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Immo, ubi defunctae finem portusque tenebunt
Ausonios olim, quaecumque evaserit undis
Dardaniumque ducem Laurentia vexerit arva,
Mortalem eripiam formam, magnique iubebo
Aéquoris esse deas, qualis Nereia Doto

Et Galatea secant spumantem pectore pontum.
Dixerat, idque ratum Stygii per flumina fratris,
Per pice torrentis atraque voragine ripas
Adnuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum.

Ergo aderat promissa dies, et tempora Parcae
Debita conplerant: cum Turni iniuria Matrem
Admonuit ratibus sacris depellere taedas.
Hic primum nova lux oculis offulsit, et ingens

98.] 'Immo:' Jupiter as it were amends
the proposition, so that it is not, as Hand
thinks, i. q.
"at."
'Defunctae' 6. 83.
Finem' is explained by the context, the
end of the voyage.
Portus tenebunt' 1.
400.

99.] Olim' is rightly connected by Wagn. with what precedes, not with what follows. Undis:' Serv. mentions another reading 'undas,' which is the more usual construction in Virg., and might be supported by 5. 689: but it is found only in one or two inferior copies. Comp. 11.702 note. One ship was lost in the storm off Africa (1. 584), four were burnt in Sicily (5. 699), so that Aeneas must have landed with fifteen, the original number having been twenty (1. 381). Two of these had gone with Aeneas to Pallanteum, 8. 79; thirteen consequently remained.

·

100.] Dardanium ducem,' 4. 224, also in a speech of Jupiter. Rom. has 'et Laurentia,' possibly an error for ad' (see on 2. 139), which is itself found in one MS.

101.] 'Mortalem the ships were spoken of as "mortali manu factae" v. 95: they are now called themselves mortal. 'Magni aequoris deas' like "deus inmensi maris" G. 1. 29.

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102.] Doto' and 'Galatea' both come in the list of Nereids II. 18. 39 foll. The reading before Pierius was 'Clotho.' Rom. the first letter of Doto' is in an

erasure.

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100

105

110

104.] Virg. has mixed up the nod which pledges Jupiter (Il. 1. 525) and the oath by the Styx which binds the gods (see passages referred to on 6. 324). Stygii per flumina fratris' like "Corythi Tyrrhena ab sede" 7. 209, 'Stygii' really belonging to 'flumina.'

103.] Torrens' is applied to a violent river from the connexion of the notions of heat and vehement motion (comp. "aestus"). Here advantage is taken of the double meaning of the word to apply it to the infernal river, which is described in language taken partly from Acheron (6. 296), which is a violent muddy stream, partly from Phlegethon (6. 550), which is a river of fire.

p. 111, where the mixture of fire and mud Comp. Plato Phaedo is illustrated from the eruptions of Aetna.

106.] μέγαν δ ̓ ἐλέλιξεν Ολυμπον Ι1. 1. 530. Comp. Catull. 62 (64). 204 foll.

107.] Ergo' introduces an event as a consequence of what precedes, as in G. 4. 77.

109.]Sacris ratibus,' the order before Heins., is found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. Diomedes p. 431 mentions a reading 'sacras,' which he explains "abominandas.” With depellere' comp. "depulit" v. 78, "dis depellentibus" Pers. 5. 167, i. q. "averruncis."

denoting as it were the expectation with 110.] Primum,' then and not till then, which nature awaited the event. Comp. E. 1. 45, "Hoc mihi responsum primus dedit illa petenti" and see on A. 7. 118. Effulsit,' the reading before Heins., is found in two or three of Ribbeck's cursives: see v. 731 below. The phaenomenon intended seems to be an unexpected flash of lightning and peal of thunder, the latter being represented by the Idaei chori,' the

Visus ab Aurora caelum transcurrere nimbus,
Idaeique chori; tum vox horrenda per auras
Excidit et Troum Rutulorumque agmina conplet :
Ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere navis,
Neve armate manus; maria ante exurere Turno,
Quam sacras dabitur pinus. Vos ite solutae,
Ite deae pelagi; genetrix iubet. Et sua quaeque
Continuo puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis,
Delphinumque modo demersis aequora rostris
Ima petunt. Hinc virgineae, mirabile monstrum,
Reddunt se totidem facies, pontoque feruntur
[Quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae].
Obstipuere animis Rutuli; conterritus ipse

Corybantes, who are supposed to clash their
cymbals, and by the voice. Comp. 8. 524
foll., where the appearance seems to be
substantially the same.

111.] The storm-cloud sweeps over the sky from east to west.

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113.] Excidit' (6. 686) gives the notion of utterance; the voice passes through the sky, but it seems to come from the presence in the cloud. Agmina conplet' like “Fama Euandrum replet" 11. 140: comp. also 4. 189. It is a bold variety for "auris conplere", or "loca conplere," as Heyne remarks.

