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Nota nimis miseris atroque fluentia tabo.

Interea pavidam volitans pennata per urbem
en Nuntia Fama ruit, matrisque adlabitur auris
Euryali. At subitus miserae calor ossa reliquit ;
Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa.
Evolat infelix, et femineo ululatu,

475

Scissa comam, muros amens atque agmina cursu
Prima petit, non illa virum, non illa pericli
Telorumque memor; caelum dehinc questibus inplet: 480
Hunc ego te, Euryale, aspicio ? tune ille senectae
Sera meae requies, potuisti linquere solam,
Crudelis? nec te, sub tanta pericula missum,
Adfari extremum miserae data copia matri?

danger, which accounts for 'simul.' Pal.,
Gud., and another of Ribbeck's cursives
have videbant,' which was the reading
before Heins.; but it seems to have origi-
nated from a misunderstanding of 'simul.'
472.] "Ora virum tristi pendebant
pallida tabo" 8. 197.

473.] Comp. generally 4. 173, 298, 666.
In 'pennata Serv. finds an allusion to the
feather which, according to the Schol. on
Juv. 4. 149, was attached to despatches
containing alarming news: but the image
of Fame as winged is common enough: see
4. 180 foll., Hor. 2 Od. 2. 7, "Illum aget
penna metuente solvi Fama superstes," the
latter comp. by Forb.
Urbem' the camp-

settlement, v. 8.

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474.] Adlabi' of a thing conceived as winged v. 578. Elsewhere in Virg. it takes a dat., as 6. 2.

475.] "Calor ossa reliquit" 3. 308. The expression recalls Lucr. 3. 123, "Cum corpora pauca caloris Diffugere, forasque per os est editus aer, Deserit extemplo venas atque ossa relinquit."

476.] Imitated from Andromache's reception of the news of Hector's death II. 22. 448, τῆς δ' ἐλελίχθη γυῖα, χαμαὶ δέ οἱ EKTEσE KEрKís, her weaving having been previously mentioned. Barnes on II. 1. c. conj. resolutaque membra;' but this part of the Homeric description is expressed in the preceding line. Virg. may also have thought of Apoll. R. 3. 255. Revoluta:' the threads which were passing round the shuttle are untwined when it falls to the ground.

petere" 1. 157. Agmina,' as Mr. Long remarks, is rather a singular word to use under the circumstances.

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479.] Prima' not, as Serv. and Burm., nom. sing., but, as Heyne, acc. pl. She stands among the soldiers at the edge of the rampart, that she may have a nearer view of her son's head. Non illa' 6. 593. Pericli telorumque ' ev dià dvoîv. Memor virum' apparently refers to the want, not of sense of danger, but of the customary restraint of women before men. Forb. comp. Stat. Theb. 11. 318, a passage imitated from Virg., where Jocasta rushes upon the scene "non sexus decorisve memor."

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480.] "Loca questibus inplet" G. 4. 515 481.] Is it thus that I behold you?' Comp. 3. 558, "Nimirum haec illa Charybdis." For 'ille' Rom. has illa,' which Heins. restored and Heyne retained; but 'ille' is supported by 1. 664, “ Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus," and is much more likely to have been altered than 'illa.' See on v. 485 below.

482.] "Mea sola et sera voluptas" 8. 581. "Senectae tu requies miserae" 12. 57. Comp. the Greek ynрoßóσkos, ynpoτρόφος. Sera' means belonging to my latest days.

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483.] Crudelis' is similarly placed 4. 311. Sub' gives the notion of entering dangers. Comp. "subire pericula," "pericula insinuandum" Lucr. 5. 44.

484.] Med. and originally Pal. have ‘extremis, a curious variety, which may be accounted for either by a confusion with the first syll. of miserae' or by a recol477.] Comp. generally Anna rushing to lection of the expression "in extremis." Dido's side 4. 672 foll. Femineo ululatu" "Extremum fato quod te adloquor hoc est 4. 667. 6. 466. For 'copia adfari' see on G. 1. 213. 478.] 'Scissa comam' 4. 590. "Cursu "Coram data copia fandi " 1. 520.

وو

Heu, terra ignota canibus date praeda Latinis
Alitibusque iaces! nec te tua funera mater
Produxi, pressive oculos, aut volnera lavi,
Veste tegens, tibi quam noctes festina diesque
Urguebam et tela curas solabar anilis.

