Haec omnis regio et celsi plaga pinea montis = For pascunt' (which "ut pascuis utuntur") comp. an inscription in the Berlin Corpus Inscriptionum, vol. i. No. 199, 1. 40, "Prata quae fuerint proxuma faenisecei quem quisque eorum agrum posidebit, invitis eis niquis sicet nive pascat nive fruatur." Forc. quotes a passage from Martial (10. 58. 9), "Dura suburbani dum iugera pascimus agri," which he understands of cultivating the land under difficulty, so that the cultivator rather maintains it than is maintained by it. But though the meaning would not be unsuitable, the expression is too recondite for a passage like this, and it may be said that horum asperrima' prepares us for some operation distinct from ploughing. To take asperrima' as nom. would be possible, but not likely. Rom. has the two first letters of' pascunt' written over an erasure. 320.] Et celsi plaga pinea montis,' as we should say, including the mountain ridge and its pines. Plaga montis' seems i. q. "plaga montana," the mountain district, though it would be possible to take 'plaga pinea' of the belt of pines, like "olearum caerula plaga" Lucr. 5. 1374. " 321.] Cedat amicitiae Teucrorum ' seems to include " cedat Teucris ut amicis' and "cedat Teucris ut amici fiant." "Pacis dicere leges" 12. 112, where as here dicere' is rather to propose than to prescribe. Aequas' is explained by the next clause. 322.] "Paribusque in regna vocari Auspiciis" 7. 256. Comp. 4. 214, "dominum Aenean in regna recepit." Socios' partners, not allies. "Urbe, domo socias" 1. 600. 323.] "Si tantus amor" 6. 133: comp. 7. 263. Here it seems to mean little more than if they think it worth while.' For the lengthening of the last syllable of 'amor' see Excursus on Book 12. VOL. III 320 325 324.] Capessere' 4. 346. Gentem' is coupled with finis' by a kind of zeugma, standing, as Wagn. remarks, for "terram gentis." Pal., Gud., and one or two other cursives have 'aliamve.' 325.] Est animus' with inf. 4. 639. See on G. 1. 213. Heyne read poscunt' from two MSS. (none of Ribbeck's), thinking 'possunt' weak. The latter however is appropriate enough, if they can possibly depart,' Latinus thinking of their coming as fated, though he had chosen just before to speak of the question as depending on their own will-a natural want of explicitness in addressing an assembly of which Turnus is one, as Serv. remarks. 326.] In that case let us help their departure by building them ships. There is no reason for supposing with Serv. that Latinus knew twenty to have been the original number of Aeneas' fleet (1. 381): but Virg. doubtless intended to make the numbers correspond, though we are told 5. 713 that the crews of the missing ships were to be left behind in Sicily. "Roboribus textis" 2. 186 of building the horse. See note on ib. 16, and comp. ib. 112. Serv. quotes from Enn. A. inc. 19, “Idem campus habet textrinum navibu' longis:" comp. ib. Alex. fr. 8 Vahlen, " Iamque mari magno classis cita Texitur." 327.] Conplere' is a naval term: Caes. B. C. 1. 56., 2. 4. Comp. πλhрwμа. Iacet,' is already hewn. 328.] Materies,' wood for building: see Forc. Modum,' the limit of size, G. 3. 54. 329.]Aera' for beaks and other parts of the ship. Peerlkamp comp. Curt. 10. 1. 19, "Materia in Libano monte caesa... ingentium carinas navium ponere . . . Cypriorum regibus inperatum ut aes stuppamque et vela praeberent." "Manus' artifices," Serv. Perhaps the nearest parallel is 1. 592, "Quale manus addunt Z Praeterea, qui dicta ferant et foedera firment, Tum Drances, idem infensus, quem gloria Turni Obliqua invidia stimulisque agitabat amaris, Largus opum, et lingua melior, sed frigida bello ebori decus." 'Navalia' hardly decks, as in 4. 593; more probably, according to Serv.'s first explanation, "res navales, i. e. pix, cera, funes, vela et alia huiusmodi." There seems a similar use in Livy 45. 23, "Navalibus, armis, iuventute nostra ... ad omnia paratos fore." 330.] Firment' seems to mean little more than "faciant." 331.] With this and the next line comp. 7. 153, 154. Prima de gente' i.q. "primis de gentibus," Heyne, as we should say, of the first rank. See Wagn. Q. V. 28. 2. b. Some inferior MSS. have 'Latini,' badly. 332.] "Praetendere ramos" 8. 128. 333.] The natural meaning would seem to be a talent's weight of gold, and the same of ivory, which, as Serv. remarks, was sold by weight. See on 5. 