114.] "Trepidavit aetas Claudere lustrum" Hor. 2 Od. 4. 23.

115.] Armare manus' 11. 682: comp. Hor. 4 Od. 4. 21 "dextras obarmet."

117.] Wagn. rightly understands 'deac pelagi not as voc., but as nom. qualifying 'ite.' Serv. mentions a doubt whether 'genetrix iubet' was part of the speech, or part of the subsequent narrative. Cybele calls herself 'genetrix' not merely as the mother of the gods, but as goddess of Ida and so parent of the trees that grew there. Et'has the force of accordingly.'

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118.] Puppes,' as turned to the shore. "Vincula' 1. 168.

119.] Virg. doubtless shrunk from making the transformation take place in open view, and so he represents the ships as sinking to reappear as sea-nymphs: but though we may commend his judgment in this, the comparison to dolphins and the detail demersis rostris' must strike a modern reader as grotesque. Ovid, who copies the incident with some variations (M. 14. 530 foll.), making it take place after the failure of the embassy to Dio

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115

120

medes (see A. 11), and describing the conflagration as actually begun when Cybele interposes, naturally dwells with minuteness on the process of metamorphosis.

Rom. has

120.] 'Hinc' hereupon. 'mirabile dictu,' from a recollection of other passages where the expression is used parenthetically. "Visu mirabile monstrum" is parenthetical 10. 637.

121.] Reddunt se' of emerging from the water (comp. 5. 178 "fundo redditus imo est"), perhaps with a further notion of corresponding to the number of the ships. Totidem' however is more likely to be nom. than acc., though it may be taken as qualifying reddunt,' like "infert se saeptus nebula" 1. 440 &c. Some copies mentioned by Pierius have redduntur.'

122.] This line is omitted in all Ribbeck's MSS., including fragm. Vat., and is doubtless an interpolation from 10. 223. The MSS. which give it here are not agreed about its place, some of them putting it before v. 121, while in one it comes after v. 142; the reading of the last word too varies, some having 'puppes,' others 'naves.' In itself it is unobjectionable, except that perhaps prorac' hardly agrees with 'puppes' v. 118, at least if we suppose Virg. to mean that the prows are fastened to the shore. Pierius thinks the order which reverses vv. 121, 122" longe elegantior:" others may prefer the present, both as a matter of taste, and as avoiding the introduction of aeratae prorae' between virgineae' and its substantive.

123-158.] Turnus declares that the portent is adverse to the Trojans as robbing them of their ships and cutting off the means of escape, denies that the fates are in their favour, and promises to take

Turbatis Messapus equis; cunctatur et amnis
Rauca sonans, revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto.
At non audaci Turno fiducia cessit ;

Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultro:
Troianos haec monstra petunt; his Iuppiter ipse
Auxilium solitum eripuit ; non tela neque ignis
Exspectant Rutulos. Ergo maria invia Teucris,
Nec spes ulla fugae; rerum pars altera adempta est;
Terra autem in nostris manibus; tot milia, gentes
Arma ferunt Italae. Nil me fatalia terrent,
Si qua Phryges prae se iactant, responsa deorum:

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Et

125.] Rauca sonans' closely with 'cunctatur,' the sound as well as the stopping being a sign of alarm. Serv. says "Licet antiquitas habuerit hic et haec amnis" (see Forc. 'amnis'), “melius tamen est accipere rauca sonans pro rauce quam · rauca amnis."" Revocat pedem' like revocare gradum 6. 128. Feet are attributed to running water by Lucr. 5. 272, Hor. Epod. 16. 48. This does not agree with the conception of river-gods, who are separable from their waters: but it may be illustrated by Hom.'s notion of Xanthus, who appears in a human form to speak to Achilles, but is himself identified with the river (Il. 21. 213, 356, where v. 366 may be compared with the present passage). Ab alto,' from the sea to which he was hastening.

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125

130

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(ultro:' see on 2. 145., 5. 55) he makes it a means of encouraging his followers. D. Heinsius put a comma before dictis,' apparently supposing animos tollit' to mean 'raises his own spirits,' as in 10.250, G. 2. 350.

Serv. explains animos tollit dictis' " magnitudinem suam comprobat dictis."

128.] "Petunt,' id est, appetunt: hoc est, ad Troianos pertinet damnum" Serv. His' is doubtless the Trojans, as the position in the sentence shows, not, as might be suggested, his monstris."

129.] Solitum' contains a sneer, as Donatus gives it, "quasi dicat, qui fugere semper soliti sunt." Wagn. restored 'neque' for 'nec,' which is found in Rom. 130.] The subject of exspectant' may be " naves," as Gossrau thinks: but it would suit the structure of the sentence better to make it 'Troiani,' the sense being really the same, "exspectant ad naves delendas." Ribbeck and now Wagn. read exspectans,' the original reading of Med., confirmed by an erasure in one of Ribbeck's cursives but this does not seem so good. 'Tela' is used vaguely, the main thing in the poet's mind being the weapons with which the ships would be destroyed, which is explained by ignis.'

