P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIBER DUODECIMUS. THE fortunes of the Latins being again broken by the death of Camilla, their hopes necessarily centre upon Turnus, whose character and fate form the main interest of the concluding book. It is Turnus' conduct which gives the final justification to Aeneas' position. Latinus, hesitating and distracted as before, would make a treaty and give his daughter to Aeneas: Turnus disdains the idea, and will appeal to single combat. The preliminaries are arranged: but the truce, on which they depend, is broken by the agency of Juno and Turnus' sister Juturna. Turnus neither makes any attempt (as Aeneas does) to keep the peace, nor ventures to seek out his powerful adversary. But when Aeneas, wounded by an arrow from an unseen hand, retires a little from the battle, Turnus waxes bold and throws himself into the fray, thus losing all claim to sympathy. In the battles which ensue, the two heroes are prevented for some time from meeting by the agency of Juturna; but the extreme peril of the city, which the Trojans are on the point of taking, at length recalls Turnus to encounter Aeneas, who has all along only joined in the battle on extreme provocation. The dignity with which Turnus at length resolves to meet the supreme moment goes far to compensate for the want of firmness and patriotism which he has hitherto displayed. The mechanism of the narrative is not always easy (see, for instance, on v. 81 foll.). The frequency of supernatural intervention is remarkable. The breaking of the treaty, the healing of Aeneas' wound, the keeping away of Turnus from Aeneas, the thought of taking the city, to say nothing of a number of minor incidents towards the end of the story, are all due to divine agency. This may be partly owing to the fact that Virgil has drawn largely in this book upon Il. 19-22, where, as the poem draws to its catastrophe and a greater interest attaches to each incident, the interference of the gods becomes more and more frequent. The story of the suicide of the queen Amata, however, is, as remarked in the notes, conceived in the spirit, not of the Homeric epic, but of the Attic tragedy; and the introduction of Juturna is characteristically Virgilian. TURNUS ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos Defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci, 1-80.] Turnus determines to meet Aeneas in single combat. His father and mother endeavour in vain to dissuade him.' 1.] 'Infractos,' broken, as in 10. 731, &c. and almost always in Virg. Serv. wishes to take it here as = unbroken: "antea semper infractos." Fracto' Gud. Morte' for 'Marte' Pal. and originally Gud. "Torpent infractae ad proelia vires" 9.499. 2.] Defecisse,' had fainted: "Cur indecores in limine primo Deficimus?" 11.424. 'Sua' emphatic. For Turnus' promises see 11. 438 foll. 'Reposco,' as Se signari oculis, ultro inplacabilis ardet, 5 10 clsewhere, has the notion of demanding the restoration of a thing, demanding it as a due: comp. "reddo." 3.] Signari oculis:' comp. Cic. 1 Cat. 1, "notat et designat oculis ad caedem unumquemque nostrum." ""Ultro' antequam aliquis exposcat," Serv. 'Oculos' Med. a m. p. and Pal. originally. 4.] Two passages of Homer seem to have been in Virg.'s mind: Il. 5. 134 foll. Τυδείδης ... καὶ πρίν περ θυμῷ μεμαὼς Τρώεσσι μάχεσθαι, Δὴ τότε μιν τρὶς τόσσον ἕλεν μένος, ὥστε λέοντα, &c. and Il. 20. 164 foll. (of Achilles going to meet Aeneas), Πηλείδης δ ̓ ἑτέρωθεν ἐναντίον ἆρτο, λέων ὡς Σίντης, ὅντε καὶ ἄνδρες ἀποκτάμεναι μεμάασιν ̓Αγρόμενοι, πᾶς δῆμος: ὁ δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἀτίζων Ἔρχεται, ἀλλ ̓ ὅτε κέν τις ̓Αρηϊθόων αἰζηῶν Δουρὶ βάλῃ, ἐάλη τε χανών, περί τ ̓ ἀφρὸς ὀδόντας Γίγνεται, &c. Virg. localizes the description ('Poenorum in arvis') as he does that of the boar, 10. 