485

Quo sequar? aut quae nunc artus avolsaque membra 490
Et funus lacerum tellus habet? Hoc mihi de te,
Nate, refers? hoc sum terraque marique secuta?
Figite me, si qua est pietas, in me omnia tela

485.] This and the following line are imitated from Od. 24. 290 foll. (comp. Il. 22. 86 foll.). In the present line Virg. thought of II. 1. 4, avтoùs dè éλúpia тeûxe κύνεσσιν Οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι. All Ribbeck's MSS. have 'data,' but it can scarcely be doubted that date' is the true reading, though the oldest authority quoted for it is the second Mentelian, and that 'data' was introduced partly from the previous line, partly as being supposed to be the more regular construction. The voc. is used where we should expect the nom., as in 2. 283., 12. 947.

486.] Funera' has created great difficulty. Serv. makes it a nom., saying that funera' or "funerea" was an ancient term for an unprofessional, as "praefica " for a professional mourner: his note however leaves it in doubt whether he ever found 'funera' in that sense, though he may have found "funerea," and in the only other passage where it has been supposed to occur, Ennius' epitaph on himself, v. 1, "Nemo me lacrimis decoret, nec funera fletum Faxit," the MSS. of Cic., who twice quotes the passage, have 'fletu,' which is doubtless the right reading. Others have wished to take te' with veste tegens,' 'tua funera' with 'produxi,' which the order of the words absolutely repudiates. If the text is sound, it seems best with Ribbeck to follow Catrou's interpretation, making 'tua funera' epexegetical of te, Euryalus' mother correcting herself in her grief, you-your corpse.' This is not free from objection, but perhaps it may receive some support from 12. 935 "Et me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis, Redde meis." There seems probability in any of the conjectures proposed: the most popular of them, Bembo's funere,' seems scarcely Virgilian, either in the construction it introduces or in the order of the words, and the insertion of 'et,' 'ad,' or 'in,' before 'tua' would be clumsy. 487.] Lucan 2. 298 has "longum pro

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ducere funus," which confirms 'funera' here, Stat. 2 Silv. 1. 19 foll. "nigrae sollennia pompae. et puerile feretrum Produxi." But it is possible that the words here may mean I laid out the corpse,' like éκTelve. Pressive oculos,' op@aλμoùs кaðeλovσa Od. 24. 296. Macrob. Sat. 6. 2 comp. Enn. Cresph. fr. 8, " Neque terram iniicere neque cruenta convestire corpora Mihi licuit, nec miserae lavere lacrimae salsum sanguinem."

488.] So Andromache II. 22. 510 foll. laments that Hector cannot be laid in the robes which are in store in the palace, TETUYμéva Xepol yvvaik@v. Here the garment was doubtless prepared for Euryalus' wearing when alive, and his mother laments that he cannot have the use of it even when dead. She was weaving when the news reached her, v. 476. Festina,' to finish it before her death.

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489.] 'Vestem urguebam 'like "urguet opus "Tibull. 1. 9. 8. Et solabar' is used loosely after the relative clause: comp. G. 2. 208 note. "Cantu solata laborem" G. 1. 293.

490.] She asks whither she is to follow him, his limbs being doubtless dispersed. 'Avolsa' torn from the trunk, like “avolsum humeris caput" 2. 558.

491.] Funus' of a corpse, as in Prop. 1. 17. 8, "Haeccine parva meum funus arena teget?" comp. by Cerda. "Hoc' caput intuens ait" Serv.

492.] Refers,' from your expedition. Hoc' still refers to the head, according to Heyne's first interpretation. The alternative which he proposes and Wagn. prefers, "hoc' pro eo,' 'propterea,' would be much less forcible. She says secuta' rather than comitata' to express that this is the issue and, as it were, goal of her wanderings. Some early editions give 'quae' for hoc,' whether from any MS. is uncertain.

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493.] "Si qua est caelo pietas " 2. 536. If you have the feelings of men.' Virg.

Coniicite, o Rutuli, me primam absumite ferro;
Aut tu, magne pater divom, miserere, tuoque
Invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartara telo,
Quando aliter nequeo crudelem abrumpere vitam.
Hoc fletu concussi animi, maestusque per omnis
It gemitus; torpent infractae ad proelia vires.
Illam incendentem luctùs Idaeus et Actor
Ilionei monitu et multum lacrimantis Iuli
Corripiunt, interque manus sub tecta reponunt.

At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro
Increpuit; sequitur clamor, caelumque remugit.
Adcelerant acta pariter testudine Volsci;
Et fossas inplere parant ac vellere vallum.
Quaerunt pars aditum, et scalis ascendere muros,
Qua rara est acies interlucetque corona

may have thought of Eur. Hec. 387,
κεντεῖτε, μὴ φείδεσθ'· ἐγὼ τεκον Πάριν.

