535 Hic iuvenis primam ante aciem stridente sagitta, 531.] "Primam ante aciem" below v. 673., 9. 595, apparently meaning no more than in the first rank of combatants. "Stridens sagitta" 9. 632. 532.] Some inferior MSS. have 'Almon.' Heins. restored 'Almo.' Gossrau remarks that Virg. gives several of his characters the names of rivers, as here 'Almo,' v. 535 "Galaesus," v. 745 "Ufens," v.752 "Umbro," 11.670" Liris." Fuerat' may be simply i. q. "erat" (Madv. § 338 obs. 6) but there is more force and pathos in Forb.'s explanation, that he ceased to be the eldest at his death. Comp. 12. 519. 533.] Haesit volnus,' a sort of confusion between the arrow and the wound. Enim' is an imitation of Hom., e. g. Il. 5. 40. Udae' belongs more properly to 'iter,' though perhaps it includes the sense of flexible: comp. vypòv åeldeiv. 534.] Tenuem vitam:' comp. G. 4. 224. "Intercludere" is more common in the sense of cutting off than 'includere' but several instances of the latter are given in Forc. These particular descriptions of wounds are, of course, in imitation of Hom., though it is a mitigated imitation. 535.] Corpora' sc. "sternuntur," supplied from v. 533. 536.] Dum paci medium se offert' describes both the action and purpose of Galaesus throwing himself between the combatants to mediate. Offert' as well as 'medium' will suit both meanings: comp. 6. 291, "strictamque aciem venientibus offert." The dat. paci' is i. q. "ad pacem," or "ad pacem faciendam" but the construction is probably helped by the analogy of such phrases as "morti se offerre," &c. 537.] Comp. 2. 426, "Rhipeus, iustis. simus unus Qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi." The justice and wealth of Galaesus both render him a natural mediator, and increase the pity and indig nation (v. 571) at his fall. Heyne remarks that it is Homeric to interest us by descriptive touches in the individual combatants: comp. e. g. Il. 5. 152 foll, 612 foll. Perhaps the poet was thinking here of Axylus, Il. 6. 12 foll. Comp. also Il. 13. 664., 17. 576. It may be remarked that the river Galaesus runs through a country very rich both in corn and pastures, and especially famous for its sheep comp. Hor. 2 Od. 6. 10 and the commentators thereon. Ditissimus arvis :' "Dives agris, dives positis in foenore nummis " Hor. A. P. 421. Elsewhere Virg. has the construction with the gen., e. g. 10. 563, "ditissimus agri Qui fuit Ausonidum." Some MSS. here have 'agris,' which is found as a variant in Gud. 'Olim,' like 'fuerat,' is pathetic : before that moment he was the wealthiest man. 538.] 'Greges'—'armenta' as in Pliny Ep. 2. 17. 3, "Multi greges ovium, multa ibi equorum boum armenta" (Forc.). Quina' apparently "quinque:" see on 10. 207. Redibant,' i. e. from pasture; and perhaps from their summer pasture on the hills, comp. Hor. Epod. 1. 27. 539.] On this and the previous line Serv. remarks "Duo dixit a Catone memorata, qui interrogatus qui esset paterfamilias, respondit, eum qui bene pascit et bene arat." 540-571.] Allecto reports her success to Juno, who tells her she has done enough and must return below. She vanishes in a sulphurous pool." 540.] The commentators compare Il. 5. 84, *ns oi μèv tovéorTo: but the parallel is not close. Virg. however no doubt studied the Homeric transitions. "Atque ea diversa penitus dum parte geruntur," 9. 1. Aequo Marte:' comp. the Homeric ξυνὸς Ἐνυάλιος, Il. 18. 309, and ὁμοιΐου woλéuolo 9. 440: "Mars communis" is a common phrase in Latin. Neither had as yet been routed, though we gather in the sequel Promissi dea facta potens, ubi sanguine bellum Dic, in amicitiam coeant et foedera iungant. Undique ut auxilio veniant: spargam arma per agros. that the advantage was with the Trojans. Comp. 10. 755, Iam gravis aequabat luctus et mutua Mavors Funera," and the following lines. 541.]Promissi facta potens' for "compos facta," or the simple "potita." Comp. Hor. 1 Ep. 1. 13, "Victor propositi," and “ victrix” v. 544. So Ov. M. 4. 510 speaks of the Fury as "victrix iussique potens." 542.] Imbuit' probably contains the two notions of embruing ("imbuere manus, arma sanguine:" comp. vv. 547-554) and of setting on foot, using or doing for the first time, kaoûν (comp. Prop. 5. 