131.] "Nec spes ulla fugae" 10. 121. 'Rerum' of the world, 1. 278, 282. Rom. has 'dempta.'

132.] In manibus nostris,' the order before Heins., is found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. Peerlkamp rightly argues against Wagn. that either might stand. Med., Rom., and others have 'gentis,' but 'gentes,' in apposition with milia,' is better. Tot' gives the reason for what precedes, as in 7. 447 &c.

133.] Fatalia responsa,' the responses that speak destiny.

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Sat fatis Venerique datum est, tetigere quod arva
Fertilis Ausoniae Troes. Sunt et mea contra
Fata mihi, ferro sceleratam exscindere gentem
Coniuge praerepta; nec solos tangit Atridas
Iste dolor, solisque licet capere arma Mycenis.
Sed periisse semel satis est: peccare fuisset
Ante satis, penitus modo non genus omne perosos

135.] "Sat patriae Priamoque datum " 2. 291. Turnus speaks as if he were aware of Venus' conversation with Neptune, 5. 779 foll. With Jahn, I have restored 'datum est' from frag. Vat., Pal., Rom., Gud., and two other of Ribbeck's cursives, supposing the omission of 'est' to have arisen from a recollection of 2. 291, a common source of error in Med.

136.] If there is any force in fertilis, it probably gives the reason for which the Trojans looked forward to Italy, and points a sarcasm, as if they were to see the plenty of the country, but not enjoy it. Comp. Creusa's promise 2. 781, "terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris."

137.] Serv. remarks that this assertion of Turnus about his destiny is false, adding however that the art of rhetoric admits the use of falsehood where it cannot be disproved, as in this case. He further observes that it is Turnus' consciousness that he is telling a falsehood which makes him anxious to support his case by argument, talking of the injustice of the Trojans. The falsehood however depends to some extent on the sense given to 'fata,' which Serv. understands of oracles, but which seems rather to mean destiny, on a comparison of 1. 257., 7. 293. In this sense Turnus might assert his belief in his own destiny, though it might not have been expressly revealed to him, founding it, as he seems to do here, on his conviction of the goodness of his cause, much as Hector II. 12. 243 says els oiwvòs apioτos àμúveσlαi meρì máτpηs. Ferro exscindere:' see on 6. 553. "Exscindere gentem" 4.425. 138.] Coniuge praerepta ' like "ereptae coniugis" 3. 330, as we talk of robbing a man of his bride, meaning that the deprivation has prevented the marriage. 'Nec' &c. the taunt, as Macrob. Sat. 4. 4 (who reads 'an' for 'nec') remarks, is from Il. 9. 340, μoûvo piλéovo' àλóxovs μерóпwν ἀνθρώπων ̓Ατρείδαι ;

139.] Iste' is apparently to be explained with reference to the Trojans, that pain which ye are wont to inflict.'

135

140

It might however refer to an imaginary antagonist, 'that pain of which you tell us.'

66 esse

140, 141.] He again supposes himself to be arguing against the Trojans, who are made to plead that they have satisfied the requirement of destiny or the malice of fortune by having been ruined once, much as Aeneas actually pleads 6. 62. 'Si' is read by some MSS., including Gud. corrected, for 'sed.' There is the same variety in Hor. 1 Ep. 1. 57, 58. Fuisset' = debebat:" comp. 4. 678., 8. 643. For 'peccare' some copies have 'peccasse,' which may seem plausible: but 'peccare ante' = 'peccasse.' The sense is rightly given by Heyne: "ita vero satis etiam habere debebant, semel rapuisse feminam, quippe qui ex raptu Helenae ea mala experti sint, ut modo non omne, h. e. totum genus femineum perosi esse debeant: tantum abest ut novum raptum, Laviniae, meditentur." The qualifying expression 'modo non' reminds us of rhetoric rather than of poetry: but it must be set down to the general tone of the speech, which is decidedly oratorical. Wagn. Lectt. Vergg. pp. 352 foll. accounts for modo non' on the ground that but for such a qualification the Trojans would be condemned to hate not only those whom they might possibly marry but those whom they might not, such as mothers and sisters. He has now however in his 3rd school edition changed his opinion, and takes penitus-perosos' as an indignant exclamation-' to think that they should now ('modo,' ăρтi) not abhor the whole race of women!' But it seems doubtful whether he had fully grasped Heyne's meaning even when he supported it, as in Lectt. Vergg. 1. c. he finds a chronological incongruity between the two clauses 'peccare-satis' and penitusperosos,' not seeing that 'ante' does not go with fuisset' but with 'peccare.' Peerlkamp and Ribbeck adopt modo nunc,' a conj. of Markland's, found also in the Venice edition of 1472, and perhaps supported by a reading mentioned by Pierius, modo nec.' 'Fuisset' then would have its ordinary sense, modo perosos '

