Horrendum sonuere; tremunt in vertice cristae
Sanguineae, clipeoque micantia fulmina mittit.
Adgnoscunt faciem invisam atque inmania membra
Turbati subito Aeneadae. Tum Pandarus ingens
Emicat, et mortis fraternae fervidus ira
Effatur: Non haec dotalis regia Amatae;
Nec muris cohibet patriis media Ardea Turnum.
Castra inimica vides; nulla hinc exire potestas.
Olli subridens sedato pectore Turnus :

Incipe, si qua animo virtus, et consere dextram ;
Hic etiam inventum Priamo narrabis Achillen.
Dixerat. Ille rudem nodis et cortice crudo
Intorquet summis adnixus viribus hastam ;
Excepere aurae; volnus Saturnia Iuno
Detorsit veniens, portaeque infigitur hasta.
At non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat,

733.] The reading is not quite certain. Med. has clipeo-mittit,' corrected from 'mittet,' Rom. clipeo-mittunt,' Pal. 'clipei-mittunt,' which seems to have been the original reading of Gud. The last can hardly be right, as there could be no meaning in the plural. The second was read by Heins., mittunt' being understood as "mittunt se," which would be harsh. Wagn. recalled the first, which is supported by corrections in Gud. and by Ribbeck's other cursives. The subject of mittit' then is Turnus, who is said to send forth lightnings ("mittes fulmina" of Jupiter Hor. 1 Od. 12. 59) from or by means of his shield. Heyne wished to read 'clipeus-mittit,' Pierson 'clipeum,' as in v. 709. Fulgura,' the reading before Heins., is found in some of Ribbeck's MSS. "Fulminat Aeneas armis " 12. 654. 734.] Faciem invisam' 2. 601. mania membra:' comp. 7. 784. 735.] Adgnoscunt turbati' i. q. "adgnoscunt et turbantur," Wagn.

'In

736.] Emicat,' springs forth from the ranks. Mortis fraternae ira' like "ereptae virginis ira" 2. 413.

735

740

745

4. 104., G. 1. 31, in which latter place as here the mother-in-law is said to give the dowry.

739.] Castra inimica' above v. 315. 'Exire potestas' 3. 670: see on G. 1. 213. 740.] "Olli subridens" 1. 254. "Sedato respondit corde" 12. 18.

741.] Rom. and another have 'animi:' but animo' is confirmed by 1. 529, “non ea vis animo." Incipe' invites Pandarus to throw first. "Proelia conserimus" 2. 397. For "conserere manum" see Forc.

742.] With the general form of expression comp. 2. 547. "Alius Latio iam partus Achilles" 6. 89.

744.] "Summis adnixus viribus" 5. 226.

745.] Excepere aurae' is meant to prepare us for the spear being turned aside by the wind. The incident is from Il. 20. 438 foll., kal Toy' (Hector's lance) ̓Αθήνη Πνοιῇ ̓Αχιλλῆος πάλιν ἔτραπε kudaxíμolo, нка μára účaσa. Perhaps Virg. may have thought of Juno as the goddess of the air. The pointing after 'aurae' is as old as Serv.

Effugies; neque enim is teli nec volneris auctor.
Sic ait, et sublatum alte consurgit in ensem,
Et mediam ferro gemina inter tempora frontem
Dividit inpubisque inmani volnere malas.
Fit sonus; ingenti concussa est pondere tellus ;
Conlapsos artus atque arma cruenta cerebro
Sternit humi moriens, atque illi partibus aequis

750

Huc caput atque illuc humero ex utroque pependit. 755
Diffugiunt versi trepida formidine Troes.

Et, si continuo victorem ea cura subisset,

Rumpere claustra manu sociosque inmittere portis,
Ultimus ille dies bello gentique fuisset.

Sed furor ardentem caedisque insana cupido
Egit in adversos.

