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Iamque adeo rutilum thoraca indutus aenis
Horrebat squamis, surasque incluserat auro,
Tempora nudus adhuc, laterique accinxerat ensem,
Fulgebatque alta decurrens aureus arce,
Exsultatque animis, et spe iam praecipit hostem :
Qualis ubi abruptis fugit praesepia vinclis
Tandem liber equus, campoque potitus aperto,
Aut ille in pastus armentaque tendit equarum,
Aut adsuetus aquae perfundi flumine noto

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487.] Iamque adeo' 5. 268. It is difficult to decide between Rutulum' and 'rutilum,' the latter of which is found in Rom. and originally in one of Ribbeck's cursives, as well as in the MSS. of Macrob. 1. c. and 6. 7, and Gell. 2. 6. 22. On the one hand Rutulus,' as Wagn. remarks, is constantly spelt 'Rutilus' in MSS. (even by Rom. in 7. 472): on the other, nothing is known of Rutulian breastplates (unless we suppose the thorax' to be called so simply as worn by Turnus: comp. 9. 521 note), while "rutilare arma" is found 8. 529, "rutilis squamis" G. 4. 93, and the cuirass of Aeneas, as Gossrau remarks, is called "sanguinea" 8. 622, and compared to a sun-lit cloud. Val. F. 7. 620, cited by Forb., has "rutilum thoraca," which at any rate seems to show how he understood Virg. The nearest parallel in Hom. seems to be II. 16. 134, where Patroclus puts on the breastplate ποικίλον, ἀστερόεντα, ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο. On the whole it seems best to read rutilum' with Wakef., Gossrau, and Ribbeck, as the bright appearance of Turnus is put forward prominently by Virg. Wakef. also preferred inductus,' which is found in some MSS., but none of Ribbeck's. Lersch § 30 distinguishes the "lorica" of chain or quilted mail from the thorax' of solid metal, supposing the mention of the latter here to be an inaccuracy for variety's sake. The arming of Turnus may be imitated from Hom. (e. g. 3. 330 foll., 11. 15 foll.) but the resemblance is of the most general kind.

488.] "Suras incluserat auro" 12. 430. 489.] "Laterique Argivum adcommodat

ensem

2. 393.

490.] Turnus comes down from the citadel (where, as Serv. suggests, he may possibly have been with Amata and Lavinia) to the plain, like Paris Il. 6. 512. "Summa decurrit ab arce" 2. 41. Fulgebat aureus,' as Wagn. remarks, only means that he shone like gold (comp. G.

490

495

4. 370, "saxosusque sonans Hypanis "). It may conceivably have been suggested by Hom. 1. c. TeÚXEσi Taμpaívæv wσт' hλÉKτωρ ἐβεβήκει, ἠλέκτωρ being associated with λEKTρov.

491.] "Omnia praecepi " 6. 105.

492. Closely rendered from the wellknown simile Il. 6. 506 foll. Pope thinks the comparison more applicable to Paris, Heyne to Turnus. Enn. A. inc. fr. 51, quoted by Macrob. Sat. 6. 3, had already rendered Hom.'s lines as follows: "Et tum, sicut equus, qui de praesepibus

actus

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There is a short simile of the same kind about a war-horse Apoll. R. 3. 1259 foll.

493.] It seems better to restore the comma placed after 'aperto' by Heyne and omitted by Wagn., so as to make

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potitus' a finite verb, and v. 494 the apodosis. The pleonastic use of 'ille' seems generally to belong to cases where it is subjoined to the finite verb, not where it introduces it (in G. 2. 435 "illae" is probably emphatic, as we should say 'even they '): Hom. throws the mention of the mares to the end of the sentence, and his elpoμévn λégis can hardly be pleaded as an authority for any particular mode of punctuation in Virg. Some MSS. (none of Ribbeck's) have 'potitur.'

494.] Pastus armentaque equarum' is apparently v dià dvoir, a translation of 0eа кal voμdv læπwv.

495.] Virg. apparently means,, having bathed, as is his wont, in the well-known stream,' which he would not have done

Emicat, arrectisque fremit cervicibus alte
Luxurians, luduntque iubae per colla, per armos.
Obvia cui, Volscorum acie comitante, Camilla
Occurrit, portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis
Desiluit, quam tota cohors imitata relictis
Ad terram defluxit equis; tum talia fatur :
Turne, sui merito si qua est fiducia forti,
Audeo et Aeneadum promitto occurrere turmae
Solaque Tyrrhenos equites ire obvia contra.
Me sine prima manu temptare pericula belli :
Tu pedes ad muros subsiste, et moenia serva.
Turnus ad haec, oculos horrenda in virgine fixus:
O decus Italiae virgo, quas dicere grates,
Quasve referre parem? sed nunc, est omnia quando

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496.] ὑψοῦ κάρη ἔχει.