112. The 'sella' however mentioned in the next line is doubtless the "sella curulis;" and this led Pierius and others to suppose that 'eboris' really belonged to 'sellam,' the words being arranged according to the figure chiasmus. But such a collocation would be rather Ovidian than Virgilian; and gold and ivory are classed together as presents 3. 464, though the ivory there is cut or carved. The reading before Heins. was eborisque aurique,' found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. Med. a m. p. has 'eboris talentaque.' 334.] Trabeam' 7. 188. For instances where the Romans sent the purple robe and the ivory chair to kings whom they wished to honour, Lersch § 7 refers to Livy 27. 4, where Syphax and Ptolemy are thus distinguished. 335.] Serv. explains in medium' as "in commune," for the common good, comparing G.1.127: see Forc. But it may be doubted whether it is not rather to be taken openly,' like "venire" or "procedere in medium," for which also see Forc. "Fessis rebus" 3. 145: comp. 330 335 G. 4. 449 note. Pal. and originally Gud. have 'vestris.' 336-375.] Drances delivers a violent invective against Turnus, declaring his pretensions to be the cause of all, bidding him abandon them or support them in single combat, and urging Latinus to offer his daughter to Aeneas.' 336.] Drances, as Heyne remarks, is a more respectable Thersites. Perhaps we may say that he is a compound of Thersites and Polydamas, with the latter of whom Ursinus parallels him. (See Introduction to this book.) Some thought that Virg. had Cicero in his mind, Turnus being Antony; which may be so far true that Drances, like Cicero and Demosthenes both, is better at speaking than at fighting. We are rather reminded of the part played by Hanno against Hannibal in Livy 21 and 23. Macrob. Sat. 5. 2 thinks that Virg. imitated the altercation between Agamemnon and Achilles, which is less likely. "Idem' videlicet qui supra apud Aeneam egerat," Serv. rightly. Wagn.'s attempt to understand it "et infensus et largus opum" is very unnatural. Peerlkamp rather ingeniously conj. ‘pridem.' Comp. generally v. 122 above. 337.] Obliquus' is a common epithet for invidious or slanderous language (see Forc.), the notion apparently being that of indirect or side attack, which is virtually the same as that of the askant look of the evil eye. Flor. 4. 2 has "adversus potentis semper obliquus." Invidia' and 'stimulis' form a sort of av dià dvoîv. Amarus,' like “acerbus," transferred from pungency of taste to pungency of other sorts. 338.] "Largus opum' abundans opibus, dives; non qui multa donaret," Serv. No authority however is quoted for the use of largus' with gen. in this sense: and it seems more likely that Drances is represented as gaining political influence Dextera, consiliis habitus non futilis auctor, Seditione potens: genus huic materna superbum Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat; Surgit, et his onerat dictis atque aggerat iras: Rem nulli obscuram, nostrae nec vocis egentem, Consulis, o bone rex; cuncti se scire fatentur, Quid fortuna ferat populi; sed dicere mussant. by a lavish use of his wealth, like Lucan's description of Pompey (1. 131), "famaeque petitor Multa dare in volgus," which follows immediately on "longoque togae tranquillior usu Dedidicit iam pace ducem." 'Lingua melior' like "Missilibus melior sagittis " Hor. 3 Od. 6. 16, where however 'melior' seems to indicate superiority to another party named, not, as here and in 5. 68, general superiority. 'A^^' 8 μèv ἂρ μύθοισιν, ὁ δ ̓ ἔγχεϊ πολλὸν ἐνίκα, Il. 18. 252 (of Polydamas and Hector respectively). Serv. from an obscure and perhaps interpolated comment seems to have read linguae,' which is supported by the original reading of Pal. Cunningham quotes "fati melior" from Frigida bello dextera' like "invictaque bello dextera" 6. 878, though here bello' may be dat. i. q. "in bellum." Virg. has chosen for the sake of variety to speak of the hand as the part affected by the chill of the blood. Dextera' is doubt less in apposition to Drances himself, like "iuvenes, fortissima frustra Pectora" 2. 348, though it might conceivably be a change of construction: in which latter view we might comp. 5. 153, "melior remis, sed pondere pinus Tarda tenet:" ib. 754, "Exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus." Sil. 5. 