Principio Phalerim et succiso poplite Gygen
Excipit; hinc raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas
In tergum; Iuno viris animumque ministrat.
Addit Halym comitem et confixa Phegea parma;

sword: but the context explains it readily
enough. Pal., Gud., and another of Rib-
beck's cursives have librat,' seemingly
from an interpretation, as Serv. says
« Versat, librat, iactat: et est Ennianum
' versat mucronem' (inc. lib. 3)." Librat'
too would be less appropriate, applying
equally to a spear, 10. 421, 773.

748.] Is' is defined by the context: non est is ut effugias." Pal. and Gud. have 'es.' "Teli auctorem "" v. 421.

760

765

760.] Gud. has a variant inmensa,' doubtless from 6. 823, and others, including one of Ribbeck's cursives, give 'infanda.' Virg. probably thought of Il. 5. 676, τῷ ῥα κατὰ πληθὺν Λυκίων τράπε θυμὸν 'Aðývn.

761.] For adversos' we might have expected aversos:' but the MSS. seem to have no variety. 'Adversos' is doubtless to be taken loosely, those on the opposite side, whether fighting or flying. versos' occurs again 10. 412., 11. 389. 762.] Succiso poplite' expresses the way in which Turnus catches Gyges.

In ad

763.] Excipit' of catching in pursuit 11. 684, probably with a notion of doing it unexpectedly to the victim. This seems to suit the context better than Heyne's "excipit in se irruentem." Hinc,' from the bodies of Phalaris and Gyges: comp. Od. 22. 271, τοὶ δ ̓ ἄρ ̓ ἐπήιξαν, νεκύων δ' ἐξ ἔγχε ̓ ἕλοντο. So Il. 13. 260 foll., doúpara τὰ κταμένων ἀποαίνυμαι. See 10. 'Raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas"

342. 66
12. 330.

Ignaros deinde in muris Martemque cientis

Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytanimque.
Lyncea tendentem contra sociosque vocantem
Vibranti gladio connixus ab aggere dexter
Occupat; huic uno deiectum comminus ictu
Cum galea longe iacuit caput. Inde ferarum
Vastatorem Amycum, quo non felicior alter
Unguere tela manu ferrumque armare veneno;
Et Clytium Aeoliden, et amicum Crethea Musis,
Crethea Musarum comitem, cui carmina semper
Et citharae cordi, numerosque intendere nervis;
Semper equos atque arma virum pugnasque canebat.
Tandem ductores audita caede suorum
Conveniunt Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus;

poplite Gygen" v. 762. Pal. corrected,
Med. second reading, and Gud. originally
have confixum.' Phegeus was probably
flying with his shield slung behind him, 11.
619.

766.] They were standing on the rampart and attacking those without, not knowing that Turnus was within.

767.] Verbally from Il. 5. 678, where the persons are Lycians slain by Ulysses. Ov. also reproduces the line M. 13. 258, where Ulysses boasts of his exploits.

768.] Tendentem contra' v. 795 below, as distinguished from the rest, who were either flying or unconscious of his pre

770.] Ribbeck reads 'desectum' from the original text of Gud., which would be neater, especially as 'iacuit' follows: but the authority is hardly sufficient. In Rom. the second, third, and fourth letters of the word seem to be obliterated. Deiectum' too is confirmed by Il. 20. 482, ὁ δὲ φασγάνῳ αὐχένα θείνας Τῆλ ̓ αὐτῇ whλnki kápη Báλe: comp. ib. 14. 497. In Sil. 13. 246, which is an imitation of the present passage, Heins. conj. "de

770

775

The

Pal. the first letter is in an erasure. inferior MSS. present considerable variety, whence Bentley wished to read "tingere.' For the anointing of arrows with poison comp. Od. 1. 261 foll., where it is mentioned as a thing of doubtful morality. It does not appear in the Iliad. 'Manu' is pleonastic. "Calamos armare veneno 10. 140.

