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Exitium dirum hasta ferens, orasque recludit
Loricae et clipei extremos septemplicis orbis.
Per medium stridens transit femur. Incidit ictus
Ingens ad terram duplicato poplite Turnus.
Consurgunt gemitu Rutuli, totusque remugit
Mons circum, et vocem late nemora alta remittunt.
Ille humilis supplex oculos dextramque precantem
Protendens, Equidem merui, nec deprecor, inquit;
Utere sorte tua. Miseri te si qua parentis
Tangere cura potest, oro,-fuit et tibi talis
Anchises genitor-Dauni miserere senectae,
Et me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis,
Redde meis. Vicisti, et victum tendere palmas
Ausonii videre; tua est Lavinia coniunx:
Ulterius ne tende odiis. Stetit acer in armis
Aeneas, volvens oculos, dextramque repressit;
Et iam iamque magis cunctantem flectere sermo

924, 925.] Oras,' the lower border. 'Recludit:' 10. 601, "pectus mucrone recludit." Extremos orbis' the edge of the circles, just under the rim, where the shield would be weakest: άνтUỶ Tо πρώτην, ᾗ λεπτότατος θέε χαλκός 11. 20. 275. Septemplex,' an åña§ λeyóμevov in Virg., but used by Ovid (see Forc.). Wagn. is right in stopping full after orbis.'

926.] Et medium' Minoraug., with another of Ribbeck's cursives.

927.] Duplicare,' to bend double, 11. 645 apparently a poetical use of the word (Forc.).

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928.] Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes" 5. 450. 'Gemitu' = "cum gemitu."

929.] Late vocem' Rom. 930.Humilis supplexque' Med., with one of Ribbeck's cursives, and so Heyne and Wagn. Pal. and Rom. (followed by Ribbeck) omit que,' making 'humilis' acc. pl., which seems better. Gud. has a mark of omission after supplex.'

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932-934.] Il. 22. 338 foll. (Hector to Achilles), Λίσσομ' ὑπὲρ ψυχῆς, καὶ γούνων, σῶν τε τοκήων, Μή με ἔα παρὰ νηυσὶ κύνας καταδάψαι Αχαιῶν· Σῶμα δὲ οἴκαδ ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν, ὄφρα πυρός με Τρῶες kal Tρówν áλoxoi λeλáxwσi Davóvτa: comp. also μνῆσαι πατρὸς σεῖο, θεοῖς ἐπιείκελ' 'Axiλλeû &c., II. 24. 486. Virg.'s words, fuit et tibi talis' &c., are from 11. 22. 420 (of Achilles) kaì dé vu Tode Taтhp

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Tolóσde TÉTUKTαι ПŋλеÚS. Cura parentis' may mean either the grief of a parent,' or 'thought about a parent:' the similar passage 7. 402, "Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae Gratia, si iuris materni cura remordet,” seems to make for the latter. Med. punctuates after Anchises,' and so Serv., who says "hic distinguendum, ut duo dicat: habuisti patrem et pater es.""

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935.] The passage finely expresses his mingled indifference to death (seu corpus-mavis') and thought for his parent's grief.

936.] Cerda quotes a line of Enn. (A. 485), "Qui vincit non est victor nisi victus fatetur." Tendere palmas' of the conquered, as 11. 414. Victume' Pal.

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937.] Coniunx' almost like a perpetual epithet of Lavinia in Turnus' mouth: so above, vv. 17, 80. It seems better to take it so than to join it with 'tua.'

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938.] Acer in armis,' his arms adding to the terror of his fury. Heyne would separate in armis' from 'acer.'

939.] The passage from this line to the end is missing in Rom.

940.] "Omnis intentio ad Aeneae pertinet gloriam. Nam et ex eo quod hosti cogitat parcere pius ostenditur: et ex eo quod eum interemit pietatis gestat insigne. Nam Evandri intuitu (instinctu?) Pallantis ulciscitur mortem" Serv. For magis' Med. a m. p. has 'meis.'

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Coeperat, infelix humero cum adparuit alto
Balteus et notis fulserunt cingula bullis
Pallantis pueri, victum quem volnere Turnus
Straverat atque humeris inimicum insigne gerebat.
Ille, oculis postquam saevi monumenta doloris
Exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus, et ira
Terribilis: Tune hinc spoliis indute meorum
Eripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc volnere, Pallas
Immolat, et poenam scelerato ex sanguine sumit.
Hoc dicens ferrum adverso sub pectore condit
Fervidus. Ast illi solvuntur frigore membra,
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras.

