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Innectitque comas, et membris lubricus errat.
Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno
Pertemptat sensus atque ossibus inplicat ignem,
Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam,
Mollius, et solito matrum de more, locuta est,
Multa super nata lacrimans Phrygiisque hymenaeis :
Exsulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris,
O genitor? nec te miseret gnataeque tuique?
Nec matris miseret, quam primo aquilone relinquet
Perfidus, alta petens abducta virgine, praedo ?
At non sic Phrygius penetrat Lacedaemona pastor

Heyne remarks that "torques" in the form
of serpents often appear in ancient art.
The 'taenia' was the end of the ribbon
forming the 'vitta,' which hung down in
serpentine undulations. 'Ingens coluber'
is the subject.

353.] Innectit comas,' as being changed into the 'vitta.'

354.] Prima pertemptat' &c. 'is but beginning to penetrate,' 'prima' being in sense adverbial. It is difficult to say whether 'udo veneno' is to be taken as a material abl. with 'lues,' or as an abl. of the mode or form with 'sublapsa' or 'pertemptat.' 'Udo' is another attempt to make the thing physically credible, the moist breath of the serpent being supposed to penetrate her frame.

355.] "Ossibus inplicet ignem " 1. 660

note.

356.] The 'animus' is the dweller in the 'pectus,' like the "anima" 11. 409. "Cuncto concepit pectore flammam" Catull. 62 (64). 92, comp. by Cerda. Rom. has 'concepit' here.

357.] Med. and originally Gud. omit 'est.'

358.] 'Natae' Med. &c., 'nata' Rom., Gud. corrected, and some others, including the Balliol MS. Pal. and the Vatican and Verona fragments are wanting. 'Nata' is the common reading. Wagn. restored 'natae,' and later editors have followed him. But 'natae Phrygiisque hymenaeis' for "natae Phrygisque hymenaeis" would be a little harsh, though not unexampled; and 'natae' may have arisen from 'gnatae' just below. Nata' would point to the personal peril of her daughter, 'Phrygiis hymenaeis' to the impolicy of a foreign alliance, both which motives are urged in Amata's speech. One or two MSS. have "natae Turnique hymenaeis" from v. 398

355

360

(comp. v. 344 above), which may further account for 'natae,' though of course it might be used to justify that reading.

359.] Exsulibus:' the pl. is contemptuous, and points the general objection to the alliance. 'Datur' closely with 'ducenda.' "Tibiducituruxor" E.8.29. Pier.says that some old MSS. have "Exsulibus ducenda datur Lavinia Teucris," which is the usual quantity. See however 1. 255, 270 &c.

360.] Wagn. restores 'gnatae' for 'natae' from Med., Rom. &c. See on 2. 663. She calls him 'genitor,' as she calls herself 'mater' v. 361.

361.] She looks upon Aeneas as a rover, who has no intention of settling, and treats the marriage as an abduction, like those at the beginning of Hdt. 1. Primo aquilone,' with the first fair wind. She expects him to be going southward, though it is perhaps better not to press the word.

362.] "Alta petens" 5. 508, G. 1. 142, in different senses. See on 10, 396,

363.] 'At non' Rom., Gud., 'an non' Med., which Ribbeck adopts. Sery. recognizes both. The same expression occurs 9. 144, where there is the same variety of reading, though the authority for 'at non' there is greater. Those who adopt 'at non' make the sentence here an ironical affirmation, there an interrogation: yet the two cases are obviously parallel. On the whole the interrogation seems best in both places, though it is not easy to decide. There is a passage in the Batrachomyomachia vv. 78 foll. which might be pleaded for making the sentence here affirmative: but there the mouse seems to say seriously that his passage on the frog's back is not so safe and pleasant as Europa's on the back of the bull. For 'at' in questions see Hand Turs. vol. 1. p. 438. Virg. thought of II. 3. 46 foll., where τοιόσδε ἐών answers to 'sic' here, though the sense is different.