333. " 339.] "Futile vas quoddam est lato ore, fundo angusto, quo utebantur in sacris Vestae, quia aqua ad sacra Vestae hausta in terra non ponitur: quod si fiat, piaculum est. Unde excogitatum est vas quod stare non posset, sed positum statim effunderetur. Unde et homo commissa non retinens futilis dicitur: contra non futilis, bonus in consiliis, non inanis," Serv. The comparative rarity of the word has apparently given rise to a variety of errors even in Ribbeck's MSS. One of Ribbeck's MSS. had originally "habitis," which had occurred to myself as a plausible though inadmissible conjecture. 340.] Seditione' seems here to refer to faction rather than to sedition strictly speaking. "Factione," we may remem 340 345 ber, would not have suited Virg.'s verse. Serv.'s "praepotens in movenda seditione " seems nearer the truth than Forb.'s "potentiam sibi quaerens seditionibus." 341.] Ferebant' Pal. and one of Ribbeck's cursives originally, Rom., 'ferebat' Pal. corrected, Med. If the latter is correct, we must suppose that Virg., in his love for artificial expressions, has made Drances' “materna nobilitas" render him not only noble on the one side, but ignoble on the other; but it is likely enough, as Wagn. admits, that the transcribers may have altered the word to make it accord with 'dabat.' Incertum' i. q. "ignobilem," as we should say, no one knew who his father was. 'De patre,' on the father's side. Iulius Sabinus has a note, "filius sororis Latini patre rustico:" but Drances' age (v. 122) is against this. 342.] "Incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras" 4. 197. Here iras' are those felt by the assembly against Turnus, and the object of onerat' is 'iras,' not (as Forb.) "Turnum." For 'onerat' in the sense of aggravation comp. Tac. H. 2. 52, “onerabat paventium curas ordo Mutinensis arma et pecuniam afferendo." 343.] "Rem delatam consulere" Livy 2. 28, cited by Forc. 344.] Serv. oddly remarks, "Bene addidit bone, et auxit epitheto dignitatem. 'Rex' enim medium est: nam et bonus esse et pessimus potest." 345.] For 'ferat' Med. originally, Gud. corrected, and two other of Ribbeck's cursives have 'petat,' which Burm. rightly regards as an interpretation. The use of ferre' is illustrated by Forc. s. v., who quotes among other passages Cic. Fam. 1.7, “In hac ratione quid res, quid causa, quid tempus ferat tu perspicies." But it is not easy to see from what sense of 'ferre' this particular meaning is derived. In these two passages the notion of allowing is perhaps the most natural: in others, where the verb has no object expressed, the notion may be rather that of tendency Det libertatem fandi, flatusque remittat, Cuius ob auspicium infaustum moresque sinistros- (as in 2. 34 note), "Troiae sic fata fere- 346.]Flatus remittat' of Turnus' abating his own violence or pride, not, as Serv. suggests as an alternative, of his allowing the rest to breathe. Gossrau comp. Cic. pro Flacc. 22, "remittant spiritus, conprimant animos suos, sedent arrogantiam." So Eur. Phoen. 454, σxáσov dè δεινὸν ὄμμα καὶ θυμοῦ πνοάς. Comp. Soph. Ant. 929, TITŵv avтŵv àvéμwv aúтal Yuxês ῥιπαὶ τήνδε γ ̓ ἔχουσιν. 347.] Auspicium' as general. Drances intimates that the gods are unfavourable to Turnus, who consequently brings the army to destruction. A battle is said to be fought "auspiciis" or "auspicio" of the general, not only when he is prescut, but even in his absence: see Forc. Mores sinistros' of Turnus' obstinacy and violence, as shown at the breaking out of the war, 7. 577 foll. 348. 'Arma mortemque' ev dià dvoîv. 349. Comp. Cic. 3 Cat. 10, "Clarissimis viris interfectis lumina civitatis ex 350 355 stincta sunt." Ducum' is of course a descriptive gen. 'Cadere' is perhaps chosen as applying to the setting of stars as well as to the death of men. 350.] "Considere luctu' dictum erit ut collabi, concidere, iacere, calamitate, dolore," Heyne, who comp. "considere in ignis' " 2. 624., 9. 145, and the use of ovviÇávew. "Mire 'temptat' non pugnat," Serv. 351.] For fugae' Rom. has 'fuga.' Serv, and the commentators generally refer this to the event mentioned 10. 659 foll., called 'fuga' ib. 624. Perhaps it may rather point to Turnus' retreat 9. 815, which was actually from an attack on the camp. Caelum territat armis' like "ventos lacessit ictibus " 12. 105: see on 5. 