Feminea tegat et vanis sese occulat umbris. Et me, Turne, manent; simul haec invisa relinquam Aphrodite rescues Aeneas, not in a cloud, 53.] Heyne punctuates 'Feminea tegat: et vanis sese occulat umbris;' making 'occulat' nearly 'occulet' and the sense, let the clouds in which he (Aeneas) will hide himself be vain.' Scarcely less strained is the explanation of Wagn., who refers 'sese' to Aeneas, and endeavours to get rid of the grammatical anomaly thus involved by interpreting the whole clause as "longe illi mater erit imploranti ut sese tegat.' The natural sense of the line is, to conceal him while she hides herself. The gods often conceal themselves in clouds (see on 10. 634). Poseidon throws a mist before the eyes of Achilles to rescue Aeneas, Il. 20. 321 foll., and Apollo (ib. 445), who saves him in a cloud, is also invisible: Τρὶς μὲν ἔπειτ ̓ ἐπόρουσε ποδάρκης διος ̓Αχιλλεὺς Εγχεϊ χαλκείῳ· τρὶς δ ̓ hépa Túye Babeîav. Vanis' can hardly be meant to imply that Venus' cloud shall not protect her from the spear of Turnus, which would be inconsistent with longe erit; so we must take it in the sense of deceptive.' Schrader conj. ' caerulea' for 'feminea' and 'ut' for 'et.' 54.] Nova pugnae sorte' seems to mean 'the new allotment or condition which the battle had brought,' i. e. the prospect of a single combat between Turnus and Aeneas. 55.] Moritura tenebat:' held him with the grasp of one resolved on death. By 'moritura' Virg. indicates not merely her intention (v. 62) but the realization of it (v. 600 foll.). The conception of Amata and her suicide is much more in the spirit of the Greek tragedy than in that of Homer: neither the speech of Andromache to Hector in Il. 6, nor that of Hecuba in II. 22, much resembles these lines. Rib 55 60 beck, with strange insensibility, conj. monitura.' 56, 57.] "Per ego has lacrimas... oro" 4. 314. Per si quis,' &c. 2. 142 note. Comp. 7. 401, "Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae Gratia." Both "gratia" and 'honos' seem to stand for the Greek xápis: comp. Tатрav тiμŵv xápiv, Eur. Orest. 828. "Sermonum honos et gratia' Hor. A. P. 69. (Forb.) "Tune 58.] Requiem' Med. a m. p. ille senectae Sera meae requies" 9. 481, 482. 'Misere' Rom. and originally Med. 59.] So Clytaemnestra calls Agamemnon ὑψηλής στέγης Στύλον ποδήρη, Aesch. Αg. 897: comp. Eur. I. T. 50 foll. "Mearum Grande decus columenque rerum Hor. 2 Od. 17. 4. Inclinata' is explained by recumbit.' The line is not unlike Ov. Trist. 2. 83, 84, "Cum coepit quassata domus subsidere, partes In proclinatas omne recumbit onus." Comp. also Juv. 8. 76. It is uncertain whether 'te' is abl. or acc.; but the latter is more probable. 60.] Manum committere,' a variation on the more ordinary "manum conferre." Like Latinus, Amata avoids mentioning Aeneas, but speaks of the Trojans generally, and the chances of war: see on v. 43. 61.] Isto,' that which you wish to enter. 62, 63.] Simul,' with you. "Lumina linquere" of death, Lucr. 3. 542: see also Munro on 5. 989. "Lumina vitae" A. 6. 528 note. 64.] As Heyne observes, Virg. never informs us what were the feelings of Lavinia. His portrait of her had become classical by the time of Statius: see 1 Silv. 2. 244 (quoted by Wagn.), "Non talis niveos strinxit ('tinxit' Wagn.) Lavinia voltus, Cum Turno spectante rubet: non Flagrantis perfusa genas, cui plurimus ignem Claudia talis Respexit populos mota iam virgo carina." 65, 66.] Plurimus' as in 5.250, "Quam plurima circum Purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit." 'Subiecit :' comp. "subiectis ignibus" 11. 186. The line • subiecit rubor &c., is built like 8. 390, "Intravit calor, et labefacta per ossa cucurrit." (Ribbeck.) 67.] ὡς δ ̓ ὅτε τίς τ' ἐλέφαντα γυνή Φοίνικι μιήνῃ &c. I. 4. 141 foll. The localization Indum ebur' is Virgilian: see on v. 4. 'Violaverit' because purple is not the natural colour of the ivory. Comp. (with Gossr.) Juv. 3. 20, “nec ingenuum violarent marmora tofum," and see generally G. 2. 465, 466. There is a tone of modern sentiment in the use of the word, suggested perhaps by a misunderstanding of Maive, which only means to stain. 