministis enim, divae, et memorare potestis; Ad nos vix tenuis famae perlabitur aura." The word is in keeping with ' revocabo,' and with the functions of the Muse as the daughter of Mnemosyne, E. 7. 19 note. Horrida bella' 6. 86.

42.] Reges.' The list of them is given v. 647 foll. Actos animis in funera' seems to mean, spurred by their courage to encounter death, either the risk or the certainty of it. The general sense is parallel to 9. 460, "Sed furor ardentem caedisque insana cupido Egit in adversos." If we take it in funera inferenda,' we may comp. 12. 528, "nunc totis in volnera viribus itur."

43.] The Tyrrhene force' is naturally enumerated among the subjects of this part of the poem, as the strife between Mezentius and his subjects had an important influence on the struggle. "Tyrrhe namque manum' is not to be taken with 'coactam,' any more than 'acies' v. 42 with 'actos.' Totam Hesperiam' is of course not strictly true, but it probably refers to Tyrrhenam manum' and expresses that the war involved other states besides Latium. 'Sub arma coactam,' called out together to war. "Sub arma'"sub armis," the regular phrase for in arms' (5. 4-10 &c.), with an additional notion of motion.

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44.] A grander series of events opens before me,' grander, that is, than what he has hitherto related, if measured by the standard of importance in the Aeneid, for otherwise they could hardly be grander than the fall of Troy. But Virg. may mean to contrast generally the narrative of wars with the narrative of wanderings, the Iliad with the Odyssey. "Nascitur ordo" E. 4. 5.

45-106.] Latinus, king of Latium, had a daughter, Lavinia, whose hand was sought by Turnus, a Rutulian prince: but various portents indicated that she was destined to have a foreign husband, and at last her father received a distinct oracular intimation to that effect.'

45.] Moveo' stir, and so commence. Comp. v. 641 "cantusque movete," and Livy 23. 39, " movere ac moliri quicquam.” For Latinus, the Italian god Faunus, and the nymph Marica, who was worshipped at Minturnae, see Dict. Myth. 'Arva et urbes' 3. 418.

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46.] Iam senior' 5. 179., 6. 304. pace' with 'regebat:' "placida populos in pace regebat" 8. 325.

47.] In 8. 314 the Fauns and Nymphs are the indigenous race that inhabited Italy when Saturn came down to civilize it. Laurens' is properly the name of that territory and tribe whose capital was Laurentum: but Virg. uses it as a synonym of "Latinus." Thus Turnus the Rutulian is called "Laurens " below v. 650. Latium in its latest and widest signification would include Minturnae on the Liris.

48.] Accipimus' belongs to the historian rather than the poet: but the Muse, as we have seen (v. 41), inspires him to write history.

49.] The present 'refert' may be used

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