708 foll. It is best to remove the commas after 'arvis' and 'pectus,' as the participial clause is not like those in 1. 3, 457 &c., but coheres closely with the verb. 5.] Ille,' note on 11.809. Venantum volnere' 2. 436 note. Venatum' originally Med. and Gud. 6.] Tum demum' after 'saucius' like "tum vero" 5. 720 after "incensus." 'Movere arma,' the common phrase for 'to begin war' (Livy 7. 29, &c.), is used of the lion as the military expression "signa movere" is of the bull, G. 3. 236. 7.] 'Tori' masses of hair: Pliny, Ep. 5. 8. 10, speaking of history and oratory says "hanc (historiam) saepius ossa, musculi, nervi, illam (orationem) tori quidam et quasi iubae decent." Catullus 61 (63). 83 speaks of a lion's "torosa cervix," probably with the same sense of 'torus.' Mr. Long prefers taking 'tori' of the muscles of the neck. Gaudet excutiens' like "gaudet tuens" v. 82 below, "gaudet se attollens" vv. 702, 703 below. "Latronis, h. 1. venatoris, qui ex insidiis eum aggressus est: translate ab iis qui vias obsident praedandi causa" Heyne. The word was originally used of hired soldiers: see Varro L. L. 7, 52, and the Dictt. 8.] Τοῦ δ' οὔποτε κυδάλιμον κῆρ Ταρβεῖ οὐδὲ φοβεῖται of a lion at bay, II. 12. 45. Cruento:' the blood of the wound stains his mouth when he breaks the arrow in trying to pull it out. "Fremet horridus ore cruento" 1. 296. 9.] Gliscet' Med. 'Violentia,' see on 10. 151. 10.] Turbidus' 10. 648 note. 'Infit' 5.708. "Talibus infit" 10. 860. 11.] Comp. "In me mora non erit ulla " E. 3. 52 note. 'Retractent,' not (as Serv. says) "repetantet revolvant," but take back, 'retract:' a rare sense of the word: Forc. quotes Trajan to Pliny, Ep. 10. 112, "factas ante aliquantum temporis largitiones retractari atque in inritum vindicari non oportet." It is worth notice that the words 'mora' and 'retracto' occur, as if by a kind of retribution, in Aeneas' speech to Turnus, v. 889, "Quae nunc deinde mora est, aut quid iam, Turne, retractas?" Turnus is alluding to the speech of Aeneas, 11. 115 foll. Virg. may have thought of I1. 4. 357, πάλιν δ ̓ ὅγε λάζετο μύθον, if that is rightly understood of retracting. 12.] 'Ignavi,' the constant taunt of the Rutulians against the Trojans. Nec quae,' &c., or refuse the terms of their engagement. Neque' Pal. originally. There had been no compact, and no sign on Aeneas' part of withdrawing from the challenge: but Turnus characteristically blames any one rather than himself. " 13.] Congredior' pres. like sequor omina tanta" 9. 21. (Wagn.) The final syllable of 'pater' is lengthened as in 5, Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam, 15 20 Multa manu; nec non aurumque animusque Latino est. 521, "Ostentans artemque pater arcumque " 14.] Haec Pal. originally for 'hac.' Dardanium,' contemptuous, like "Dardanus" 4. 662, "Dardanium caput" ib. 640., 11. 399. 'Dardanium' here a sub 'Cedat' 3. 297, 333. Here it is, perhaps, to be taken closely with 'coniunx,' i. q. "cedat in matrimonium." 18.] 'Olli' 1. 254 note. The spondees express repose: comp. "Olli respondit sedato pectore Turnus" 9.740. We may be reminded of the line of Enn. (A. 1. fr. 31), "Olli respondet rex Albai Longai." 19.] Praestans animi' like "animi maturus" 9.246. Feroci, as in Livy 23. 15 of Marcellus, "ferocis iuvenis animus." Ferocem' one of Ribbeck's cursives. 20.] Virtutem' Pal.originally. Macrob., Sat. 6. 2. p. 545, says these lines are imitated from two lines in Attius' Antigone, "Quanto magis te istius modi esse intellego, Tanto, Antigona, magis me par est tibi consulere et parcere:" 'tanto' following stantive, not an adj. agreeing with 'de-'quantum' as in Caes. B. C. 1. 81, "quan sertorem.' "Hac Erulum dextra sub Tartara misi" 8. 563. 15.] Desertorem Asiae' involves the charge which Aeneas had met by anticipation in his narrative, 2. 