Caelicolae magni, quianam sententia vobis Quae contra vetitum discordia? quis metus aut hos 1. 9, "Ianum quidam solem demonstrari volunt, et ideo geminum quasi utriusque ianuae caelestis potentem "), a conception which recalls Ennius' "caeli palatum" (comp. the converse use of oupavós for the palate), and Lucretius' “ caeli hiatus.” 'Bipatentibus est sermo Ennianus tractus ab ostiis quae ex utraque parte aperiuntur," Serv. Mr. Long thinks the word merely means that the "valvae" were wide open. Ipse' of Jupiter as distinguished from the other deities: so G. 4. 386 of Cyrene as distinguished from the other nymphs. Auròs dé σp' àyópeve, θεοὶ δ ̓ ἅμα πάντες ἄκουον Il. 8. 4. 6.] "Quianam dictis nostris sententia flexa est?" (Enn. A. 7, fr. 18.) For 'quianam' see on 5. 13. 7.] Iniquis' combines the ideas of discontent and spite. 8.] In consequence of the apparent contradiction between this line and 1. 263; "bellum ingens geret Italia," Heyne numbers this among the passages which Virg., had he lived long enough, would have corrected. Virg.'s consistency may be saved, if it be worth saving, by the consideration that what Jupiter says here that he had forbidden was the active opposition of the Italians to the Trojans : but this prohibition does not stand in the way of his foreknowledge that such op. position would be offered, and result in a general war ("bellum ingens geret Italia populosque feroces Contundet "), and the just punishment of a perverse hostility. The language here seems to be suggested by Il. 8. 413, where Zeus says to Hera and Athene Πῆ μέματον; τί σφωϊν ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μαίνεται ἦτορ ; Οὐκ ἐάα Κρονίδης ἐπαμυνέμεν ̓Αργείοισι. 'Italiam' for Italos:' comp. Eur. Orest. 1365, Пápiv bs ǎyay' Ἑλλάδ ̓ ἐς Ἴλιον. So below v. 365, "Arcadas insuetos acies inferre pedestres Ut vidit Pallas Latio dare terga sequaci," where as here the people and the country are mentioned together. · 9.] Quae discordia' ="cur haec discordia?" See on 1. 237. Vetitum' a prohibition, correlative to "iussum a ... 10 " command: “iussa ac vetita populorum Cic. Legg. 2. 4. 9. Here the prohibition stands alone as being the essence of the command: a figure of speech which may be paralleled by Thuc. 1. 77, hν Ti Tapà τὸ μὴ οἴεσθαι χρῆναι . ἐλασσωθῶσι, ‘if they are thwarted against their notions of what is wrong:' their notions, that is, of what is right. Discordia' as below (vv. 105, 106) includes the quarrels of the gods as well as of men, the two being closely connected. 'Quis metus &c. If hos' refers not to the gods but to the men, 'metus' will mean mutual suspicion or terror, an agency constantly attributed to supernatural causes: see especially 7. 552, 578. Schrader ingeniously but unnecessarily conj. 'quis deus' (comp. v. 78 below). If 'hos' are the gods, as is possible but not so likely, Jupiter speaking rhetorically of their interference as if it had been direct action, 'metus' may be comp. with "metu" 1. 280 note. 'Suasit' governs the accus. and infin. hos sequi as an object clause: who was the adviser of their following arms?' So Lucr. 1. 143 foll. "Sed tua me virtus. . . quemvis sufferre laborem Suadet :" so perhaps also in the difficult passage ib. 3. 83-4 (timor, odium vitae) "hunc vexare pudorem, hunc vincula amicitiai Rumpere et in summa pietatem evertere suadet," where 'suadet,' altered by Lambinus into 'fundo,' and by Lachmann into 'fraude,' is now recalled by Munro (3rd edn.). Comp. 12. 813. 10.] Arma sequi,' to follow after arms, i. e. discord. The phrase has a different shade of meaning 3. 54, 156., 6. 612 (note), where ‘arma has a specific epithet. With ferrum lacessere comp. 5. 429 “ pugnamque lacessunt," 11. 254 "ignota lacessere bella." So "inritare bellum" Sall. Hist. i. 16 (Dietsch). 11. With iustum pugnae tempus' comp. "iustos hymenaeos" G. 3. 60, which may mean the fit time for marriage:' so Ov. M. 10. 36 "quum iustos matura peregerit annos." 'Ne arcessite,' bring it not on. 12.] Romanis arcibus' G. 2. 