941.] Infelix,' fatal, ill-omened: see 10. 495 foll., where the vengeance to come on Turnus through this belt is anticipated. As Heyne remarks, this passage is quite in accordance with the feeling expressed in the Greek tragedies, that what was given by, or taken from, an enemy, brought ill fortune with it. In 11. 22. 322 a chance is given to Achilles' weapon, because Patroclus' armour does not fit Hector. Hector, according to Sophocles, was dragged round the walls of Troy by the belt which Ajax had given him, while Ajax killed himself with the sword of Hector. For humero alto' Med. a m. p. has humeros altos:' Parrhas. ultro:' and the Naples MS. of Charisius 59 'alto ingens.' 'Ingens' (probably from 10. 496, “ inmania pondera baltei," or perhaps “ingens adparuit ” 10. 579) pleases Wagn.

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942.] Cingula' pl. a sword-belt, as 1. 492. "Aurea bullis Cingula" 9. 359 note. The second clause cingula bullis' brings the details of the 'balteus' more into relief. Varro, L. L. 5. 116, derives balteum' from "bullatum :" "Balteum, quod cingulum a corio habebant bullatum, balteum dictum."

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945, 946.] Saevi doloris,' all the pain caused by Pallas' death: to Pallas himself, to Evander, and Aeneas. Hausit oculis:" 4. 661, "hauriat hunc oculis ignem :" comp. Livy 27. 51, “primus quisque oculis auribusque haurire tantum gaudium cupientes:" but the use of 'haurio' is here somewhat extended. Exuviasque' added to explain monumenta:' the memorials and the spoils which preserved them.' Furiis accensus' 7. 392.

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947.] For hinc' Parrhas. has 'hic,' and so Arusianus, p. 235 L. Hinc' seems to mean from this moment,' after this,' to be taken closely with 'spoliis indute meorum.' Indute' emotional voc. for nom.: see 2. 283 note. With the language and feeling of the passage comp. II. 22. 270, Οὔ τοι ἔτ ̓ ἔσθ ̓ ὑπάλυξις· ἄφαρ δέ σε Παλλὰς ̓Αθήνη Εγχει ἐμῷ δαμάᾳ· νῦν δ' ἀθρόα πάντ ̓ ἀποτίσεις Κήδε ̓ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων, οὓς ἔκτανες ἔγχεϊ θύων.

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EXCURSUS TO BOOK XII.

ON THE LENGTHENING OF SHORT FINAL
SYLLABLES IN VIRGIL.

(Originally contributed to the Journal of Philology.)

[Most of this paper was written before the appearance of the second volume of Corssen's second edition of his Aussprache, Vokalismus, &c., der Lateinischen Sprache. It is satisfactory to find that the view here expressed is in the main identical with Corssen's, who discusses the subject at some length, vol. ii. p. 436 foll.]

THE fact that Virgil allowed himself certain licences in the way of lengthening short final syllables, licences which were wholly or in great part avoided by his immediate predecessors in poetry, has, as was natural, often been noticed. The most detailed discussion of the matter is that of Philip Wagner in No. XII. of his Quaestiones Vergilianae. Gossrau has a paragraph upon it in the "Excursus de Hexametro Vergilii " affixed to his edition of the Aeneid of 1846: but this paragraph is, as the writer himself professes, little more than a simpler reproduction of what Wagner had said. The subject is treated briefly by Lachmann (on Lucr. 2. 27) and comprehensively by Lucian Müller (De Re Metrica, p. 324-333): but A. Weidner (Commentar zu Vergil's Aeneis I. und II.) takes no notice of the instances occurring in those books. While Ph. Wagner and Lucian Müller would account for these licences almost entirely on the ground of the position of the word in the verse, the Plautine critics ( Ritschl, Fleckeisen, and W. Wagner) have thought that in some cases at least Virgil was not unconscious of the same uncertainty of quantity which prevailed in the earlier period of Latin poetry. The object of this paper is to show that neither explanation is wholly true: that Virgil, though probably unconscious of any grammatical or etymological propriety in the employment of these scansions, and though always anxious to consult the requirements of metrical elegance, still did not employ them without due selection and a regard to the usage of the earlier writers, however imperfectly the reasons of this usage were understood in his own day.