68.] The lengthening of the last syllable of ebur' may be comp. with that of the last syllable of super' 6. 254, "Pingue super oleum infundens;" and cf. 'puer' E. 9. 66, “ Desine plura puer, et quod,” &c. Comp. Prop. 3. 24. 29, "Et tibi Maeonias inter heroidas omnis." See Excursus to this book. 69.] 'Dabat colores' seems to include the two notions of producing and spreading. Perhaps the nearest parallel in Virg. is 9. 292,"dedere Dardanidae lacrimas." 70.] Turbo' as often in Virg., of a passion that masters and confuses the mind: Heyne well comp. Livy 3. 47, "Tanta vis amentiae verius quam amoris mentem turbaverat." Figit,' comp. 11. 507, "oculos horrenda in virgine fixus." The nom. is of course changed. 71.] 'Ardet in arma' like "audere in 65 70 75 proelia" 2. 347. Ita fatur' for 'adfatur' Gud. 72.] For the thought comp. II. 24. 218, Μή μ' ἐθέλοντ ̓ ἰέναι κατερύκανε, μηδέ μοι αὐτὴ ̓́Ορνις ἐνὶ μεγάροισι κακὸς πέλευ oudé μe meiσeis: and Apoll. R. 1. 303-4, ̓Αλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν αὖθι μετ ̓ ἀμφιπόλοισιν ἕκηλος Μίμνε δόμοις, μηδ' ὄρνις ἀεικελίη Téλe vnt (Jason to his weeping mother). Eur. Orest. 788, (Orestes) Δάκρυα γοῦν γένοιτ' ἄν· (Pylades) οὐκοῦν οὗτος οἰωνὸς μéyas (of Orestes meeting with Electra before going to speak to the people). Tanto,' so weighty: "omina tanta" of a cheering omen 9. 21; so "omine magno 7. 146. Tantum' Gud. originally. 73.] "Prosequitur dictis " 6. 898, “votis" 9. 310. In certamina Martis euntem like Homer's όππότ ̓ ἐγώ περ ἴω μετὰ μῶλον "Αρηος, Il. 16. 245, &c. Certamina belli" 10. 146 note. 74.] The meaning is, Turnus is not free to delay his death, if it must come :' comp. Hector's words to Andromache, II. 6. 488, Μοῖραν δ ̓ οὔτινά φημι πεφυγμένον čμμevai àvôṣŵv, &c. "Non est mora libera nobis " Ov. M. 2. 143. (Forb.) Serv. counts this among the twelve insoluble passages in Virg., though he himself explains it quite clearly: "Si imminent fata, periturus sum, etiamsi minime ad bella proficiscar." 75.] Phrygio,' as so often, suggestive of cowardice. “Tyranno" in Virg. has not a bad sense by itself: see on 10. 448. Haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti Haud dubitanda refer" 3. 169. 77.] Invecta rotis,' like "invectus equis altum petit aethera" of the sun, G. 3. 358. Comp. A. 7. 26. This line is Non Teucros agat in Rutulos; Teucrum arma quiescant, Haec ubi dicta dedit, rapidusque in tecta recessit, imitated by Ov. M. 3. 150 (Cerda). Heyne 78.] Non Teucros agat in Rutulos' is balanced by nostro dirimamus sanguine bellum;' and Wagn. is therefore right in removing the full stop which Heyne had placed after Rutulos." "Sic demum apparet," says he, “quare non, quod proprium habet locum in distinguendis oppositis et contrariis, non ne scripsit poeta.' 'Non' is constantly used with the subjunctive where, according to the ordinary rule, 'ne' would be expected, if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized, as 'Teucros' is here. Ter. Andr. 4. 4. 48, "Hic est ille: non te credas Davom ludere:" Cic. Clu. 57, "quoniam omnia .. a legibus habemus, a legibus non discedamus:" ad Quint. Fr. 1. 1. 13, "sit lictor non suae sed tuae lenitatis apparitor." So Hor. 1 Ep. 18. 72, “non ancilla tuum iecur ulceret:" Livy 6. 41. 10, "non leges auspicato ferantur:" 35. 48, "bello se non interponant." These instances are from Draeger, Historische Syntax d. Lateinischen Sprache, pp. 286-7, where however they are differently arranged. Quiescunt Gud. originally. "Arma quiescunt," in a different sense, 10. 836: see on 10. 396. Teucrum arma' a variation to avoid the repetition of Teucri,' though 'arma' has its literal sense: comp. "Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici " 1. 183. 79.] Rutulum' Menag., with some support from two of Ribbeck's cursives: and so Heins., and Heyne, who, however, says he preferred Rutuli.' 'Nostro' ours and ours alone. 'Dirimere' diaλvei: comp. "dirimere controversiam" Cic. de Off. 3. 33. 