10. 5, "Imbuis exemplum primae tu Romule palmae," and Catull. 62 (64). 11). "Primae pugnae," the beginning of the battle; she leaves the field while it is still undecided, "aequo Marte" v. 540. But the words may mean that this was the first act in the war. Committere funera pugnae' is a variety for "committere pugnam," funera' however being important, and indeed emphatic, like 'sanguine' in the line before, referring to the deaths of Almo and Galaesus. Markland rather ingeniously conj. munera,' a metaphor from gladiators, which might be supported by Hor. 1 Od. 28. 17, "Dant alios Furiae torvo spectacula Marti." 543.] 'Convexa is the reading of all the MSS. except Med. first reading 'conversa,' and the second Moretan, which has 'connexa,' as well as of Probus, Asper, Donatus, and Serv. Wagn. and Forb., supposing 'convexa' to have arisen from "caeli convexa "" 4. 451, have adopted 'conversa,' which Wagn. interprets "convertens se a terris," a sense which, even if it can be given to 'conversa' alone, is very poor. On the other hand it is very difficult to construe 'convexa,' unless we may explain it by the analogy of" devexus" G. 4. 293, "Usque coloratis amnis devexus ab In 6 545 550 dis," and suppose it by a rather extraordinary combination of ideas to have reference to the flight of the Fury up the slope or cope of heaven, the shape of that over which she moves being expressed in the verb of motion. Anything like understanding per twice, as some grammarians propose, or taking caeli convexa ' in apposition to 'auras,' which is Heyne's view, seems quite out of the question. Canter ingeniously supposed 'per auras' to have been corrupted from 'peragrans' or 'pererrans.' Ribbeck thinks there is a lacuna. 545.] Perfecta bello,' consummated in or by war. 546.] "Ac si dicat, Ita bella conmovi, ut ne tuo quidem inperio possint in pacem redire. Et hoc est, adfatur voce perba."" Serv. su 547.] "Quandoquidem Ausonios coniungi foedere Teucris" &c. 10.105 resembles this line in form. Heyne altered the old pointing, which joined this line with the preceding. The connexion seems to be now that I have done thus much, it will be easy for me to do more,' an ostenta. tiously liberal offer to exceed what she had promised. Ausonio sanguine' seems to imply that the bloodshedding had been on one side. 548.] His' refers to the contents of the line before. "Tua si mihi certa voluntas" 4. 125 note. 549.] Rumoribus: comp. 9. 464., 12. 228, and the description of Fame in Book 4. 550.] "Incenditque animum famae ve. nientis amore "6. 889. "Insanus amor Martis" E. 10. 44. 551.] Auxilio' 2. 216 note. 'Spargam arma per agros,' stronger than "sere crimina belli" v. 339 above, which Serv. comp. Tum contra Iuno; Terrorum et fraudis abunde est : 552.] For this use of abunde' with a gen. see Hand Turs. 1.71. Ac' was read before Heins., whether from any MS. is not known. Terrorum et fraudis:' there is enough of false panic without any fresh rumours (v. 549). Comp. v. 578., 4. 187. Fraudis' however may merely="noxae." 553.] Stant' i. q. "sunt, with an additional notion of fixity. Comp. Hor. 1 Od. 16. 17, Irae-altis urbibus ultimae Stetere caussae cur perirent Funditus," from which Virg. may have taken the phrase. "Certandum est comminus armis" 12. 890. 66 554.] Prima' with 'fors' (comp. 2. 387) rather than with 'quae.' 'Sanguis novus,' the first blood, is said with reference to the sense of 'imbuit,' i. q. “auspicatus est," mentioned on v. 542. The meaning is not that the chance weapons of the rustics (v. 508) have been stained with blood, but that the quarrel which was begun accidentally has proceeded to bloodshed. 555.] Connubia' was retained by Heyne: coniugia' however is found in all Ribbeck's MSS., the best authority for 'connubia' being the first Mentelian. 'Connubia' may have been introduced from 4. 316. 556.]Egregium' ironical, as in 6. 523. "Rex ipse Latinus" above v. 432. Here ipse' seems merely to give dignity. 557.] See Wagn.'s remark quoted on 1. 