774.] "Musis amicus" Hor. 1 Od. 26. 1. τὸν πέρι Μοῦσα φίλησε Od. 8. 63. There is tenderness in Virg.'s repetition of the name.

775.] Perhaps from Hom. Hymn 32. (to the Moon) 18 foll., Kλéα WTWV Αἴσομαι ἡμιθέων, ὧν κλείουσ ̓ ἔργματ ̓ ἀοιδοὶ Movoάwv lepánovтes and σтоμάτwv époévComp. Aristoph. Birds 909. 776.] Cordi' above v. 615. Numeros intendere nervis' is one of Virg.'s usual efforts after variety. Intendere nervos would be the common expression for stringing a lyre: so he chooses to represent the notes as strung on the chords.

6

777.] 'Equos' probably of horses as used in war. Race-horses are among the stock subjects of lyric poetry (Hor. 4 Od. 2. 18, A. P. 84); but we must not gratuitously charge Virg. with an anachronism. 'Arma virum' 1. 119. The juxtaposition of the words is doubtless meant to remind us of Virg.'s own poem.

778-818.] Mnestheus and Serestus rally the Trojans, who press upon Turnus. At last he leaps into the Tiber, swims to shore, and rejoins his army.'

778.] "Post multa tuorum funera " 2. 283.

779.] "Mnestheus acerque Serestus" above v. 171. Teucri' adj. 2. 747.

Palantisque vident socios hostemque receptum.

780.

Et Mnestheus: Quo deinde fugam, quo tenditis? inquit.
Quos alios muros, quae iam ultra moenia habetis?
Unus homo, et vestris, o cives, undique saeptus
Aggeribus tantas strages inpune per urbem
Ediderit? iuvenum primos tot miserit Orco?
Non infelicis patriae veterumque deorum

Et magni Aeneae, segnes, miseretque pudetque ?
Talibus accensi firmantur, et agmine denso
Consistunt. Turnus paulatim excedere pugna
Et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur unda.
Acrius hoc Teucri clamore incumbere magno,
Et glomerare manum: ceu saevum turba leonem
Cum telis premit infensis; at territus ille,
Asper, acerba tuens, retro redit; et neque terga
Ira dare aut virtus patitur, nec tendere contra,

780.] Receptum' v. 727 above.
781.] "Quo deinde ruis? quo proripis?
inquit 55. 741 note. 'Tendere fugam'

like "tendere iter" &c.

782.] From Il. 15. 735 foll., where Ajax, who in other respects answers to Turnus here, reminds the Greeks that they have nothing but the wall to trust to. If we are to distinguish between 'muros' and moenia' here (see on 2. 234), we may say that in 'muros' he is thinking of the defences, in moenia' of the campsettlement as a city. Pal., Gud. originally, and another of Ribbeck's cursives have quaeve' for 'quae iam,' and another MS., the "alter Moreti," has 'altera' for 'ultra,' an ingenious variation.

783.] Observe the care taken by Virg. to avoid lengthening the last syllable of homo.' 'Cives' appeals to their interest

in their camp-city.
784.] With this and the next line comp.
vv. 526, 527 above. Per campos edebat
funera" 10. 602.

785.] For ediderit,' 'miserit' see on 2. 581. Here there is no fut. ind. coupled with the so-called future perfect; but the thought which it would have expressed is conveyed by inpune, the words being equivalent to "inpunitus erit qui edidit, misit." "Iuvenum primi" 8. 105. Virg. doubtless thought of Il. 1. 4.

786.] They are called upon to compassionate their gods, who will fall into the hands of the enemy if the city is taken. Gud. has an unmeaning variant 'malorum,' doubtless from 11. 280, a MS.

785

790

795

in Jesus College Cambridge 'parentum,' which is plausible but really inappropriate. Med. second reading has 'nonne.'

787.] Segnes' is more probably voc. than acc.