119. (Forc.) 80.] Illo campo,' in that arena: in the space to be marked out for our combat: comp. v. 116 below. 81-112.] Turnus and Aeneas both pre(pare for the fight of the morrow.' 81.] As Heyne remarks, it is curious, 80 85 and perhaps a mark of the unfinished state of this part of the poem, that Turnus and Aeneas should be made to arm themselves and prepare for the battle on the day preceding it. Wagn. very unnaturally makes 'rapidusque in tecta recessit' the beginning of the apodosis to 'haec ubi dicta dedit.' None of the passages which he quotes, Q. V. 35. 6, really prove his point. Dedit' and 'recessit' are perfects, naturally followed by the pres. poscit:' comp. 6. 746., 9. 432, and other instances given by Wagn., Q. V. 7.7. 82.] Ante ora' is strangely taken by Gossr. of the horses' mouths: "der Schaum stand ihnen vor dem Munde." The alternative is not, as he supposes, to couple tuens ante ora,' as ante ora frementis' means snorting before him. 83.] Orithyia was wife of Boreas: carried off by him from Attica to Thrace (G. 4. 63, &c.); and Boreas, Il. 20. 223 foll., is the father of the royal horses of Troy, as Zephyrus, Il. 16. 150 foll., is the father of Achilles' steeds, Xanthus and Balius (Heyne). How the Thracian Orithyia was connected with the Italian Pilumnus is a point which puzzled the critics as early as the time of Serv., and which has not been cleared up since. Maroni est merum ornamentum ac figmentum poeticum," says Heyne. 'Ipsa,' as in 1. 589, denoting that the gift came direct from the goddess. With the whole passage comp. 11. 657, "Quas ipsa decus sibi dia Camilla Delegit." 'Decus' = ἄγαλμα, Π. 4. 144. 84.] Λευκότεροι χιόνος, θείειν δ ̓ ἀνέMooi dμoîo, Il. 10. 437. 'Cursibus' as in G. 3. 20, 119, 193. 85.] Propere Rom. and originally Gud. Properi' is confirmed by Serv. Lacesso,' to excite by striking, as often in Lucretius, of things striking the senses. 86.] Pulsa' Gud. "Plausae sonitum cervicis amare "G. 3. 186, which illus. trates the tense of 'plausa.' Ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco 91.] Tinxerat,' as in 8. 450, "Alii stridentia tinguunt Aera lacu.” The Sty gian water charmed the sword: see v. 736 below. 87.] "Tunicam squalentem auro 10. fore Virg. See Excursus to this book. 314. The word 'orichalcus' (opeixaλkos) The cornua' of a helmet appear to have appears in Latin to have been applied to been projections in which the crest was a kind of brass of much the same appear- fixed: comp. Livy 27. 33, "In arborem ance as gold. In Plaut. (Mil. 3. 1. 69, illatus impetu equi ad eminentem ramum Pseud. 2. 3. 22, Curc. 1. 3. 45) it is cornu alterum galeae perfregit." (Forc.) written aurichalcus,'-perhaps from a Serv. strangely explains it of the horsehair misunderstanding of the etymology of the itself: saying that cornu' properly means Greek word, and is spoken of as a a curl, and comparing Képas. Cerda well precious metal: comp. Plato, Critias p. compares A. 6. 780, Viden' ut geminae 114 E, of the mythical opeixaλkos: To stant vertice cristae." "Cristaque tegit νῦν ὀνομαζόμενον μόνον τότε δὲ πλέον galea aurea rubra ” of Turnus 9. 50. ὀνόματος ἦν τὸ γένος ἐκ γῆς ὀρυττόμενον ὀρειχάλκου . . . πλὴν χρυσοῦ τιμιώτατον ἐν τοῖς ΤΟΤΕ Ŏv. So Pliny, 34. 2, "aurichalco, quod praecipuam bonitatem admirationemque diu obtinuit, nec reperitur longo iam tempore effeta tellure." Cic., however (de Off. 3. 23 fin.), speaks of 'orichalcus' as of a still existing metal, which might, as far as appearance went, be taken for gold: comp. Sueton. (Vitellius 5), who implies that it stood to gold as tin to silver. Whether Virg. meant this common orichaleus or the more precious metal of fable (ορειχαλκοιο φαεινοῦ Apoll. R. 4. 973) is doubtful, especially as he has given it the epithet albus,' which would not strictly suit either. 'Albus' must either pale' (in comparison with the gold) or shining.' Horace, A. P. 202, writes like Virg. ŏrichalco:' so Val. Flacc. 3. 61, Stat. Theb. 10. 660, 'ŏrichalca' (neut. pl.). The arming of Patroclus is described II. 16. 630 foll. in the same order, but at greater length. 