680. Strictly speaking, the Fury was not wandering above, but in the upper air. The opposition is between the light of day, as shared by men and gods, and the darkness of the world below. Jupiter, as 'summi regnator Olympi,' prevents the Fury from trespassing on his domain. Comp. Aesch. Eum. 365 foll., and indeed the play generally. Aetherias auras:' see on 1. 546. Errare licentius' combines 555 560 the notions of free movement ('errare' as in E. 1.9) and wandering from the proper place. 558.] Pater ille comp. 2. 779, and see on v. 110 above. "Regnator Olympi❞ 10. 437. The first Mentelian, a variant in Gud., and others, have 'ipse;' Gud. also gives superi' as a variant. 559.] "Cedere loco" is a phrase for giving way in battle, and perhaps the plural may be used here to avoid that special meaning, though it may be equally well referred to metrical convenience or poetical variety. The sense obviously is 'Be gone from hence.' Canon. has loco,' omitting ego,' unmetrically. Laborum,' the war: comp. v. 481. "Fortuna laborum" G. 3. 452. Virg. probably imitates Il. 1. 522 (Zeus to Thetis), 'Aλλà où μèv vùv abTIS ἀπόστιχε, μή σε νοήσῃ Ἥρη· ἐμοὶ δέ κε ταῦτα μελήσεται, ὄφρα τελέσσω, as Cerda remarks. For the tmesis 'super est' comp. 2. 567, E. 6. 6. 560.] Regam' = "dirigam" 9. 409 &c. Dederat:' in these cases Virg. uses the perfect and pluperfect tenses indifferently. 561.] Snakes in her wings are a new feature: the allusion cannot be to the snakes in her hair. Doubtless they supply the place of feathers, as feathers answer to hair. "Stridentibus alis" 1. 397, of the ordinary rushing sound of wings. 562. Med. and Rom. have super,' which Ribbeck adopts, as in 6. 241, 750, 787. 563.] Some MSS. and the old editions have in medio.' Heins. ejected 'in.' Amsanctus is fixed by Cic. de Div. 1. 36, Pliny 2. 95, in the territory of the Hirpini, and therefore Italiae in medio' is said only with reference to the breadth, not to the length of Italy. I am indebted to Mr. Long for some extracts from a paper by Mr. Nobilis et fama multis memoratus in oris, Amsancti valles; densis hunc frondibus atrum Hamilton in the London Geographical Journal, vol. 2. p. 62, describing the place. It is a small pond, in the smallest dimension about twenty paces, and not more than thirty in the longest. "The water bubbles up with an explosion resembling distant thunder." On one side of the pond "is a constant and rapid stream of the same blackish water rushing into it from under" a "barren rocky hill," under which the pond is: "but the fall is not more than a few feet." "A little above are apertures in the ground through which warm blasts of sulphuretted hydrogen gas are constantly issuing with more or less noise." The name is derived from the old "am" "circum" and "sanctus." 565.] Valles' nom. sing., as in 11.522, where see note. 'Frondibus' may go either with 'urguet' or with atrum.' 566.]Latus nemoris,' a woody steep cliff: comp. Hor. 2 S. 6. 91, "Praerupti nemoris dorso," and note on v. 82 above. Medioque' sc. nemore.' Freund seems wrong in explaining 'fragosus' here of sound, though probably we are meant to be reminded of that sense of "fragor." Here it doubtless means full of breaks, which is its general sense. In Val. F. 2. 622., 4. 261 it may have the sense of sound, but it may equally well refer to the broken waves, if it is not to be taken actively, ship-wrecking. Some MSS. have 'fragosis.' 567.] Saxis et torto vertice,' doubt less refers to the bubbling up of the water among the rocks. 568.] Horrendum et saevi' is the reading of all Ribbeck's MSS. but one (Pal. and Vat. and Verona fragmm. are wanting), which omits 'et.' Serv. says that ancient copies read specus horrendus,' which doubtless shows that they had not the copula, though it has been suggested that the copyists may have thought that 'us' could be elided. Et' was omitted by Heins. and Heyne, who 565 570 read 'monstratur;' but the authority seems insufficient, especially as the copies which omit 'et' do not agree in reading monstratur.' Rom. is the only one of Ribbeck's MSS. that has 'monstratur,' and it retains et.' 'Specus' is fem. in Ennius, Pacuvius, and Attius, masc. in ordinary Latin, neut. here and in Sil. 13. 