172 note. Exitium magnum atque Alpes inmittet apertas: Iuppiter haec paucis; at non Venus aurea contra Pauca refert: O Pater, o hominum rerumque aeterna potestas! Namque aliud quid sit, quod iam inplorare queamus? Cernis, ut insultent Rutuli, Turnusque feratur 13.] Exitium magnum' 2. 190. 'Alpes apertas' almost forms a hendiadys with 'exitium magnum,' as it is through the opened Alps that destruction comes. Libyen Italas infudit in urbes," says Manilius 4. 662, imitating or rather parodying Virg. (Peerlkamp). The phrase 'res rapere' was applied, according to Serv., not merely (as correlative of "res reddere") to the preliminary acts of violence which were followed by the "clarigatio" or ceremony of demanding satisfaction, but also to the reprisals which, supposing satisfaction were refused, the injured party proceeded to make. "Nolentibus res raptas restituere .....iaciebat hastam et iam licebat more belli res rapere." Thus 'res rapere' would be to a Roman an antique expression for the whole circumstances attending a state of war. Perhaps the perfect tense may be pressed here: then it will be allowed them to have plundered each other: then a state of turmoil will be permitted.' For a full account of the "clarigatio" see Serv. here and on 9. 53, and comp. Livy 1. 32. 15.] Sinite' absolutely: Wagn. comp. among other instances Plaut. Cas. 3. 2. 14, "Vin' vocem? Cl. Sine: nolo, si occupata est." So far in Greek: Il. 21. 221, Soph. O. C. 593, Aesch. Prom. 332. 'Laeti placidum' Med.; placidum' for 'placitum' is also given by Gud. corrected. The confusion is a frequent one. Placitum' (confirmed here by Serv.) means 'determined on by Jupiter, or the Fates, or both: comp. "sic placitum" 1. 283. Conponite foedus' like 'pacem conponere" 7. 339., 12. 821, Livy 2. 13. 16-62.] Venus prays Jupiter that whatever may be the fate of Aeneas, it may be permitted her to take Ascanius to herself, and that the Trojans, if they must give up Italy to Carthage, may be allowed at least to settle once more in their ruined fatherland.' 66 16.] 'Venus aurea' Hom.'s xpvoén Αφροδίτη (11. 3. 64. Od. S. 337). 18.] Hominum rerumque' 12. 829. Hominum divomque,' the old reading retained by Heins. and Heyne, is found in three of Ribbeck's cursives. The use of the abstract potestas' in a concrete sense is natural in poetry, especially as applied to a god: comp. Milton's "Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers." Cicero however (Phil. 2. 21) has "tum contra te dedit arma hic ordo consulibus reliquisque imperiis et potestatibus" (comp. Tusc. 1. 30), and the post-Augustan writers seem to employ potestas' directly in the sense of an officer or magistrate: Juv. 10. 100," Fidenarum Gabiorumque esse potestas" (where see Mayor): Suet. Claud. 23, "iurisdictionem potestatibus per provincias demandare." So apxh in Greek. 19.] Aliud inplorare:' so 7. 311 "dubitem haud equidem inplorare quod usquam est." 20.] For 'insultent' a few MSS. (none of Ribbeck's) read insultant:' but such a construction could not be supported by such passages as E. 4. 52 (note). The words 'feratur tumidusque' are inserted in Med. by a later hand, the sentence being originally written Turnusque secundo,' &c. Ribbeck accordingly puts them in brackets, remarking that Turnus in Book 9 has fought on foot, not on horseback or from a chariot. But Turnus had appeared on horseback in his first attack on the camp, 9. 49 (comp. 9. 269, which shows that his appearance had made an impression on the Trojans), so that a more scrupulous narrator than Venus might have used the expression before us. The pl. equis,' however, would suggest a chariot, such as Turnus has later, v. 440 below, 12. 326, &c. But in any case Virg.'s want of memory or Venus' habit of exaggeration would account sufficiently for the words. The eye of a transcriber would easily pass from Turnusque' to 'tumidusque.' Feratur per medios:' so 12. 477, "medios Iuturna per hostis Fertur equis." Per medios insignis equis tumidusque secundo Marte ruat? Non clausa tegunt iam moenia Teucros : Aggeribus moerorum, et inundant sanguine fossas. 21.] Tumidus' as 9. 596, though pos. sibly here there may be a metaphor from a river. 'Secundo Marte' like "Iunone secunda" 4. 45, where, as here, there is probably an allusion to a fair gale speeding motion. With the whole comp. II. 9. 