788.] Talibus' 1. 370 &c. Virg. probably imitated II. 6. 106, oi d' éλexíxeno av καὶ ἐναντίοι ἔσταν ̓Αχαιῶν. 'Agmine denso' almost abl. abs., like "densis armis" 2. 383, 409.

789.] "Excedere palma" 5. 380. Pal. and Rom. have 'pugnae.' The following description is modelled on Il. 11. 544 foll., where Ajax retreats.

་་

790.] Dextera cingitur amni," v. 469 above. Some MSS., including two of Ribbeck's cursives, have 'amni' here.. Heins. restored it as more elegant: but Wagn. rightly replies that it is far from elegant in combination with fluvio,' even if its authority were greater. 791.] Hoc acrius" G. 4. 248. 792. "Glomerare manum 2. 315. 793.] Cum' may be either preposition or conjunction: but on the whole the latter seems more likely. "Telis premit 8. 249. 'Territus,' which Peerlkamp questions, is supported by Il. 11. 554, τάς τε τρεῖ ἐσσύμενός περ.

794.] "Asper, acerbs tuens" Lucr. 5. 33. No instance is quoted of 'redeo' in the sense of retiring; but it is consistent with the etymology of the word, and Virg. doubtless thought that the addition of 'retro' would explain it sufficiently.

795.] Tendere contra' v. 768 above.

Ille quidem hoc cupiens, potis est per tela virosque.
Haud aliter retro dubius vestigia Turnus
Inproperata refert, et mens exaestuat ira.
Quin etiam bis tum medios invaserat hostis,

Bis confusa fuga per muros agmina vertit;

800

Sed manus e castris propere coit omnis in unum,
Nec contra viris audet Saturnia Iuno

Sufficere; aeriam caelo nam Iuppiter Irim
Demisit, germanae haud mollia iussa ferentem,
Ni Turnus cedat Teucrorum moenibus altis.
Ergo nec clipeo iuvenis subsistere tantum
Nec dextra valet; iniectis sic undique telis
Obruitur. Strepit adsiduo cava tempora circum
Tinnitu galea, et saxis solida aera fatiscunt
Discussaeque iubae capiti; nec sufficit umbo
Ictibus; ingeminant hastis et Troes et ipse
Fulmineus Mnestheus. Tum toto corpore sudor

;

805

810

trian war, preserved by Macrob. Sat. 6. 3 (A. 18. fr. 2); but there is nothing in his lines which seems specially to have influenced Virg.'s reproduction of Hom. Virg. is himself curiously imitated by Lucan 6. 192-5. 'Ergo,' "quia numinis est desertus auxilio" Serv. 'Subsistere' i. q. "resistere." "Italiam vix Hannibali atque eius armis subsistentem" Livy 27. 7.

Nec clipeo nec dextra,' neither by defence nor by attack. Tantum' like "tendere tantum" 5. 21 note.

807.] "Undique conveniunt velut imber tela tribuno" Enn. 1. c.

808.] δεινὴν δὲ περὶ κροτάφοισι φαεινὴ hλng Baλλoμévn kavaxǹv ěxe Il. 16. 1. c. Cava' with 'tempora above v. 633. The epithet here seems to denote the dizzying and stunning effect of the blows on the ringing metal.

809.] Solida aera' probably refers to the helmet, as the context seems to show. Comp. II. 12. 160, кóρules d'aμp' avov ἀΰτευν Βαλλόμεναι μυλάκεσσι.

810.] With 'nec sufficit umbo' Cerda comp. Ïl. 13. 397, oùd' ρкеσe Owpnk.

811.] Ingeminant hastis' like "ingeminant plausu " 1. 747. Ipse:' Turnus is attacked, not only by the Trojan force, but by their leader.

812.] Mnestheus is called 'fulmineus' as hurling darts like lightning. "Toto manabat corpore sudor" 3. 175. 'Corpore liquitur' like "liquuntur rupibus " G. 2. 187.