Puberibus caulem foliis et flore comantem lates this passage. Theophrastus (1. c.) and Pliny (25. 8. 53) distinguish uish the different kinds of the plant. 'Genetrix' emphatic by its position, 'with motherly care.' 413.] Pliny (1. c.) says that the genuine 'dictamnum' had "flos nullus....aut caulis." Virg.'s description rather suits Pliny's "aristolochia" (25.8.54), "caulibus parvis, flore purpureo." Caulem'in apposition to 'dictamnum' above. 'Puber' as applied to leaves, like "pubens" (4. 514 note), seems to include the notion of downi ness with that of luxuriance and maturity. See on G. 2. 390. Dioscorides (3. 37) says of the 'dictamnus,' that its leaves were γναφαλώδη καί τινα ἐπίφυσιν ἔχοντα. Pubens' is used of plants in the simple sense of full-grown by Stat. 3 Silv. 3. 129, "pubentesque rosae primos moriuntur ad Austros;" Auson. Epist. 2. 14, "pubentes salicum frondes:" comp. ib. Idyll. 10. 203 (Forc.). 'Flore comantem:' so Stat. 1 Silv. 4. 102, "dictamni florentis opem." 415.] 'Gramen' for a plant, as in G.4.63, "cerinthae ignobilegramen." 'Tergo'dat.: comp. 4. 73, "haeret lateri fatalis arundo" of the wounded stag in the Cretan forests. 416.] 'Nimbo:' see on 10. 634. 417.] Δίδοται δὲ (τὸ δίκταμνον) πίνειν ἐν ὕδατι, Theophrast. 1. c. 'Labra'a cauldron, as in 8. 22. 'Fusum labris' ="fusum in labra:" 'infusum labris' would be a commoner constr. So "spargere undis" = "in undas" 4. 601. Pendentibus' Rom. for 'splendentibus.' "Amnem pro aqua:... Sic supra (v. 119) 'fontemque ignemque ferebant” Serv. 418.] Med. a m. p. spells 'infecit:' and so Ribbeck. 419.] 'Ambrosiae' is here a plant: in G. 4. 415 it is an ointment of the plant. Pliny (27. 4. 11) says, "Ambrosia vagi 415 420 nominis est et circa alias herbas fluctuatı : unam habet certam, densam.... Coronantur illa Cappadoces. Usus eius ad ea quae discuti opus sit." See also Dioscorides, 3. 37. 129. Panacea' or 'panaces' is reckoned among aromatic plants by Theophrast. 9.7: its various uses are enumerated ib. 9. Comp. Lucr. 4. 124, " quaecunque suo de corpore odorem Exspirant acrem, panaces, absinthia taetra." 420.] 'Fovit:' note on G. 4. 230. So Pliny 24. 37, "Foliis in vino decoctis foveri nervos utilissimum;" 32. 34, "Scorpio in vino decoctus ita ut foveantur ex illo." Comp. Colum. 6. 12, "Si genua intumuerunt, calido aceto fovenda sunt." (Forc.) 421.] 421-425 are added by a later hand in Gud. Comp. II. 16.528 (of Apollo healing Glaucus), Αὐτίκα παῦσ ̓ ὀδύνας, ἀπὸ δ ̓ ἕλκεος ἀργαλέοιο Αἷμα μέλαν τέρσηνε, &c. 422.] Quippe' is peculiar here as occurring in narrative, and still more so from its position in the sentence. It seems intended (as perhaps in 1.56) merely to lend emphasis to the description of a startling event. The English expression "of course” will often be found to be a fair equivalent for 'quippe' in its various shades of meaning. 'Dolor:' see Excursus to this book. 'Imo in volnere' Pal., Rom., Gud. corrected, and another of Ribbeck's cursives: but Wagn. seems right in saying that 'imo volnere' is more likely, as the oblique cases of 'imus' are seldom elided in Virg. 423.] 'Manum' Med. corrected, Rom., , and two of Ribbeck's cursives: 'manu Med. originally, 'manus' Pal. originally. 'Secuta manum,' following the motion of his hand. 424.] Novae' = "novatae." "In pristina' for the more ordinary "in pristinum.' Arma citi properate viro! quid statis? Iapis 425 430 Ascanium fusis circum conplectitur armis, 435 427.] Non arte magistra,' not through the guidance of my art. 'Magistra' here is predicative: in 8. 442, "omni nunc arte magistra" (usus est), it is a simple epithet: so Ov. Her. 15. 