499.] Serv. says, "Quattuor erant apud Romanos quae ad honorificentiam pertinebant, equo desilire, caput aperire, via decedere, adsurgere: hoc etiam praecones magistratus praeeuntes clamare dicebantur." 'Regina' points the contrast, and so intensifies the honour: it also seems to mean that as queen she set the example which the others followed.

501.] Defluxit' seems to denote ease and grace in alighting. The other instances quoted of the word, including that from Furius in Macrob. Sat. 6. 4, all have to do with persons falling to the ground involuntarily, and so are more germane to v. 828 below, "Ad terram non sponte fluens." Pal. and originally Gud. seem to repeat 'desiluit' from the former verse.

502.]If the brave may justly feel confidence in themselves.' Not unlike Il. 10. 220, Νέστορ, ἔμ' ὀτρύνει κραδίη καὶ θυμὸς ȧyńvwp. Il. 13. 73 foll., which the commentators comp., has no great resemblance.

503.] Audeo' as well as 'promitto' with occurrere.' Promitto' with pres. inf. occurs repeatedly in Plautus: see Forc. So 4. 487, where however 'se' is expressed. Turmae' in its strict sense. Camilla undertakes to engage the whole army but the cavalry would naturally

VOL. III.

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505.] Prima' she wishes to encounter the enemy before they reach the city. Manu' pleonastic, as in G. 3. 32 &c. 506.] Pedes,' "cum peditibus," Forb. "Servare muros 9. 43, 161.

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507.] Med. and one of Ribbeck's cursives originally had 'fixis,' whence Heins. conj. ' oculis-fixis.' Fixit,' the reading of one or two MSS., found its way into one or two of the early editions. virgine' like "in Turno" 10. 446.

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508.] Decus' as an address, 9. 18., 12. 142. Wagn. argues for the omission of a comma after 'virgo,' on the ground that Virg. does not mean to say "O decus Italiae, quae es virgo," but "O virgo, quae es decus Italiae :” but this seems refining. Dicere' refers to the expression of gratitude, referre,' like "persolvere' 1. 600., 2. 537, to its exhibition in act. 509.] Nunc,' as things are, as in 10. 630 &c. Esse supra' like "ire supra 12. 839. Supra omnia' is rightly explained by Serv. "supra omnis grates et supra omne praemium." Heyne's "supra pericula, fortunae casus et sic porro" is less natural.

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Iste animus supra, mecum partire laborem.
Aeneas, ut fama fidem missique reportant
Exploratores, equitum levia inprobus arma
Praemisit, quaterent campos; ipse ardua montis
Per deserta iugo superans adventat ad urbem.
Furta paro belli convexo in tramite silvae,
Ut bivias armato obsidam milite fauces.
Tu Tyrrhenum equitem collatis excipe signis;
Tecum acer Messapus erit, turmaeque Latinae,
Tiburtique manus; ducis et tu concipe curam.
Sic ait, et paribus Messapum in proelia dictis
Hortatur sociosque duces, et pergit in hostem.

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513.] Praemisit' implies an order, and so is followed by an oratio obliqua. Comp. 1. 645, where the distinction attempted in the note is nugatory, the two constructions being really the same. Quaterent campos' from Lucr. 2. 330, "equites. ... Tramittunt valido quatientes impete campos." 'Ipse' &c.: the construction, as Wagn., following Donatus, has pointed out, is "per deserta montis ardua ad urbem adventat, iugo ea superans," not, as Gossrau thinks, " superans ardua montis, per deserta iugo (= de iugo) adventat." "Parnasi deserta per ardua" G. 3. 291, where as here it may be doubted which is the substantive, which the epithet. Ardua montis' 8. 221.

514.] Iugo' seems a sort of instrumental abl., i. q. "iugo ascenso," though it might possibly be local. Virg. doubt less wished to avoid the more ordinary expression "iugum superans." Properans' was found in some copies by Pierius, who mentions Rom. among them; but this last Ribbeck seems to deny. In urbem' is also mentioned by Pierius as a

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510

515

520

variant, but it is found in none of Ribbeck's MSS.