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Femineum. Quibus haec medii fiducia valli Fossarumque morae, leti discrimina parva, Dant animos. At non viderunt moenia Troiae Neptuni fabricata manu considere in ignis? Sed vos, o lecti, ferro quis scindere vallum Apparat et mecum invadit trepidantia castra? Non armis mihi Volcani, non mille cariuis

being understood as "modo perosi essent;" 'it would have been enough for them to sin once, had they learnt to detest the race of women now,' But it is difficult to see what advantage the new reading has over the old. For 'perosos' there is a strange variant 'perosus,' found as a correction in both Med. and fragm. Vat., and originally in Gud., where it is altered into 'perosum,' the reading of not a few inferior copies, a change equally meaningless, but more easily accounted for. Whether 'perosis' is found anywhere does not appear, as it seems a mistake to attribute it to Gud. Rom. has 'non modo.' 'Penitus perosos' like "dilectam penitus Iovi" Hor. 1 Od. 21. 4.

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142.] Quibus' is connected loosely with what goes before, the antecedent being got from the context. Men who are reassured by the narrow breadth of rampart and trench that keeps them from death.' As Heyne says, "Ex ira oratio durior." Comp. Hector's words Il. 8. 174 foll. Γιγνώσκω δ ̓ ὅτι μοι πρόφρων κατένευσε Κρονίων Νίκην καὶ μέγα κῦδος, ἀτὰρ Δαναοἷσί γε πῆμα· Νήπιοι, οἳ ἄρα δὴ τάδε τείχεα μηχανόωντο ̓Αβλήχρ', οὐδενόσωρα· τάδ ̓ οὐ μένος ἁμὸν ἐρύξει. 'Medii' interposed between us and them, like "medius liquor" Hor. 3 Od. 3. 46. Fiducia valli like "generis fiducia" 1. 132, "fiducia mei" 8.395.

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143.] Fossarum morae' like "loricae moras 10. 485, "clipei mora" 12. 541. Rom. has mora et.' It is difficult to decide between discrimine parvo' Med., fragm. Vat. originally, Gud., and discrimina parva,' fragm. Vat. corrected and apparently two of Ribbeck's cursives, sup ported also by Pal., which originally had 'discrimina parvas.' (Rom. has discrimina parvo,' and so Pal. corrected.) The former is the more difficult reading, but may have been introduced from 3. 685: the latter is easy and simple. On the whole I have followed Heins. and most recent editors in adopting the latter. With the sense Cerda comp. Juv. 12. 58, "digitis a morte remotus Quattuor aut septem si sit latissima

145

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non seems best understood as a question : see on 7. 363. An non,' the reading before Pierius, is mentioned by Serv., but found in none of Ribbeck's MSS.

145.] "Visum considere in ignis Ilium et ex imo verti Neptunia Troia" 2. 624.

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146.] Macrob. Sat. 5. 9 comp. Il. 12. 440, Ορνυσθ', ἱππόδαμοι Τρῶες, ῥήγνυσθε δὲ τεῖχος ̓Αργείων, καὶ νηυσὶν ἐνίετε θεσπιδαὲς Tuρ. Wagn. restores 'quis' for 'qui,' remarking that Virg. does not use 'qui’ in direct interrogations. Quiscindere,' the reading of all Ribbeck's MSS., may stand for either. Ribbeck thinks this and the next line out of place, as Turnus ends with bidding his men retire for the night vv. 156 foll., and accordingly puts them after v. 72, changing 'sed' into 'sic' and retaining 'qui.' But the speech in general is an exhortation to attack, in spite of its conclusion, and the inconsistency is not much increased by the presence of the lines here. Virg. throughout it has perhaps thought more of oratorical effect than of dramatic propriety. Serv. strangely connects 'lecti ferro,' which he explains by "ad ferrum lecti" or "acie lecti" (can he have been thinking of exeríuwpos or lóuwpos ?). "Bello lecta" occurs 8. 606.

147.]Apparat' 10. 453. Trepidantia :' they were hurrying to defend the ships,

v. 114.

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148.] He disclaims the need of Achilles' armour or of an overwhelming Greek force. Mille carinae" 2. 198, where the meaning obviously is that the contents of a thousand ships had not prevailed against Troy. To say seriously that he does not want the contents of a thousand ships to resist the contents of fifteen, together with their Arcadian and Etruscan allies, would be absurd; so we must suppose that he simply means to magnify himself at the expense of the Greeks, whom he insinuates to have owed their victory to the divine armour, not to the valour of their great warrior, and to their own numbers. Comp.

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