431 foll. "Regnatorem Asiae" 2. 557. 'Sedeant' is suggested, as Wagn. points out, by Paris' language, II. 3. 68, ̓́Ἄλλους μὲν κάθισαν Τρῶας καὶ πάντας ̓Αχαιούς, Αὐτὰρ ἔμ ̓ ἐν μέσσῳ καὶ ̓Αρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον Συμβάλετ', &c. It can hardly be contemptuous, as Turnus would not be likely to taunt the Latins. Comp. v. 78 below. 16.] 'Crimen ferro, Rom. with one of Ribbeck's cursives. Crimen commune: the charge which lies against all my people: "commune fugae ac timoris dedecus," Serv. This is better than taking it to mean (with Heyne) "criminationem Turni ab omnibus factam." 17.] Victor' for 'victos' Mentel. originally and some inferior copies: whence Heins. conj. 'abeat victor.' 'Abeat' Zulich. originally. Habeat victos' = hold us conquered in his hand. Virg. generally writes Lāvīnia' (6.764., 7.72, &c.); but he has 'Lăvīnia' 7. 359, 'Lăvīni' 1. 258 note. tum opere processerant.. tanto aberant ab aqua longius" (Forc.). 21.] Causas' the best MSS. of Macrob. 1. c. for 'casus.' 22.] Latinus consoles Turnus for the loss of the succession to Latium by reminding him that he has not only his father's territory, but conquests of his own. There seems no antithesis, as Serv. thinks, between 'regna patris Dauni' and 'oppida capta manus' in instancing each, Latinus is thinking only of territory. 'Daunius' Med. a m. p. for 'Dauni.' 23.] 'Manu' as in 12. 627, "qui tecta manu defendere possint." 'Aurum' to compensate for the loss of Lavinia: so Agamemnon offers to Achilles (among other things) δέκα χρυσοῖο τάλαντα, ΙΙ. 9. 264. 'Animus' as the seat of liberality. So mean persons are said to be men "parvi animi," liberal persons men "magni animi." "Quicquid eram, hoc animi gratia magna tui," Prop. 3. 13. 26. See Heindorf on Hor. 1 S. 2.10. Comp. Pope's imitation of the City and Country Mouse, "Yet loved his friend, and had a soul." "Praedivitis Latini" 11. 213. Sunt aliae innuptae Latio et Laurentibus agris, 24.] Ribbeck is possibly right in read. ing 'arvis' on the sole authority of Med.; for 'agris,' which is given by Pal., Rom., and Gud., and two other of his cursives, might easily be a reminiscence of 11. 431, "delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris." The difference in meaning is here imperceptible. Comp. 11. 9. 395, Πολλαὶ ̓Αχαιἶδες εἰσὶν ἀν ̓ Ελλάδα τε Φθίην τε, Κοῦραι ἀριστήων, &c. 'Latio' and 'Laurentibus agris' stand for the same region (see 6. 891) like Ἑλλάς and Φθίη in the passage of Homer. 25.] 'Genus indecores' like "qui genus?" 8.114. 'Fatu' in Med. is corrected from 'fata.' 26.] Animo hauri ;' so 10.648, “Animo spem turbidus hausit inanem." 27.] Veterum procorum, the Latin suitors who came before Aeneas, 7.54 foll. So "veteres coloni" E. 9. 4, those who came before the present possessor. 28.] For the oracle see 7. 96 foll. 'Divi,' through their portents 7. 58 foll, and also by oracles ib. 96 foll. 'Homines' Latinus' people, among whom the prophecy had spread 7. 103 foll. But it might refer to soothsayers interpreting omens (7.68, 79) as distinguished from gods giving oracles. Canebant' 2. 124 note. 29.] 'Cognato sanguine' because Venilia, mother of Turnus, was sister to Amata: see Heyne's Excursus 7 to Book 7. "Et consanguineo totiens data dextera Turno," says Amata 7. 366. دو 30.] Vincla omnia rupi: "et religionis et fidei" Serv. "Fas omne abrumpit 3.55. 26 30 35 10. 796, where the MSS. vary between 'prorupit' and 'proripuit.' The hiatus is like that in 1.16, "Posthabita coluisse Samo; hic illius arma:" comp. 10. 141, "Maeonia generose domo, ubi pinguia culta." "Impia' because taken up against a guest. The same words in 6. 612, 613, refer to civil bloodshed. Contrast "pia arma," Livy 8. 2, "Iustum est bellum, Samnites, quibus necessarium, et pia arma, quibus nulla nisi in armis relinquitur spes." So Latinus himself, 7. 