377. Serv. thinks the expression unsuited to the gravity of Virg., and only excused by being put into the mouth of Drances: it is however a natural piece of rhetorical invective. 352.] Unum etiam,' one more. "Paullatim vello et demo unum, demo etiam unum" Hor. 2 Ep. 1. 46: comp. Pers. 6. 58. Donis quae plurima' i. q. "donis plurimis quae.' 353.] The reading before Heins., 'duci,' found in Gud. corrected, would be a mere repetition of mitti.' Serv. says rightly "Mitti' aurum, ebur, sellam, &c., 'dici' de navibus et agro," though it may be questioned whether he did not suppose dici' to mean to be spoken about, whereas it signifies to be fixed or promised, as in 5. 486, "praemia dicit." 354. Violentia:' see Introduction to this book. 355.] Quin-des,' to prevent your giving as if inpediat" had preceded. 356.]Pater' is better joined with 'des' than taken as a vocative. For 'iungas’ Med. (second reading) and Rom. have Quod si tantus habet mentes et pectora terror, 'firmes.' Either would stand, as though 'firmes' might seem more appropriate to an additional guarantee for peace, we may get the same sense with 'iungas' by throwing a stress on 'aeterno foedere,' let this peace which you cement have a lasting sanction. Comp. 12. 821, “Cum iam connubiis pacem felicibus (esto) Conponent." The other probabilities on each side nearly balance each other: 'firmes' may have come from v. 330, 'iungas' from such passages as 4. 112., 8. 56., 12. 822. Hanc' is explained by Wagn. "hac condicione futuram:" it seems rather to mean this which you have proposed and all of us have in our minds.' 359.] In Serv.'s time there was a doubt about the construction, some taking 'cedat' with 'ius proprium,' others referring it back to veniam but it clearly stands alone in its ordinary sense. Regi patriaeque Latinus had a right to dispose of his daughter's hand, while the country might claim a voice in the marriage-choice of the heir to the crown. Drances treats Turnus not as a stranger (which would have admitted his eligibility as a bridegroom), but as one of the citizens. One inferior MS. has 'patrique,' which Heyne and Brunck wished to read, inserting another 'que' after 'regi.' 361.] Proiicere' of abandoning 6. 436 (comp. "proiectus "), here perhaps with the additional notion of throwing before one's self. Comp. the uses of rapaßáλλe (Tapaßáλλeσbα) and poßáλλew in Greek. 'Caput,' as we should say fountain head, 12.572. Latio' with 'caput et caussa,' the sentence being really equivalent to "O qui Latio es caput" &c. 362.] Bello' prob. abl. 'in war:' but it may be dat. Miserere tuorum, is explained by vv. 355, 356. 360 365 364.] "Hoc dicit, non sum quidem inimicus, sed si velis esse, non recuso," Serv. Invisus' here has doubtless the force of "inimicus," but we need not seek with Forb. for instances of the use of the word in an active sense, as the account of it is simply that from meaning 'hated' it comes to mean an enemy, and an enemy may be either active or passive. With the object clause after nil moror' comp. Attius Myrm. fr. 1, "Nam pervicacem dici me esse et vincere (vincier ?) Perfacile patior, pertinacem, nil moror," though there 'nil moror' means 'I do not like,' not, as here, 'I do not object' (comp. the two senses in which we use 'I do not care'). 365.] "Supplex venio " 8. 382. "Miserere tuorum" 12. 653, also addressed to Turnus. 366.] Pone animos' i. q. "pone superbiam." For the possible shades of meaning in this use of 'ponere' see on 1. 302, "ponuntque ferocia Poeni corda." Pulsus abi:' Drances recommends Turnus to accept his position as a beaten man: comp. Turnus' reply, v. 392 below. "Alter victus abit" Ġ. 3. 225. Abire' is used of both parties retiring from the conflict (comp. 10. 859): but of course it is the vanquished who is more naturally said to quit the field. Sat' is said by Wagn. to have the force of an adjective ('sat funera' i. q. "funera quae satis essent "). It appears better however to regard it as an adverb, we have seen deaths to a sufficient extent,' which of course is equivalent to we have seen enough of deaths. The construction is the same in 2.642, "Satis una superque Vidimus exscidia et captae superavimus urbi," though there, as remarked, the real force of the sentence is different. Munro on Lucr. 1. 241 ("Tactus enim leti satis esset caussa profecto ") is quite right in defending other passages of the same kind |