425. Specus' is the pool, 'spiracula' the apertures. The latter name, and that of "Charoneae scrobes," are said by Pliny 2. 93 to have been generally given to places of this kind. Comp. Lucr. 6. 762 foll., where the supernatural explanation is protested against. For 'saevi' Wagn. rightly comp. v. 84, "saevam mephitim.' Spiracula mundi" Lucr. 6. 493. 569.] Monstrantur,' 6. 440. 'Rupto Acheronte,' formed by the bursting up of Acheron: 'rupto' like "rupto turbine" 2. 416. Turn. comp. ȧroppú§ II. 2. 755, which however is rather the arm of a river. 'Arоoraoμa, as used by Plato, Phaedo 61 (see the passage quoted on 6. 551), seems a better parallel. 570. Pestiferas:' Mr. Hamilton says the vapours are at times fatal. Med., Gud., and others have 'condit,' a natural error, mentioned as a various reading by Serv. 571.] Wakef. and Jahn make 'numen' acc. after condita,' which would be harsh. Rom. and others have 'levavit,' which would be easier, as 'levabat' is not sufficiently supported by 11. 827, "linquebat habenas," where we are meant to dwell on the gradual relaxation of Camilla's grasp in death. Perhaps one may say that the description of Amsanctus has the same effect here, making us linger on the contemplation of the Fury's disappearance: or the point may be the gradual relief caused by her removal. · 572-600.] The Latins, backed by Turnus, clamour for war against the Trojans. Latinus resists long, but eventually yields under protest, abandoning the conduct of affairs to others.' Inponit regina manum. Ruit omnis in urbem Pastorum ex acie numerus, caesosque reportant Almonem puerum foedatique ora Galaesi, Inplorantque deos, obtestanturque Latinum. Turnus adest, medioque in crimine caedis et igni Terrorem ingeminat: Teucros in regna vocari ; Stirpem admisceri Phrygiam: se limine pelli. Tum, quorum attonitae Baccho nemora avia matres 572.] Manum extremam,' ultimam,' 'summam inponere' is a common phrase for completing a thing: see the Dictionaries. The metaphor is taken, as Serv. and Donatus remark, from a work of art. "Nec minus interea" 6. 212. 574.] The army seems to have consisted of shepherds (vv. 519 foll.); so that 'ex acie' must mean that they broke up their battle array and ran to the city. It seems to be implied that they were defeated, if not routed. 575.] Ora Galaesi' as connected with reportant' is a periphrasis for 'Galaesum' (comp. 4. 511, G. 4. 12): in itself however it is not a mere periphrasis, but fixes attention on the face, as the part in which the ghastliness and disfigurement of his violent death were most visible: comp. 2. 286 (of the mangled apparition of Hector), 66 quae caussa indigna serenos Foedavit voltus?" The construction thus brings out the double sense of foedare,' which is both to wound and to disfigure. 576.] Comp, the phrase "deorum atque hominum fidem inplorare," and Cic. 2 Verr. 5. sub fin., "Ceteros item deos deasque omnes inploro atque obtestor." Obtestantur Latinum' probably denotes merely an appeal for protection, and not, as Forb, thinks after Serv,, an appeal to witness the breach of the treaty which Turnus either threatens himself (see above vv. 467 foll.) or bids them expect from the Trojans (comp. 10. 77, where the Trojans are charged with employing fire against the Latins). So " 'ipsum obtestemur" 11. 358. 577.] Heyne, following the editors before Heins., reads 'ignis,' which, if taken with 'terrorem,' would give a good sense, 'terrorem caedis et ignis being the alarm of fire and sword. But this reading is supported only by Gud. and some inferior MSS. (including the Balliol) and by Donatus; while the authority of the other MSS. and Serv, is in favour of igni,' which was the reading of Heins., and has been restored by Wagn. 'Igni' also may 575 580 derive some confirmation from the structure 580.] Attonitae Baccho,' inspired by Bacchus: the word is common for strong divine influence, as in 6. 53, Hor. 3 Od. 19.14. "attonitus vates." So Archiloch. fr. 79 Bergk, olvo σvykeрavvabels opévas. 'Matres,' i. q. "matronae," quorum' being probably their relations generally. 'Insultant nemora' is a Grecism: comp. Soph. Aj. 30, πndŵvтa πedia &c. Comp. also "navigat aequor (1. 67), "natat |