515.] Furta' of secret operations in war 9. 350., 10. 735. Serv. quotes a fragm. of Sall. Hist. 1 (given more fully by Non. p. 310), "gens ad furta belli peridonea." The path is called 'convexus because lying along the sloping sides of a glen. "Convexo nemorum "" 1. 310.

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516.] Ut' seems to mark the consequence or development of the action denoted by furta paro,' rather than an intention: but the distinction in such cases is apt to be evanescent. Bivias fauces,' because the passage through the defile is a thoroughfare, like "bivio portae " 9. 238, where as here the word has no special relevancy to the context. But it is possible that the first part of the compound may be the important one, the meaning being that soldiers will be planted on each side of the defile. 'Armato milite' 2. 20.

517.] Equitem' sing. 10. 239. Collatis excipe signis' i. q. "excipe et signa confer," meet them and engage them.

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519.] Tiburti' Rom., Med. and Pal. corrected, Tiburni' Med. and Pal. originally. The former is supported by all Ribbeck's MSS. in 7. 671, and by "Tiburtia moenia" ib. 670. Tiburtus was the king of the place: his brothers Catillus and Coras led the troops: see 7. 1. c. 'Ducis et tu concipe curam :''et,' as Serv. rightly says, does not mean as well as Messapus &c., but as well as Turnus himself, the point of his speech being that she is to share his business. Concipere' however cannot mean, as Serv. thinks, to share, "mecum cape," but must mean to assume. Some copies point after 'ducis,' wrongly.

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521.] Socios' relatively to himself, not

Est curvo anfractu valles, adcommoda fraudi
Armorumque dolis, quam densis frondibus atrum
Urguet utrimque latus, tenuis quo semita ducit
Angustaeque ferunt fauces aditusque maligni.
Hanc super in speculis summoque in vertice montis
Planities ignota iacet, tutique recessus,
Seu dextra laevaque velis occurrere pugnae,
Sive instare iugis et grandia volvere saxa.
Huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum,
Arripuitque locum et silvis insedit iniquis.
Velocem interea superis in sedibus Opim,

to Messapus, the meaning being 'Mes-
sapus and the other confederate leaders,'
i. e. Catillus and Coras.

522.] 'Valles' is a collateral form of 'vallis (comp. "aedis" and "aedes," "felis" and "feles," "vulpis " and "vulpes") recognized by Serv. and by Prob. Cathol. p. 1470 P, though there seems some doubt about the text of the latter, but found only here and 7. 565. Vallis,' the reading before Heins., is the original reading of one of Ribbeck's cursives. 'Anfractus' seems to mean a curve of any kind: see Forc., who quotes Varro L. L. 7. 15 Müller, where "in anfracto plained "in flexu." Here accordingly we are to think of a winding glen. Adcommodus' is a rare word, perhaps confined to poetry.

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523.] Densis' &c., nearly repeated from 7.565.

524.] Qua,' the reading before Heins., is mentioned as a variant by Serv., but found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. In any case Virg. would seem to be speaking of the valley itself rather than of the road to it; but the two are easily identified.

525.] Maligni' i. q. "angusti:" see instances in Forc. Comp. the use of “iniquus "of space. Serv. interprets it "obscuri," from a misunderstanding of 6. 270. 526.] There is a table-land at the top of the hills on each side (dextra laevaque' v. 528) overlooking the valley. 'Specula' of the top of a mountain E. 8. 60 note. Perhaps the plural indicates the two hills between which the valley runs. For 'in,' which Rom. omits, Pal. and originally Gud. give 'e.'

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530

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Rom., Med. corrected. Serv. reads 'receptus,' mentioning, according to some copies of his commentary, recessus as an inferior variant, though the Dresden MS., as cited by Wagn., seems to reverse the readings. Wagn. restored 'recessus' as the more appropriate word, 'receptus' meaning a place of refuge and rallying for an army, not a retreat in general: and on the whole it seems safest to follow him as against Ribbeck, in spite of the preponderance of MS. authority, as Virg. is hardly likely to have used a technical military term in an improper sense when an unobjectionable word was ready to his hands. The words are repeatedly confounded in MSS. (see Forc.), so that external considerations are of less value.

528.] The meaning seems to be that if you choose to give battle to an advancing enemy, you can do so with advantage on the table-ground on the top of these heights.

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529.] Instare iugis' is simply to stand on the heights, as Wagn. takes it, as if Virg. had written "sive velis, instans iugis, volvere saxa." Volvere saxa of rolling heavy stones from above 9. 512.

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530.] Nota regione viarum' 2.737 note. 531.] Arripuit' 9. 13. 'Iniquis,' referring to the narrow pass, as in 5. 203. Insidere' is a milita. term for occupying a place (see Forc.), the gh it generally has an acc.