494.] Serv. remarks "Unusquisque in propriae salutis desperatione credit tum universa etiam posse consumi, unde est quod modo dixit, me primam,' quasi mortuo Euryalo omnes Troiani perituri essent." The observation shows great poetical feeling, and may be illustrated by Kent's question in the last scene of King Lear, "Is this the promised end ?" Yet it seems simpler to say that she merely bids them kill her at once before they use their weapons further. Pal. originally had 'primum.' 'Absumite ferro' 4. 601. 495.] Comp. generally 5. 691 foll. 496.] Caput' 4. 613.

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497.] Quando' i. q. "quoniam," 4. 315. "Crudelem abrumpere vitam" 8. 579. 498.] "Quo gemitu conversi animi" 2. 73.

499.] Ad proelia' might be constructed either with torpent infractae' or with 'vires:' but the former is more probable. Comp. 8. 509 note. "Exercitum tardatum ad proelia " Tac. A. 1. 62.

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500.] Extravagant sorrow is compared to a flame, from its effect on the mourner and on the bystanders. Comp. 4. 360 "Desine meque tuis incendere teque querelis.” Not unlike is ἅταν οὐρανίαν pλéywv Soph. Aj. 196. Luctus' is her own grief, not, as Heyne takes it, that of the army. Virg. was thinking of Catull. 62 (64). 226, "Nostros luctus nostraeque incendia mentis." Cerda comp. II. 9. 433, δάκρυ ἀναπρήσας, Od. 20. 353, οιμωγὴ déone. Idaeus and Actor do not appear

495

500

505

elsewhere, though there is a namesake of the first 6. 485, Priam's herald and charioteer, of the second 12. 94.

501.] Ilioneus takes the lead as in 1. 521., 7. 212.

502.] Inter manus' 2. 681., 11. 311. Here it is constructed not with 'reponunt' but as if with an implied participle, "inter manus positam." Comp. Il. 5. 344, τὸν μὲν μετὰ χερσὶν ἐρύσσατο Φοῖβας 'ATÓλwv. One of Ribbeck's cursives has 'reportant.'

503-524.] The Italians attempt to storm the camp in various ways.'

503.] Imitated from Enn. A. fr. inc. 8, "At tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit." Sonitum' cogn. acc. Prop. 1. 17. 6 has "saevas increpat aura minas."

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505.] In the following description Virg. had in view partly the attack on the Greek wall, II. 12. 378 foll., partly his own account of the assault on Priam's palace 2. 438 foll. Acta testudine' 2. 441. 'Pariter' apparently with acta,' as the effect of the ovvaσnioμós would depend on the similarity and uniformity of its construction, as a serried column. Volsci' are doubtless put for the Italians generally : comp. v. 517, where the same body of assailants is called 'Rutuli.'

506.] Vellere vallum' like "rescindit vallum" v. 524. Med. second reading has 'pellere vallo" from v. 519. Rom. has pellere vallum."

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507.] Quaerunt aditum' v. 58 above. For the combination of the acc. and the object clause comp. G. 1. 25.

508.] With interlucet' comp. "luce

Non tam spissa viris. Telorum effundere contra
Omne genus Teucri ac duris detrudere contis,
Adsueti longo muros defendere bello.

Saxa quoque infesto volvebant pondere, si qua

Possent tectam aciem perrumpere, cum tamen omnis
Ferre iuvat subter densa testudine casus.

Nec iam sufficiunt. Nam qua globus imminet ingens,
Inmanem Teucri molem volvuntque ruuntque,
Quae stravit Rutulos late, armorumque resolvit
Tegmina. Nec curant cacco contendere Marte
Amplius audaces Rutuli, sed pellere vallo
Missilibus certant.

Parte alia horrendus visu quassabat Etruscam
Pinum et fumiferos infert Mezentius ignis;
At Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles,
Rescindit vallum et scalas in moenia poscit.

bat" v. 383 above. "Rara muros cinxere

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514.1 Rom., Med. second reading (the first being lubat'), and two of Ribbeck's cursives have libet,' which was the reading before Cunningham and Heyne. Libet' however seems to mean to take a fancy to do a thing, at any rate in Virg. (comp. 12. 570, E. 2. 28., 3. 36., 10. 59, G. 3. 436), which would hardly suit the present passage. 'Iuvat' or 'iubat' is read by Pal. corrected, fragm. Vat. in an erasure, Gud., and another of Ribbeck's cursives. Pal. originally and others have 'iubet:' see on 4. 498. Virg., by using the word, transfers our sympathy for a moment

510

516

520

to the besiegers, who are so confident in the strength of their defence that they regard the danger incurred as a pleasure: comp. G. 2. 37, 437 &c. Casus' may perhaps be meant to be taken in its original sense of a downfall.