Ledaeamque Helenam Troianas vexit ad urbes ?
Quid tua sancta fides? quid cura antiqua tuorum
Et consanguineo totiens data dextera Turno?
Si gener externa petitur de gente Latinis,
Idque sedet, Faunique premunt te iussa parentis,
Omnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris
Dissidet, externam reor, et sic dicere divos.
Et Turno, si prima domus repetatur origo,
Inachus Acrisiusque patres mediaeque Mycenae.
His ubi nequiquam dictis experta Latinum
Contra stare videt, penitusque in viscera lapsum
Serpentis furiale malum, totamque pererrat,

'Penetrat' has been supposed to be a con-
tracted form of "penetravit" (see on 5.
57), but it is merely the historic present.
'Penetrat' implies difficulty, which suits
Amata's feelings, as she wishes to show the
difference of the habits of the roving
Phrygian and those of the peaceful Latin:
it may also have a notion of secrecy and
stealth, G. 2. 504. "Phrygius pastor:"
comp. Hor. 1 Od. 15. 1. Forb. comp.
Bion 2. 10, ἅρπασε τὰν Ἑλέναν ποθ ̓ ὁ
βουκόλος.

364.] "Ledaeam Hermionen" 3. 328. Here the epithet may be meant to show that the bride was a stranger to the bridegroom, and so to contrast with 'Troianus.'

365.] Quid tua sancta fides' &c. The sense is obvious, 'what has become of your solemn pledge' &c., though it is difficult to say what is the exact ellipse. For similar, if not wholly parallel uses comp. 10. 672, G. 3. 258, 264. "Sed quid ais? quid nunc virgo? nempe apud te 'st?" Plaut. Trin. 1. 2. 156. Sancta' may be a participle, "quam sanxisti," as if it were "pacta fides." 'Antiqua,' an appeal to his past and so habitual conduct, as in 5. 688. One MS. has 'iura.'

،

366.] Consanguineo,' the kinsman, that is, of Amata, who was the sister of Turnus's mother Venilia (10. 76), according to a legend cited by Victor, Orig. Gent. Rom. 13, on the authority of Piso, and doubtless adopted by Virg. See Heyne Excursus 7 on this book. Virg. however may have meant to represent Turnus as the kinsman of Latinus through Pilumnus (10. 76, 619), who seems to have been connected with Saturn. "Data dextera" 4. 307. Latinus had doubtless promised Lavinia to Turnus before the portents mentioned vv. 58 foll.

365

370

375

367.] 'Latinis' seems better taken with Forb. "in commodum Latinorum" (Wagu. comp. 11. 472, "generumque adsciverit urbi") than with Peerlkamp "a Latinis." In either case we may comp. the pl. 'Teucris' v. 359, and note the intended contrast between 'externa' and 'Latinis,' as if the heir of a Latin throne ought not to be a stranger.

368.] Idque sedet:' comp. 2. 660., 4. 15., 5. 418, where it is followed by a dative of the person or by 'animo.' "Sedet by ferre iter inpavidum" Stat. Theb. 1. 324. Comp. "stat" 2.750.

369.] 'Libera' expresses independence, 'dissidet' separation. 'Dissidet' of physical separation, like "distat," only in the poets: see Freund.

370.] 'Sic dicere,' that such is their meaning. The first reading of Med. is 'poscere.'

371, 372.] Acrisius, the father of Danae (v. 410), was the fourth king of Argos, Inachus being the first. "Si prima repetens ab origine pergam" 1. 372. Mediaeque Mycenae,' the heart of Mycenae: he is a thorough Mycenian. "Non Maurus erat... mediis sed natus Athenis" Juv. 3.80. Virg. may have thought of Od. 1. 344, καθ' Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον "Άργος. From 'patres' of course we must supply the notion of a mother-city.

373-405.] Failing to persuade Latinus, the queen becomes furious, and carries her daughter into the woods in a feigned religious frenzy, bidding the Latian women join her in an orgie.'