88.] Habendo' "ad habendum" (Serv.). This is better than taking it (with Forb.) as = "dum habet." Comp. habilem aptarat" 9. 305. = 89.] Ensemque clipeumque.' This lengthening of the first que' in arsis (in imitation of the Homeric lengthening of Te in similar circumstances) is a licence not indulged in by any Roman poet be 92.] Med. and Rom. have columnae,' Gud. columna,' and so originally another of Ribbeck's cursives, supported by Arusianus, p. 215, "Adnixus hac re: Virg. in 12, 'ingenti adnixa columna."" Probably Ribbeck is right in reading 'columna on this authority, especially as Virg. is fond of rare uses of the abl. See on 10. 361. Serv. thinks that 'ingenti' suggests the size of the spear. Cerda comp. Od. 1. 127, Εγχος μέν ῥ ̓ ἔστησε φέρων πρὸς lova μaкphy. Comp. ib. 17. 29. 93.] Adstabat' stood there ready for him: though it may refer, like 'adnixa,' to closeness to the pillar. 94.] Actoris spolium,' the spoil taken from Actor: comp. "spoliis meorum" 12. 947. The Aurunci (7. 127) are allies of Turnus in this war: Heyne, Exc. 7 on Bk. 7, supposes from this passage that Turnus had conquered part of them. "Actoris Aurunci spolium" Juv. 2. 100, among other imitations of Virg. in that satire (see v. 81, 85, 150-152). 95.] Comp. for the thought 10. 773 foll. 96.] Heins. conj. Nunc (tempus) ades.' 'Te maxumus Actor:' understand "antea gessit:" Wagn. well comp. G. 2. 1, “Hactenus arvorum cultus et sidera caeli, Nunc Te Turni nunc dextra gerit; da sternere corpus te, Bacche, canam :" where see note. Ribbeck would prefer "non maxumus Actor." 98.] Comp. II. 2. 416, 'Exтóрeov dè χιτῶνα περὶ στήθεσσι δαΐξαι Χαλκῷ Swyaréov. Revolsam' torn open: "foribus revolsis" 8. 262. 99.] With this and the following line, comp. 4. 215, 216 notes. Here the words are Hom.'s: Il. 16. 795 (of Patroclus' helmet), Μιάνθησαν δὲ ἔθειραι Αἵματι καὶ Kovinoi. (Germ.) Comp. ib. 22. 401 foll. 100.] Vibratos' curled: Forb. comp. Pliny 2. 80, "Namque Aethiopas vicini sideris vapore torreri adustisque similes gigni, barba et capillo vibrato non est dubium." 'Madidus murra crinis" Ov. M. 3. 553. (Forb.) ПλÓKOS-KтEVIOμoîs Onλus, Eur. Electr. 529. 'Cadentis' Pal. and originally Gud. for 'madentis.' 102.] Existunt' Rom. Absiliunt' the second Hamb. MS., "quod valde placet,' says Ribbeck. Wakef. had already called it an "indubitabilis lectio." 'Scintillae absistunt is rather an exaggerated description. Virg. was perhaps thinking of II. 19. 16, èv dé oi boσe Aeivòv inò Bλeφάρων, ὡσεὶ σέλας, ἐξεφάανθεν of Achilles looking at his arms. Germ. comp. Lucr. 3. 288," Est etenim calor ille animo quem sumit, in ira Cum fervescit et ex oculis micat acribus ardor." 100 105 110 Monstra. . eliserit:" 561, "cum primam aciem Praeneste sub ipsa Stravi:" 7. 601 foll., “Mos erat Hesperio in Latio . . . cum prima movent in proelia Martem :” ν. 735 below, "Cum prima in proelia iunctos Conscendebat equos" (of Turnus). So Lucr. 2. 1080, "In primis animalibus . . invenies." With 'in proelia' comp. "meditantem in proelia" 10. 455. 104-106.] Nearly repeated from G. 3. 232-234, where see notes. 107.] Maternis armis,' the arms given by his mother: see 8. 607 foll. 108.] Acuit Martem' perhaps from the Homeric eyeípoμev öğùv “Apna, Il. 2. 440, &c. See note on 5. 454, "Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira." "Acuunt iras" 9. 464, v. 590 below. 109.] Conponere bellum' like "conponere lites" E. 3. 108, &c. 'Conponi' was in the way of being settled. 111. With fata docens' Heyne comp. II. 7. 52, where Helenus says to Hector, Οὐ γάρ πώ τοι μοῖρα θανεῖν καὶ πότμον momeiv. "Te tua fata docebo," says Anchises to Aeneas, 6. 759. Responsa :' Virg. has not told us before that messengers had been sent to Aeneas. 112.] Discere' for dicere' the MS. known as the 'Oblongus' of Pierius. "Foederis aequas Dicamus leges" 11. 322: but here dicere leges' probably implies, dictation on the part of Aeneas: comp. Livy 34. 57," Cum bello victis dicerentur leges,' and "eos neque accipere neque dicere leges; id enim victoris et victi esse" ib. D d " |