83, "Abeunt studia in mores, artesque magistrae." Serv. suggests that 'humana' may be understood with 'arte' from 'humanis opibus.' 428.] 'Non haec proveniunt,' &c. This success is not due to man alone, 'provenire' generally having the notion of a happy event. 'Aenean' Med. a m. p. for 431.] Hinc atque hinc' on this foot and then on that. For 'coruscat' one of Ribbeck's cursives has 'recusat.' 432.] 'Habilis lateri tergo' seems to mean 'fitted to his side and back:' comp. 11. 555, "habilem mediae circumligat hastae,” where "habilis" may be taken with "hastae." Conversely Ov. says (Fast. 2. 14), "His habilis telis quilibet esse potest," any one can fit himself to these weapons. 433.] Armis, i. e. "armatis bracchiis :" comp. Tac. Hist. 1. 36, "prensare manibus, conplecti armis." (Forb.) 434.] 'Oscula delibans :' note on 1.256. 'Per galeam,' imitated by Quintil. Declam. 9. p. 197, "Iamque suprema per galeam dederam oscula." (Peerlkamp.) 435, 436.] Disce virtutem.. fortunam,' &c., 'learn what virtue is from me, what fortune is from others: there is no zeugma in the use of 'disco' here, as Serv. and Heyne think: but it = 'to learn about,' as in 6. 433, "vitasque et crimina discit." So "audire" = 'to hear about 7.196. "Eorum quos legisset" for "de quibus legisset" Cic. Acad. Pr. 2. 1. 3. Verum laborem,' real toil: not fighting that beats the air. Virg. is probably thinking of the often-quoted words of Ajax (Soph. Aj. 550), Ὦ παῖ, γένοιο πατρὸς εὐτυχέστερος, Τὰ δ ̓ ἄλλ ̓ ὅμοιος· καὶ γένοι ̓ ἂν οὐ κακός. Serv.'s explanation of 'verum' is curious and significant: "Quem per me ipse suscipio: non qui ex aliorum virtute inperatoribus ascribi consuevit." 437.] 'Defensum dabit' = 'defendet:' comp. "placataque venti Dant maria" 3. 69 (note). 'Inter praemia,' where rewards are to be found. 'Praelia' for i Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit aetas, Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese extulit ingens, Ille volat, campoque atrum rapit agmen aperto. 'praemia' several of Pierius' MSS., Menag. pr., and some inferior copies. 438.] Med. originally gives 'tum' for 'tu,' and 'adoleverat' for 'adoleverit.' 'Tu' in an exhortation as in G. 2.241, &c. Matura adoleverit,' has grown up and is ripe: comp. "prima adolescit aetas" = is growing up and is young, G.2. 362. 'Aestas' Rom. for'aetas.' "Inde ubi robustis adolevit viribus aetas" Lucr. 3. 449. 439.] Sis memor, i. e. "meorum factorum." (Serv.) 440.] Excitat' Pal. originally, from 3. 343, whence this line is nearly repeated. 441-500.] 'Aeneas comes back again to the battle. His companions, Mnestheus, Gyas, and Achates, slaughter some of the enemy and put the rest to flight: Aeneas, passing the rest by, seeks only to encounter Turnus, whose chariot is kept out of his path by Juturna. At length Aeneas' helmet is struck by a spear from Messapus, and he turns in anger to a promiscuous slaughter of the Rutulians.' 441.] "Corripuit sese et tectis citus extulit altis" 11. 462: whence some of Pierius' MSS. had 'altis' for 'ingens' here. Ως εἰπὼν πυλέων ἐξέσσυτο φαίδιμος "Έκτωρ, ΙΙ. 7. 1. Ὀξὺ δόρυ κραδάων, 11. 13. 583. 443.] 'Antheus' 1. 181. For the lengthening of the first 'que' see Excursus to this book. 444.] 'Fluit' as in 11. 236, "Fluuntque ad regia plenis Tecta viis." Pal. has 'ruit.' 'Caecus,' dark, blinding (Heyne): something as in 5. 589, "caecis parietibus:" 3. 203., 8. 253, "caeca caligine." 'Pulvere miscetur campus:' the plain is a confusion of dust: comp. perhaps "mis 440 445 450 centur moenia luctu" 2. 298; "misceri murmure caelum," "clamoribus aequor," 4. 160, 411. 445.] Comp. 7. 722, "Scuta sonant pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus :" Enn. A. 311 has a ruder alliteration, "Africa terribili tremit horrida terra tumultu." "Pedum pulsu" ib. Trag. 391. 