237, Εκτωρ δὲ μέγα σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων Μαίνεται ἐκπάγλως, πίσυνος Διΐ. 22.] In Med. clausa' is altered from 'claustra,' which Wakef. adopted and combined with a reading of the Jesus MS. 'non moenia,' thus producing non claustra tegunt, non moenia Teucros:" "non male," says Ribbeck. But clausa' is really emphatic; 'closed though they be.' Venus conveniently ignores the fact that the opening of the gates was the thing which had proved fatal to the Trojans. "Clauso fidere vallo" Lucan 6. 12. 23.] Ipsis' as G. 4. 75, "circa regem atque ipsa ad praetoria:" comp. A. 2. 469. 'Proelia miscent' Lucr. 4. 1013, G. 2. 282. 24.] Agger moerorum,' as v. 144 and 11. 382 (where this line is nearly repeated), means the pile of the wall:' 'agger' having a general sense, as in 5. 273 (note) and 6, 830. For the special sense of the word see Dict. A. Murorum' is the reading of the bulk of Ribbeck's MSS., 'moerorum' being only found in Pal. (originally) and in two cursives from corrections: but Serv. attests moerorum,' and the archaic form is sufficiently likely to have been altered. Mr. Long considers that the plurals 'aggeribus' and 'fossas' imply every part of the earthworks and of the ditch. Fossas' Pal. and Gud., supported by Serv., 'fossae' Med., Rom. It might be urged that 'fossas' was due to a transcriber who wished to accommodate 'inundant' to 'miscent:' but on the whole Ribbeck seems right in preferring the former, as the latter would naturally be introduced from 11. 382, whereas Virg. is 25 30 fond of repeating his lines with a change. 25.] Is Troy always to be besieged ?' 26. Hostis' of the prominent figure Turnus, as contrasted with 'exercitus' in the next line. 'Imminet' as in Hor. 1 Od. 12. 53, "Parthos Latio imminentis." 27.] Nascentis' emphatic, implying that this was the cruellest siege of all. The camp is called 'Troia' as below, v. 74, where Juno takes the phrase 'nascens Troia' out of Venus' mouth. See Heyne, Exc. 3 to Book 7. 28.] For the embassy to Diomede see 8.9. 'Aetoli' of Arpi, as founded by the Aetolian Diomede: comp. 11. 428. Med., Gud., and another of Ribbeck's cursives have surget:'conversely in 6. 762 Med. has surgit' wrongly for surget.' 'Surgit,' like imminet,' restant,' 'demoror,' itself expresses the requisite notion of futurity. Comp. "bella Tyro surgentia" 4. 43. 6 29.] Mea volnera,' II. 5. 336. 'Mea' emphatic: my wounding, too, is not yet done with,' Resto' here as often in the meaning of 'to remain behind for completion:' comp. Ov. F. 2. 827, "restabant ultima:" M. 10. 372, ❝ ubi plaga novissima restat:" ib. 14. 439, "saevi restare pericula ponti:" Pers. 3.97, "iam pridem hunc sepeli: tu restas:" see also Lucr. 5. 227. 30.] 'Mortalia arma? 1. 592. Comp. 12. 797, "mortalin' decuit violari volnere divom:" and G. 3. 319 note. Venus says that she must keep the arms of mortals waiting for her: i. e. that the fighting will not be over until she is wounded, almost as if she owed an apology for the delay. Demoror' cannot mean, as Serv. says, 'to look for' or 'to sustain,' but only to keep waiting :' comp. 2. 648 "annos demoror," 3.481 "demoror austros," 11. 175 "Teucros demoror armis." 31.] Pax' in the same sense as 3. 370, 66 pacem divom:" see Forc. Numine' in Italiam petiere: luant peccata, neque illos Iuveris auxilio: sin tot responsa secuti, 35 Quae Superi Manesque dabant: cur nunc tua quisquam 40 45 the universe:' Virg. is probably thinking of the phrase "sortiri provinciam " used of a Roman magistrate obtaining his province by lot, and applying it to the threefold division of the universe among the sons of Saturn (1. 139 note), to which he is alluding. Livy 22. 85., 30. 40 has "sors urbana" for the city department:' comp. ib. 1. 35, where "sortem bonorum" means 'a share of property.' "Tertiae sortis loca of the infernal regions Sen. H. F. 609, 833. 'Rerum' as 9. 131, "rerum pars altera adempta est." Movet' 7. 312. Superis generally, those who live above, opposed to 'Manis:' comp. 6. 568, and for the thought 7. 557, 571. 'Superis inmissa' like "inmissae silvis" G. 2. 