373.] Dictis' seems to be instr. abl. with 'experta.' "Virtute experiamur" Enn. A. 6. fr. 13.

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Tum vero infelix, ingentibus excita monstris,
Inmensam sine more furit lymphata per urbem :
Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo,
Quem pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum
Intenti ludo exercent; ille actus habena
Curvatis fertur spatiis; stupet inscia supra
Inpubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum;
Dant animos plagae. Non cursu segnior illo
Per medias urbes agitur populosque ferocis.
Quin etiam in silvas, simulato numine Bacchi,

disease, Ov. 1 Pont. 4 (3). 18 (Forc.), so
here of poison. 'Furialis,' of the nature
of a Fury, recurs v. 415.

376.] Tum vero' after a previous clause 5. 720. "Tum vero infelix" 4. 450. 'Monstris,' phantasies. Comp. 3. 583, "inmania monstra Perferimus," the sights and sounds of Aetna, ib. 307, "magnis exterrita monstris," the sudden apparition of Aeneas to Andromache.

377.] Sine more,' wildly, breaking through all decency. Comp. 8. 635 and note on 5. 694. 'Inmensam' as applied to Laurentum is only a part of the general amplification, meaning little more than when it is said of Dido 4.68, "tota vagatur urbe furens." Thus we do not need Heyne's inmensum,' which Ribbeck adopts, or Burm.'s 'incensam,' ingenious as both are. Lymphatus' is explained by Varro L. L. 7. 87, "lymphata' dicta a 'lympha:' 'lympha' a 'nympha'... In Graecia commota mente quos 'nympholemptos' appellant ab eo 'lymphatos' dixerunt nostri."

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378.] Heyne thinks it certain that this simile is taken from some lost Greek poet, a singular way of vindicating Virg.'s taste at the expense of his originality. The 'turbo' or "turben" (top) was the Greek ῥόμβος οι βέμβιξ. Comp. Callim. Epigr. 1. 9, and also Tibull. 1. 5. 3, "Namque agor, ut per plana citus sola verbere turben Quem celer assueta versat ab arte puer." Torto verbere, G. 3. 106 note. Quondam, G. 4. 261 note.

379.] Magno,' 'vacua atria,' 'intenti ludo exercent' all denote the frenzy and wideness of Amata's wanderings. 'Atria' also suggests patrician boys, and lends dignity to the simile. "Vacua atria"

2.528.

380.] Exercere aliquem' without a modal abl. or other case G. 1. 210. Habena' of a thong 9.587: specially of a lash Hor. 2 Ep. 2. 15. Rom. has 'habenis.'

380

385

381.] We may take 'spatiis' either as the circles on the ground (as it were a circular race-course, 'spatia') or of the motion of the top. Comp. G. 2. 541 note.

Supra,' as Heins. says, denotes the bending of the ring of boys in wonderment over the top. The reading before his time, 'turba,' does not appear in any of Ribbeck's MSS. 'Inscia' goes closely with 'stupet,' but is nevertheless coupled with 'inpubes:' see on 2. 86.

382.]Buxum,' of a top, Pers. 3. 51, perhaps in imitation of Virg. Comp. the use of "aurum," "ebur," &c.

383.] Dryden supposed the subject of 'dant' to be 'pueri,' 'plagae' being dat. sing., "And lend their little souls at every stroke;" but Trapp properly corrected him, pointing out that 'plagae' is nom. pl. It may still be questioned whether the meaning is that the lashes give life to the top, or that the exercise of whipping inspirits the boys and makes them go on. 'Illo' may be 'turbine,' 'cursu segnior' like "segnior ubere " G. 2. 275; or 'cursu illo' may = "illius cursu," as in the instances mentioned on 2. 171. 8. 414 is perhaps slightly in favour of the latter.

384.] "Populosque ferocis" 1. 263, also of the nations of Italy. Here the epithet seems to point partly to the insensibility of Amata, who braves insult, partly to the contagion which her fury is likely to spread among the Latins.