'Excita,' wakened; comp. "tonitru caelum omne ciebo" 4. 122. Virg. may have been thinking of the language of Lucr. 2. 328 foll., "subterque virum vi Excitur pedibus sonitus." (Wagn.) Wagn. unnecessarily takes 'excita' as = "exterrita" (comp. 7.376). 446.] 'Agmine' Rom. for 'aggere,' which is confirmed by Serv. 'Aggere,' probably the bank of the fortifications: though Virg. may be thinking of Il. 20. 3 (where Achilles is going out to the war), Τρώες ῶες δ ̓ αὖθ ̓ ἑτέρωθεν ἐπὶ θρωσμῷ πεδίοιο, &c. For the repetition 'vidit,' 'videre,' comp. 7. 516, "Audiit et Triviae longe lacus, audiit amnis," &c. 447.] Gelidusque,' &c. 2. 120: comp. 6.54. 448.] "Primus ante omnis" 2. 40. Iuturna, v. 224 above. ، 449.] Adgnoscit' Pal. 450.] Campos' Pal. originally for 'campo.' 'Atrum,' probably of the appearance of the host in the distance: comp. Il. 4. 281 (where an advancing army is compared to a cloud), Δήϊον ἐς πόλεμον πυκιναὶ κίνυντο φάλαγγες Κυάνεαι, σάκεσίν τε καὶ ἔγχεσι πεφρικυῖαι: so 7. 525, "Atraque late Horrescit strictis seges ensibus." Heyne thinks it = black with dust. Rapit'as in 10. 308, "Rapit acer Totam aciem in Teucros." Qualis ubi ad terras abrupto sidere nimbus 455 Agmen agit; densi cuneis se quisque coactis 460 451.] 'Sidus' seems to be poetically used for "procella:" an extension of its use as = "weather" in 4. 309 ("hiberno moliris sidere classem"), and 11. 260, "triste Minervae Sidus." 'Abrupto sidere like "abruptis procellis" G. 3. 259: comp. "rupto turbine" A. 2. 416. 452.] Et' Med. for 'it.' Comp. for the simile II. 4. 275 foll., Ὡς δ ̓ ὅτ ̓ ἀπὸ σκοπιῆς εἶδεν νέφος αἰπόλος ἀνήρ, Ερχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑπὸ Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς· Τῷ δέ τ ̓ ἄνευθεν ἐόντι μελάντερον ἠὔτε πίσσα, Φαίνετ' ἰὸν κατὰ πόντον, ἄγει δέ τε λαίλαπα πολλήν· Ρίγησέν τε ἰδών, ὑπό τε σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα· Τοῖαι ἅμ' Αἰάντεσσι &c.: 13.795 foll., Οἱ δ ̓ ἴσαν, ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀτάλαντοι ἀέλλῃ, Ἡ ῥά θ ̓ ὑπὸ βροντῆς πατρὸς Διὸς εἶσι πέδονδε, &c. (Cerda.) See also Il. 16. 364. Miseris, &c., with its melancholy tone, is not Homeric. 'Longe,' far away on the land. 453.] "Ruinam dare" in a different sense 2. 310., 11. 614. See on 10. 396. Dare' as in v. 383 above, "dare funera:" comp. G. 3. 247. Virg. was perhaps thinking of Lucr. 1. 288, "Dat sonitu magno stragem, volvitque sub undis Grandia saxa, ruit qua quicquid fluctibus obstat" (see Munro in ed. 3). 454.] Ruit Med., and so the MSS. of Diomedes 436. 455.] For 'volant' Med. has 'volans,' after which it punctuates instead of after 'late:' so Pal. corrected and originally Gud. Volant' gives the better sense: and 'volans' was probably due to the initial letter of 'sonitum.' 456.] Rhoeteius:' 3. 108 note. Rom., Verona fragm., Gud., and two other of Ribbeck's cursives: 'coacti' Med. corrected, to which Wagn. seems inclined. But 'densi' and 'coacti' together would be awkward, and hardly justifiable by the passages which Wagn. quotes on 8. 559. Densi,' &c.: "densentur, ut cuneatim dimicent: scilicet in cuneorum modum conpositi, ut hostem facilius invaderent" Serv., which looks perhaps as if he read 'coacti.' "Congregari in cuneos " of soldiers Tac. Hist. 4. 20: comp. Caesar, B. G.6. 40, &c. (Forc.) "Cuneis coactis" in a different sense 7.509. See on 10.396. 'Cuneis coactis' abl. abs., not for "in cuneos.” 458.] Gravem,' as Wagn. rightly says, refers to his bulk: comp. 5. 437., 10. 207, &c. Serv. thinks it = "fortem," Heyne gravem auctoritate, annis." The name Thymbraeus is from Il. 11. 320. 