312. It is better to supply 'est' after 'inmissa' than after bacchata.' Bacchata per urbes' 4. 300, 666. 42.] Super' G. 4. 559. 'Inperio :' she reminds Jupiter of his promise indirectly, as directly in 1. 234 foll. Speravimus ista,' we hoped for this at your hand: Wagn. Q. V. 19. 2. 43.] "Dum Fortuna fuit" 3. 16. About Fortuna' as the good fortune of a city or race see note on G. 4. 209. 44.] Nulla regio:' Serv. comp. 1. 233, "quibus, tot funera passis, Totus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis." With 'det' comp. 5. 798, "si concessa peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae." 45.] The present part. 'fumantia' gives vividness: comp. Eur. Troades 8, ÓXEL "H vuv капVOûras (Cerda), and ib. 585. See also 3. 3 note. 'Dimittere 46.] Exscidia' 2. 613. Incolumem Ascanium, liceat superesse nepotem. Et, quaecumque viam dederit Fortuna, sequatur: incolumem' like "tutos dimittam" 1. = 47.] Liceat superesse nepotem' "liceat mihi superesse nepotem." Heinsius wished to read nepoti,' the sense of which would be different, and not so good. 48.] 'Sane' concessive, as in Cic. Acad. Prior. 2. 32. 105 (Forc.) "haec si vobis non probamus sint falsa sane: invidiosa certe non sunt." For 'sane' Rom. and some others, including one of Ribbeck's cursives, have 'procul:''sane' has the authority of Serv., and seems less likely to have been interpolated. For in undis' Pal. corrected, Gud., and some others have in oris,' which might stand: comp. 1. 331, "quibus orbis in oris Iactemur." But 'undis' was the original reading of Pal., and is found as a variant in Gud., and it seems more likely that 'oris' may have been introduced from 1. 1. c., and perhaps G. 3. 225. She characteristically exaggerates Aeneas' journey up the Tiber into a hazardous voyage, the issue of which is as yet unknown. 49.] Comp. 4. 653; "quem cursum dederat Fortuna peregi," and also 5. 22, 23., 11. 128. Pal. has quacumque,' which might be supported from 2. 388. 50.] Tegere' 12. 148. Here it is explained by what follows vv. 51 foll. 'Dirae pugnae' like "dirum bellum" 11. 217: suggested, perhaps, by μáxпs áño daкрvoéσons, II. 16. 436: a passage generally similar to this. Rom. has durae:' see 7.807., 9.726., 10.146. Subducere ' = úñeк¶éрew: Il. 5. 318., 11. 163. 51.] Amathus in Cyprus, Hdt. 5. 104. The temple of Venus there is mentioned by Tac. A. 3. 62 (Forb.). For that in Cythera see Hdt. 1. 105. Comp. 1. 680. Rom. and Gud. have 'celsa mihi Paphus (or Paphos) atque alta Cythera,' 'alta' being marked in Gud. for omission, and Pal. has alta' added in the margin: which shows that the error may have arisen from some one's recollection of alta Cythera' below, v. 86. Wagn. reads from the expositus Palatinus codex' of Pierius and Menag. prim. 'est celsa Paphus atque alta Cythera,' in which the juxtaposition of celsa' with 'alta' would be weak. 52.] The form in 1. 681 is 'Idalium.' It is better to take Idaliae' as the gen. sing. from Idalia' (1. 692 "altos Idaliae lucos") than as the nom. plur. from the adj. 'Idalius' (5. 76 "Veneri Idaliae "), since 'domus,' which can mean temple in the sing. (6. 53, 81), does not seem to be used in this sense in the plur. 'Inglorius' 11. 693., 12. 397, G. 2. 486. "Positis bellis" 1. 291. 53.] The Verona fragment has 'exiget,' with some support from two of Ribbeck's cursives. Exigat aevum' Lucr. 4. 1235. Comp. 7. 776, "ignobilis aevum Exiget." With magna dicione' comp. "omni dicione" 1. 236, which is still stronger. "Dicione premebat" 7. 737. 6 66 54.] 'Inde,' i. e. from Ascanius. Forb. comp. 1. 21, Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine duci Audierat ... Hinc populum late regem belloque potentem Venturum." Urbibus Tyriis' a more general, perhaps a contemptuous expression for Carthage. 55.] Pestis' (= λotyós Il. 15. 736) as in 9. 328, "sed non augurio potuit depellere pestem:" see also Livy 25. 19. 56.] With the expression of this and the preceding line generally comp. 2. 664, 665., 3. 282, 283. 57.] Comp. Livy 21. 30, "quid per octo menses periculi, quid laboris, exhaustum esse?" 33. 39, "Romanos per tot annos terra marique tanta pericula ac labores |