532-596.] Diana tells Jpis, one of her nymphs, the history of Camilla, who had been brought up by her father, the exiled tyrant of Privernum, in the woods, and had led the life of a virgin huntress ; bidding Opis to keep her eye upon her, and avenge her if she should fall."

532.] Serv. complains of the transition marked by interea' as abrupt, and Heyne agrees with him, observing that this word is used elsewhere to introduce

Unam ex virginibus sociis sacraque caterva,
Compellabat et has tristis Latonia voces

Ore dabat: Graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla,
O virgo, et nostris nequiquam cingitur armis,

Cara mihi ante alias. Neque enim novus iste Dianae
Venit amor, subitaque animum dulcedine movit.
Pulsus ob invidiam regno virisque superbas
Priverno antiqua Metabus cum excederet urbe,
Infantem fugiens media inter proelia belli

conversations of the gods (10. 1, 606),
and that we might have expected some-
thing more appropriate. It is inartificial,
doubtless, but it is difficult to see why
it should be blamed on that score, unless
we are prepared to condemn the whole
framework of the epic narrative, as Virg.
took it from Hom. Here we may well
suppose that the conversation took place
while Turnus was discoursing with Ca-
milla, or when the two were taking up
their respective military positions. Opis'
(Ounis) was one of the names of Artemis
herself (Callim. Hymn to Artemis 204,
240), but appears elsewhere as the name
of a Hyperborean maiden who brought
offerings to Delos, and remained there
with the goddess (Callim. on Delos 292).
As Heyne observes, it is remarkable
that she is represented here as being on
Olympus with Diana, whose nymphs would
naturally be confined to the woods.
Velocem,' as Arethusa, a wood-nymph,
is called "velox" G. 4. 344.

533.] Sociis' is doubtless adj., though it might possibly be subst. Rom. has 'virginibus sacris sociaque caterva.'

534.] Tristi' Rom., which Heins. adopted. There is still a doubt whether 'tristis' is nom. sing. or acc. pl. Jahn prefers the former, Heyne the latter, which is supported by Serv. Heyne comp. "haec tristia dicta 2. 115. Latonia' of Diana, like "Saturnia" of Juno, 9. 405.

536.] Serv. mentions that some strangely thought O virgo' referred to Camilla. 'Nostris,' mine and yours, being armed as a huntress, vv. 652, 844 below. Cingitur' middle.

537.1"Felix una ante alias" 3. 321. The narrative that follows, down to v. 584, is supposed by Heinrich and Peerl kamp to have been inserted after the completion of the poem. The latter thinks that it was intended to come at the end of Book 7, but that Tucca and Varius placed

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it here. It is of course true that it is calculated to interest the reader rather than Opis, who can hardly have been ignorant of the facts; but this is the fault of the poet, and might easily be paralleled from other passages in epic narrative, where such things are difficult to avoid. Gossrau remarks that the ancients not unfrequently forgot themselves in their narrative speeches, which only resemble speeches in the beginning and end, just as many modern letters only resemble letters in the superscription and subscription. The use of Dianae' here, and Diana' v. 582, is perhaps part of this self-forgetfulness, though there is some rhetorical force in each: comp. 2. 79., 3. 380, 433. 'Dianae' dative. Iste' may perhaps in passages like this have a reference to the person or persons spoken to: 'that love, you must know:' comp. 9. 138, "nec solos tangit Atridas Iste dolor," where the note suggests other possibilities. It is explained by Wagn. Q. V. 19. 2, "quo me illi conciliatam sentis."

538.] Venire' of the accession of feelings v. 733 below, G. 1. 37. Here it harmonizes with 'novus and subita.' Med. originally had 'subito.'

539.] Invidiam' is explained by 'viris superbas,' the former being occasioned by the latter. 'Superbus' of tyranny 8. 118 note. "Pulsus ob invidiam solio sceptrisque paternis" of Mezentius 10. 852.

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540.] Privernum' Dict. G. Of Metabus' Serv. says, "Nomen sumptum de historia: Metabus enim fuit dux Graeci agminis, qui iuxta Hadriaticum mare urbem Metapontum condidit:" see Strabo 6. 1. p. 265.

541.] Like Mezentius, Metabus, though a tyrant, has the feelings of a father. Fugiens media inter proelia' seems to mean in the hurry of flight from battle; though inter proelia' might explain how he came to escape, like "inter caedem confugere" 8. 492.

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