459.] Arcetium' Pal., Rom., Verona fragm., Gud., with another of Ribbeck's cursives, 'Archetium' Med., and so Heyne and Wagn. 460.] "Ufens" 7.745., 8. 6, &c. Tolumnius, v. 258 above. 461.] Nearly repeated, no doubt purposely, from v. 266 above. Ribbeck, missing the point of the repetition, thinks the line may be due to interpolation. Rom. has 'aversos' for 'adversos,' and 'torsit in' (see v. 266) for 'torserat.' 462.] "Tollitur in caelum clamor" Enn. A. 422. 13 463.] Pulverulenta fuga,' clouded with dust in their flight. "Fuga dare terga G. 4. 85. 464.] 'Aversos' Rom., Verona fragm. 457.] Coactis' Med. originally, Pal., (by a second hand), and the MS. known as AENEID. LIB. XII. Nec pede congressos aequo nec tela ferentis the 'Oblongus' of Pierius. 'Adversos' 465.] Nec equo' for 'aequo' Serv., and so some inferior copies: 'aequo' in Med. is corrected for 'equo.' So Med. originally gives 'equus' for 'aequus' 7. 540., 9. 56., 1-1. 861., 12. 218 (Wagn.). The confusion between 'e' and 'ae' is common in MSS. The distinction is between 'congressos' and 'ferentis:' those who have already met him and those who are going to attack him. 'Pede aequo' seems to mean 'in fair fight,' though it is hard to find a parallel for the expression. 466.] 'Caligine,' the cloud of dust and arrows. "Caligine turbidus atra Pulvis " 11.876. 'Denso' Rom. for 'densa.' With the whole passage Heyne comp. II. 16.731. 467.] "Solum posci in certamina Turnum" 11. 221. 468.] Hoc metu' = "metu huius rei:" see on 2. 171. This figure is not uncommon in Livy and Tacitus: comp.e. g. Livy 21. 46, "Numidae... ab tergo se ostendunt. Is pavor perculit Romanos.” 'Concussa mentem' like "concussus animum" 5. 869. Virago' ("mulier quae viri animum habet" Serv.) is applied either to a very strong woman ("ancillam viraginem aliquam" Plaut. Merc. 2. 3.78), or to a warlike goddess or nymph (Enn. A. 510, "Paluda virago:" comp. Ov. Μ. 2. 765., 6. 130, where it is used of Athena). Heyne s wrong in identifying it in meaning with 'virgo.' 465 470 475 431 469.] So Il. 5. 835 foll. Athene Σθένελον μὲν ἀφ ̓ ἵππων ὦσε χαμάζε, Χειρὶ πάλιν ἐρύσασ ̓ . .... Ἡ δ ̓ ἐς δίφρον ἔβαινε παραὶ Διομήδεα δῖον Ἐμμεμαυῖα θεά..... Λάζετο δὲ μάστιγα καὶ ἡνία Παλλὰς ̓Αθήνη. 'Media inter lora, Wagn. thinks may mean "in media aurigatione," which is hardly likely : Forb. adduces such expressions as "media inter pocula," "media inter carmina," which are not really parallel. The words probably mean that Metiscus has the reins round his body, as seems to have been generally the case. See on 1. 476 and comp. Soph. Electr. 747, Eur. Hippol. 1236. Metiscus is pushed from between the reins, and falls first on to and then off the pole ('lapsum temone'). This line is imitated by the author of the Epitome to the Iliad, v. 514, "media inter lora rotasque Volvitur." (Wagn.) , 470.] Juv. imitates 'lapsum temone 4. 126, "de temone Britanno Excidet Arviragus." 'Reliquit' Med. originally, Pal., Rom. Gud., and two other of Ribbeck's cursives: 'relinquit' Med. corrected and Verona fragm., and so Heyne, followed by Wagn. and Forb. Ribbeck rightly restores 'reliquit' on the balance of authority. The perfect too gives a better sense: she pushes him over, and he is left lying on the ground. 471.] Subit,' comes in his place. "Undantia lora" 5. 146. 472.] 'Gerens' as in 1. 315, "Virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma." 473.] Domini divitis' from Catull. 59 (61). 88, "Divitis domini hortulo." The scene is probably from a country villa. The simile is characteristic of Virg. and apparently original. 475.] Juv. 5. 143 in imitation of this passage: "Ipse loquaci Gaudebit nido." Nidi' = young as in G. 1. 414., 4. 17, A. 5. 214. |