385.] This description of Bacchic orgies and frenzy is altogether Greek, and suggested by some Greek work, such as the Bacchae of Euripides. The Bacchanalia were introduced into Rome from Southern Italy through Etruria, but their celebration leading to dreadful excesses, they were suppressed throughout Italy by a decree of the Senate B.C. 186. See Livy 39.8 foll. Perhaps Virg.'s 'nefas' may be a touch of Roman feeling. Comp. 4. 301 foll., where Dido is compared to a Bac

Maius adorta nefas maioremque orsa furorem,
Evolat, et natam frondosis montibus abdit,
Quo thalamum eripiat Teucris taedasque moretur,
Euoe Bacche, fremens, solum te virgine dignum
Vociferans: etenim mollis tibi sumere thyrsos,
Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem.
Fama volat, furiisque accensas pectore matres
Idem omnis simul ardor agit, nova quaerere tecta.
Deseruere domos, ventis dant colla comasque;
Ast aliae tremulis ululatibus aethera conplent,
Pampineasque gerunt incinctae pellibus hastas.

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chant. Med. a m. p. and one of Ribbeck's cursives originally have in silvis. Rom. and some others have nomine,' which might stand; but numine' is better. Serv. thinks simulato' means delusion, not conscious pretence, appealing to v. 405 below: but Virg. doubtless means that the pretended enthusiasm eventually took real hold on her. Ov. M. 6. 594 (of Procne) is, as usual, more explicit, "furiisque agitata doloris, Bacche, tuas simulat."

386.] Rom. reads 'exorsa' unmetrically (according to Ribbeck: Pierius reports maiorem exorsa'). Schrader conj.

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387.] Frondosus' of mountains 5. 252, G. 1. 282.

388.] Schrader wished to read 'taedasve,' but such exactness would be rather out of place here.

390

395

1150, Про‡ávnе' & Naglais σaîs dua repiπόλοις Θυίαισιν, αἳ σε μαινόμεναι πάννυχοι Xopevovσi тdy тaμíav "Iakxov. Also Hor. 2 Od. 19., where "carmina docentem" means teaching the chorus, as a choragus. So "lustrare choreis" 10. 224, Prop. 3. 1. 1. For sacrum tibi pascere crinem' comp. Eur. Bacch. 494, 'Iepds d #λókaμos, tê dew d'avтòν тρéx. Pascere' for "nutrire" or "alere" Hor. 2 S. 3. 35, "pascere

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barbam."

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394.] Deseruere,' implying the instantaneousness of the action. Comp. G. 1. 330. Ventis dant colla comasque,' they let their hair flow unconfined about their necks. See v. 403, and comp. 1. 319, "dederatque comam diffundere ventis." For the custom of unbinding the hair in religious enthusiasm see 3. 370.

390.Mollis,' from the conical bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, in which the thyrsus ended. Dict. A. Thyrsus.' So E. 5. 31, "foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas." Or 'mollis' may itself be i. q. "lentus." Amata's words in oratione recta would be: "Tu solus virgine dignus; etenim tibi mollis sumit thyrsos." She represents her daughter in the act of devoting herself to Bacchus.

391.] Choros' seems to be the reading of the bulk of MSS., including Rom. and Gud., the latter of which originally had 'chorus.' "Choro' is the first reading of Med., 's' having been afterwards added, and of some others, including Canon. Heyne restored choro,' and his successors have followed him. The error arose from the first letter of the next word (see on G. 2. 219) and was perpetuated by those who did not understand the construction. Te lustrare choro,' Bacchus being the choragus, and the Bacchants dancing round him. Soph. Ant.

395.]Ast aliae,' &c. This seems to be the height of the Bacchic frenzy, and so distinguished from what precedes. But he may merely be imitating Catull. 62 (64). 256 foll., where the actions of the Bacchants are similarly distributed. Rib. beck transposes this and the next verse, after Peerlkamp, who wishes also to read

illae' from a correction in Med., distinguishing illae' from 'ipsa.' 'Tremulis,' as if under the influence of wine; they have no command of their voices.