The most decided innovation 2 introduced into the hexameter by Virgil, the lengthening of the first que in verse-beginnings like "Liminaque laurusque Dei" or verseendings like "Noemonaque Prytanimque”, need not detain us, as it is an obvious

1 Ritschl, Prolegomena to Trinummus, Fleckeisen, Neue Jahrbücher, 61. p. 17 foll. W. Wagner, Introduction to Aulularia.

2 Lachmann, 1. c. "quo primo Maro usus est. Lucian Müller, p. 322, quotes a verse

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of Attius (ap. Festum, p. 146): "Calones famulique metallique caculaeque:" but there are no instances in the remaining fragments of Ennius or Lucilius, nor in Lucretius, Catullus, or the remaining verses of Cicero.

imitation of Homer's Λάμπον τε Κλύτιόν τε, Προθοήνωρ τε Κλόνιός τε κ.τ.λ. In Homer Te is mostly lengthened before double consonants, liquids, and sibilants; and Virgil has scrupulously followed his master. Of the sixteen instances collected by Wagner fourteen present que lengthened before a double consonant: the other two are "Liminaque laurusque" (A. 3. 91) and "Eurique Zephyrique" (G. 1. 371). Neither is it necessary to dwell upon endings like "molli fultus hyacintho," "linquens profugus hymenaeos," which, like Catullus' "non despexit hymenaeos," novo auctus hymenaeo," are clearly due to the Greek rhythm.

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The rest of these licences are distinctly traceable to Roman sources, and require a longer consideration.

The early poetry of Greece and Rome is marked by considerable uncertainty of quantity: thus in the Homeric poems we have both 'ανήρ and 'ανήρ, φίλος and φίλος, απονέεσθαι and 'αποτῖσαι and so on. This uncertainty is observable in Latin chiefly in the final syllables of nouns and verbs: fact probably due in great measure to the rule of Latin accentuation, which forbade the accent to fall on the last syllable3. Final syllables which were long by nature were obscured by the backward position of the accent, and gradually became short. This process did not stop at the Augustan age, but continued till even the final o of the present indicative was shortened by hexameter poets. Verse-writing at Rome began at a time when the tendency to shorten final vowels originally long had commenced, but had not nearly prevailed over the natural quantity. This state of things is most clearly discernible in Plautus: but it is sufficiently obvious even in the stricter measure of Ennius. Lucilius, as was natural, allowed himself, to a certain extent, a similar freedom; but the poets of the later republic, Catullus and Lucretius, became much stricter. Except in Greek endings like "despexit hymenaeos," &c., Catullus never lengthens a short final vowel, unless we are to count the much-emended line 100. 6, "Perfecta exigitur unica amicitia," to which Mr. Ellis apparently does not object. Two instances have been restored to Lucretius by Mr. Munro: 2. 27, "Nec domus argento fulget auroque renidet," and 5. 1049, "Quid vellet facere ut sciret animoque videret:" but even these were altered by Lachmann or with his approval, for they are solitary in his author. There is nothing of the kind in the fragments of Cicero's verses. Virgil deserted the strictness of his immediate predecessors, and recurred, to a certain extent, to the practice of Ennius 4. It will be worth while to compare the usages of the two poets in detail.

(1) Lengthening of final syllables in r. (a) Nouns. Masculines in or. As far as I can ascertain there is no instance in the fragments of Ennius where this ending is short 5 either in arsis or thesis. Ennius writes not only:

"Postilla, germana soror, errare videbar" (Ann. 42),

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O pater, O genitor, O sanguen Dis oriundum" (Ann. 117),

"Qui clamor oppugnantis vagore volanti" (Ann. 408),

"Tollitur in caelum clamor exortus utrimque" (Ann. 422),

"Imbricitor aquiloque suo cum flamine contra" (Ann. 424), but also

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"Clamor in caelum volvendus per aethera vagit " (Ann. 520), unless with Lachmann we follow the indication given by Quintilian and read clamos. Compare with the lines of Ennius above quoted the following from Virgil:

3 This is dwelt upon by Corssen, 2, p. 441. 4 Horace is much freer than Catullus, as Virgil is than Lucretius. Except Teucer et Sthenclus sciens" (1 C. 15. 24), which he altogether rejects, and "Si non periret immiserabilis (3 C. 5. 17), and Ignis Iliacas domos (1 C. 15. 36), about which he has doubts, Mr. Munro admits the rest of these scansions in Horace without hesitation. These amount to about ten: but it should be

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remarked that none of them occur in the fourth book of the Odes, the Epistles, or the Ars Poetica, in which Horace was writing at his best.