595, " Ipsi has sacrilego pendetis sanguine poenas." 33.] Patiere' Med. originally, and so Rom. 'Patiare' is required by the sense and the construction. 34.] Bis,' in the battles of the tenth and of the eleventh book. Pugnae' Med. am. p. 35.] Ribbeck seems right in reading 'Thybrina' for 'Tiberina' from Med., Pal., Rom., and originally Gud., as the consensus in its favour is not easily explained; and the fact that no MSS. support the form in other passages shows that transcribers would be under no temptation to introduce it here. Recalent:' Wagn.'s explanation, "recalet flumen quod antea gelidum fuerat," seems better than Serv.'s "iterum calent, magna quod bis victi pugna." 36.] With 'ossibus albent' comp. 5. 865, "(scopulos...difficilis) multorumque ossibus albos" of the island of the Sirens. It is unnecessary (with Wagn.) to understand 'ossa' exclusively of bones burnt in the funerals. 37.] Refero' Rom. for 'referor.' 'Quo 31.] Erupi' Rom. for 'eripui: comp. referor,' &c. Why am I so often beaten Si Turno exstincto socios sum adscire paratus, 40 45 Quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optume, pro me Deponas, letumque sinas pro laude pacisci. back from side to side? Comp. Dido's words, 38.] Socios adscire:' SO "adscitis Aetolum in armis" 11.308. 'Accire,' the reading before Heins., is found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. 39.] 'Certamina tollo,' so "tollere pugnas," to stop the battle, Ciris 367. 40.] Dicit Rom. for 'dicet.' 41. Fors dicta refutet' is thrown in to avert the omen: comp. 2. 190, &c. 42.] With 'connubia nostra petentem' comp. "En, qui nostra sibi bello connubia poscunt" 9.600. 43.] "Ne eum ignaviae videatur arguere, admonet eum casuum: ut supra 'atque omnis metuentem expendere casus.' Serv. Res bello varias, fortune shifting in or through war: a refinement for "res belli varias," which is found in one copy. Priam speaks more plainly to Hector, II. 22. 39, ἵνα μὴ τάχα πότμον ἐπίσπῃς, Πηλείωνι δαμείς· ἐπειὴ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐστιν. 'Miserere parentis, &c., an adaptation of another passage in the same speech (v. 59), Πρὸς δ ̓ ἐμὲ τὸν δύστηνον ἔτι φρονέοντ ̓ ἐλέησον, Δύσμορον &c. 44.] Comp. 3. 383, (Italiam) "Longa procul longis via dividit invia terris." Forb. cites 1. 252, "Italis longe disiungimur oris." 'Longe' is an exaggeration as applied to the distance between Ardea and Laurentum; but it is intended to 50 enhance the forlorn state of Daunus. 45.] Haudquamquam' Rom., and so Pal. corrected. 'Dictis' emphatic. 'Violentia Turni,' see on 10. 151. 46.] Exsuperat' as of flames, 2. 759. 'Ardescitque tuendo' (from 1. 713), Med. giving aegrescit' in the margin. 'Medendo,' impers., by the act of healing: see Munro on Lucr. 1. 312, and note on E. 8. 71. 47.] From v. 47-93 is wanting in Pal. Incipit Med., as in v. 692 below: 'institit Pal., Rom., Gud., and Ribbeck's other MSS., though Gud. gives 'incipit'as a variant. 'Insistit' in the same sense, 4. 533 note. 48.] Curam geris pro me' like "pro me cepisse timorem" 6. 352, comp. by Gossrau, who also cites Livy, 26. 30, "Non tanta pro Aetolis cura erat." The first 'pro me' = " pro mea salute;" the second, "pro mea gloria" Serv. 49.] "Vitamque volunt pro laude pacisci" 5. 230 note, where this passage is explained. 50, 51.] Ἐπειὴ καὶ ἐμὸν βέλος ὀξὺ πάροιθεν says Hector to Achilles, Il. 20. 437. 'Spargimus:' comp. 8. 694, "Telisque volatile ferrum Spargitur." "Nostro volnere' like "venantum volnere" v. 5 above. 52.] "Longe abesse alicui" is a common expression: "longe esse alicui" seems to be partly founded on it, though in strictness of construction the dat. is probably ethical. It occurs Ov. Her. 12. 53, "Quam tibi tum longe regnum dotale Creusae, Et socer et magni nata Creontis erant!" 'Dea mater,' &c.: Il. 5. 311 foll., where |