396.]Pampineas hastas:' comp. Ov. M. 3. 667, " Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam." Bacchus was said to have converted the thyrsi into dangerous weapons by concealing an iron point in the

Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum.
Sustinet, ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos,
Sanguineam torquens aciem, torvumque repente
Clamat: Io matres, audite, ubi quaeque, Latinae:
Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae
Gratia, si iuris materni cura remordet,
Solvite crinalis vittas, capite orgia mecum.
Talem inter silvas, inter deserta ferarum,
Reginam Allecto stimulis agit undique Bacchi.

Postquam visa satis primos acuisse furores,
Consiliumque omnemque domum vertisse Latini,

Protinus hinc fuscis tristis dea tollitur alis
Audacis Rutuli ad muros, quam dicitur urbem
Acrisioneis Danae fundasse colonis,

conical head of leaves. So Catull. 1. c.
"tecta quatiebant cuspide thyrsos." But
'hastas need only be spearlike wands:
Θύρσον τε δοὺς εἰς χεῖρα, κίσσινον βέλος
Eur. Bacchae 25. 6 Pellibus' are the
skins of fawns, veßpides, which the Bac-
chants wore.

397.] Soph. Ant. 1126, è d'èp διλόφοιο πέτρας στέροψ όπωπε Λιγνύς. The torch however in the hand of Amata has a further reference to 'natae Turnique bymenaeos.' "Inter medias" 5. 618. "Atque manum pinu flagranti fervidus inplet" (of Turnus) 9. 72.

398.] Comp. for the rhythm Catull. 62 (64). 20, "Tum Thetis humanos non despexit hymenaeos."

399.] "Sanguineam volvens aciem " 4. 643. Torvum' transferred to sound, as in the well-known line Pers. 1.99, "Torva Mimalloneis inplerunt cornua bombis." Appul. Flor. 3 p. 357 has "vox humana tuba rudore torvior."

400.]"Ubicunque" was the old reading. Heins. restored 'ubi quaeque' on the authority of the MSS. (all Ribbeck's) and Priscian p. 1060. Ubi quaeque' = "omnes, ubicunque estis," 80 kkáστη.

401.] Piis of natural feeling, here probably that between mother and child. "Per si quis Amatae Tangit honos animum " 12. 56.

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400

405

410

49, "cape, Roma, triumphum." Schrader conj. 'quatite.'

404.] "In silvis inter deserta ferarum" 3. 646, where " lustra” is added.

405.]'Stimulis undique Bacchi,'with the stimulants of Bacchus (a Bacchic fury) acting on her from every side. With undique' comp. Hor. 2 S. 3. 223, "Hunc circumtonuit gaudens Bellona cruentis."

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406-434.] Allecto then visits Turnus, under the form of an old priestess, and bids him make war on the Trojans and, if necessary, on Latinus.'

406.] It does not seem quite clear whether Allecto actually pursues Amata in her wanderings and orgies, as 'agit' in the last line would seem to imply, or whether she merely poisons her mind and then leaves the venom to work, passing on to Turnus, which would accord better with 'primos.' "Acuunt iras" 9. 464.

407.] Latinus was still in Aeneas' favour: but Allecto had really changed his purpose, by sowing the seeds of discord that would frustrate it.

408.] "Fuscis alis" 8. 369. The Fury has wings, as in 12. 848. So Eur. Orest. 317, dрoμádes & πтероpóроι, comp. by Cerda. The conception is later than Aeschylus. "Tristis Erinys" 2. 337.

409.] The epithet audax' is again applied to Turnus, 9. 3, 126. Tollitur alis ad' like "volat ad.”

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410.] The adj. Acrisioneus' (from 'Akpolwv, another form of 'Akplatos) is found in Ovid. M. 5. 239, so that Serv. is wrong in making Acrisioneis' a fem. patronymic agreeing with Danae, and Heins. in proposing Acrisionaeis,' from

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