5 So in Plautus, according to Fleckeisen (ap. C. F. W. Müller, Plantinische Prosodic,p. 42 foll.), it is exclusively long; but the Plautine critics are not entirely agreed on this canon.

61. 4. 13. "Arbos, labos, vapos etiam et clamos aetatis fuerunt."

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Omnia vincit Amor, et nos cedamus Amori" (E. 10. 69).
Aequus uterque labor: aeque iuvenemque magistri” (G. 3. 118).
"Nam duo sunt genera, hic melior, insignis et ore" (G. 4. 92).
"Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago" (A. 2. 369).
"Et Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet " (A. 6. 768).
'Considant, si tantus amor, et moenia condant" (A. 11. 323).
"Quippe dolor, omnis stetit imo volnere sanguis" (A. 12. 422).
"Et Messapus equum domitor, et fortis Asilas" (ib. 550).

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Lucian Müller thinks the caesura sufficient to account for all these cases both in Ennius and Virgil, denies the possibility of clamor in thesis, and asserts that in the second part of the sixth century A.U.C. this syllable was mostly shortened. No case of such shortening, however, as has been seen, can be quoted from Ennius. Virgil, who was probably ignorant of the reason which made Ennius write as he did, viz. the original length of this syllable, which corresponds to the Greek -wp or -wv, and who only wished to give an antique flavour to his verse by suggesting such echoes of the Ennian hexameter, would never have dreamed of using the final or long except in arsis: but Müller can hardly be right in applying the same measure to both poets.

How purely a matter of form this licence was with Virgil will become apparent when we consider how far, and (from an etymological point of view) how unjustifiably, he pushes his employment of it. Ennius, using iubar masculine, may have had some

justification for writing

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"Interea fugit albus iubar Hyperionis cursum (A. 547), but no grammatical propriety can be alleged for such scansions as "Desine plura, puer, et quod nunc instat agamus" (Verg. E. 9. 66); "Si quis ebur, aut mixta rubent ubi lilia multa" (A. 12. 68);

still less for

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'Pingue super oleum infundens ardentibus extis" (A. 6. 254).

The lines

"Ostentans artemque pater arcumque sonantem" (A. 5. 521) and "Congredior: fer sacra pater et concipe foedus" (A. 12. 13) would seem to recall the original length of the final syllable of pater: but this had been forgotten as early as Ennius, who coustantly uses it short. This is doubted by Corssen (1. c. p. 502).

(b) Inflections of verbs ending in r. Ennius writes

"Quirine Pater veneror Horamque Quirini ” (Ann. 121),

in accordance with the natural length of the syllable and the analogy of Plautine usage: but Virgil, who has not imitated him in lengthening the last syllable of the first person sing. passive, has lengthened that of the third in the following instances:

"Altius ingreditur et mollia crura reponit" (G. 3. 76).

"Tum sic Mercurium alloquitur, et talia mandat" (A. 4. 222).
“Olli serva datur, operum haud ignara Minervae" (A. 5. 284).

This syllable is invariably short in Ennius, except in the very doubtful fragment "horitatur induperator" Ann. 350, nor is it often, if at all, long in Plautus. The first person plural has its ending lengthened by Virgil, A. 2. 411,

"Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes,"

again without precedent in the fragments of Ennius.

(2) Lengthening of final syllables in s. (a) Nouns.

The last syllable of sanguis (= sanguin-s) was originally long, and so is always used by Lucretius and once by Virgil. The length of the last syllable of pulvis in Ennius (Ann. 286),

"Iamque fere pulvis ad Corssen (1. c. p. 501, note) accounts for this scansion by the position of iubar in the verse,

caelum vasta videtur,"

and the fact of its being followed by a Greek word.

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