515.] The nom. for sufficiunt' has to be supplied from 'aciem.' Globus' v. 409 above. "Muris imminet hostis" 10.

26. With the sense generally comp. 2.

460 foll.

517.] Rutulos:' see on v. 506. Armorum tegmina,'. as Serv. says, are the shields.

518.] "Caeco Marte resistunt" 2. 335. The reference here is to the fight carried on under the penthouse of shields, and the point of the epithet seems to lie in the disadvantage of that mode of combat to those who practise it, as they cannot see what is coming. Thus audaces' may have a double force: they have no longer the courage to encounter unseen dangers, at the same time that, like Ajax in Hom., they prefer to face peril in daylight.

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522.] Pinum' is doubtless a torch, not, as has been thought, Mezentius' spear (comp. 10. 762): but the epithet Etruscam seems an idle one, as he is not likely to have brought a torch with him from his own country, and to call the torch Etruscan simply as carried by him is to exceed Virg.'s ordinary licence in the transference of epithets.

523.] Repeated from 7. 691.

524.] The incident is from II. 12. 397,

Vos, o Calliope, precor, adspirate canenti,
Quas ibi tum ferro strages, quae funera Turnus
Ediderit, quem quisque virum demiserit Orco;
Et mecum ingentis oras evolvite belli.
[Et meministis enim, divae, et memorare potestis.]
Turris erat vasto suspectu et pontibus altis,
Opportuna loco; summis quam viribus omnes
Expugnare Itali summaque evertere opum vi
Certabant, Troes contra defendere saxis
Perque cavas densi tela intorquere fenestras.
Princeps ardentem coniecit lampada Turnus,
Et flammam adfixit lateri; quae plurima vento
Corripuit tabulas et postibus haesit adesis.
Turbati trepidare intus, frustraque malorum

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526.] Quas ediderit' after 'canenti.' "Funera stragemque dedere G. 3. 247. "Strages ediderit v. 785 below. "Edebat funera" 10. 602. Comp. the use of "edere" of games, shows, &c. Rom. has 'sibi' for ibi.'

527.] Virum' gen. pl., not acc. sing. 528.] From Enn. A. 6. fr. 1, "Quis potis ingentis oras evolvere belli ?" The meaning of oras evolvite' is not quite clear: but we can scarcely be wrong in supposing the reference to be to a volume or roll which is spread out in its full dimensions. Unroll with me the mighty length and breadth of the war.'

529.] This line is found in Rom. alone of Ribbeck's MSS., so it seems best to enclose it in brackets, as possibly repeated from 7. 615.

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525

530

535

mentioned above v. 46: one of them is now more particularly described. 'Suspectu' virtually height, as in 6. 579, the opposite of "despectus." The use of 'vasto' here is an answer to Wagn.'s doctrine, mentioned on 5. 821, that the word conveys a notion of something dread-inspiring. The bridges seem to show that the tower did not stand on the "agger" but before it, communicating with it by their means. See on v. 170 above.

532.] "Summa nituntur opum vi" Enn. A. 4. fr. 5., 16. fr. 10, words borrowed by Virg., 12. 552.

533.] "Certant defendere saxis" 10. 130. 534.] Intorquere,' at the foe. Densi' qualifies 'intorquere,' as if it had been "densa tela."

535.] Lampada' 6. 587. Here it is doubtless a "malleolus" (8. 694 note), which would account for its sticking to the side of the tower so as to kindle it. Princeps,' as leader of his men: see on 10. 254.

536.] It would be too much to couple plurima vento' as i.q. "glomerata vento," though Serv. so takes it: so we may say that 'plurima' qualifies 'corripuit,' 'vento' being constructed as in 1. 307, "vento accesserit oras."

537.] Postibus' seems to be a loose synonyme for "trabibus. Schrader ingeniously conj. 'pontibus.' Serv. says "non iam adesis, sed quos edit adhaerendo, i. e. haesitans adedit vel adesos reddidit." Med.

corrected has adhaesis,' and so perhaps Rom. adhessis.'

538.] Malorum fugam' like "fuga pericli" 8. 251.

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