Aeneas si qua interea fortuna fuisset, 45 50 41.] Fortuna,' emergency: comp. 7. 559. Fuisset' see on 2. 94. In the oratio recta it would be "fuerit." 42.] Struere aciem' i. q. "instruere:"slight change of order, from 5. 565. see Dictt. Rom. and one of Ribbeck's cursives have 'acies,' which was the reading before Pier. Credere campo' like "te mecum crede solo" 11. 707, of trying a battle on level ground. Here however 'credere' is intrans. co-ordinate. See on 2. 86, "comitem et consanguinitate propinquum." Urbi' v. 8. 49.] Maculis equus' repeated, with a 43.] Servarent 'includes the notions of guarding and remaining in. Fragm. Vat. originally had 'tuto,' with two other MSS. "Tutos' with 'aggere,' giving the reason why they were to remain in the camp. 44.] "Furor iraque" occurs in the same place in the verse 2. 316. 'Monstrat' q. "iubet" 4. 636. For the construction with the inf. comp. Hor. 2 S. 8. 52. Fragm. Vat. and others have 'monstrant.' 45.] 'Obiiciunt portas,' they present the gates as barriers, i. e. close them. Comp. "obex." For the gates of the camp see below v. 724. Praecepta facessunt' G. 4. 548. 46.] Turribus' local, not with 'armati. Med. has urbibus,' a natural error. 'Cavis' not as Forb. says, "amplis et vacuis," but surrounding them, like "nube cava" 1. 516, "cava umbra' 2. 360. 50.] Crista rubra' 12. 89. The abl. qualifies 'galea.' Serv. observes" Duo ablativi sunt et duo nominativi, quos metrica ratione discernimus. Nam rubra crista' longae sunt ultimae, quia ablativi sunt casus. Sane huiusmodi versus pessimi sunt." For the thing comp. ¿â§e d' ap' ἵππειον λόφον αὐτοῦ· πᾶς δὲ χαμάζε Κάππεσεν ἐν κονίῃσι νέον φοίνικι φαεινός 11. 15. 537, "purpurei cristis" v. 163 below. 51.] Mecum' with the unfinished sentence qui primus in hostem.' The omission of the verb seems to be colloquial (comp. E. 9. 1), and accounted for by the eagerness of the speaker. Heyne broke up the line into two questions: but then 'qui' would have to be changed into 'quis,' the reading of some MSS., as Jahn and Wagn. remark. O iuvenes,' the reading before Heins., is found in none of Ribbeck's MSS. 52.] The throwing of a spear was the Roman mode of declaring war: see Dict. A. 'Fetiales.' Med. has 'intorquens,' perhaps from 10. 323. Attorquens' is said to occur nowhere else. Forc. does not give it. Heins. thinks "ad" i. q. "simul:" Wagn. explains it by "valde.” Is it not rather hurling at'? 53.] Principium pugnae' is a sort of cogn. acc., in apposition to the action of the verb: comp. 6. 223. So "omen pugnae" 10. 311. "Attuleras domo (diadema), meditatum et cogitatum scelus" Cic. Phil. 2. 34. Campo-infert' G. 2. 145. Horrisono: Teucrum mirantur inertia corda; Non aequo dare se campo, non obvia ferre Arma viros, sed castra fovere. Huc turbidus atque huc Cum fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbris, corrected, clamorem' Med., Pal., Gud. originally. Serv. mentions both. It is difficult to judge, as Wagn. is wrong in saying that Turnus' exclamation could not be called 'clamor,' which might stand for any violent exclamation, as in 2. 128. Perhaps however the parallels "Excipiunt plausu" 5. 575, "clamore sequuntur" vv. 466, 636, 10. 799 may decide us for the abl. There is a further question whether sequuntur' means 'follow,' as in the second and fourth of these passages, or back up,' as in the third. Virg. may have thought here and elsewhere of Od. 15. 162, οἱ δ' ιΰζοντες ἕποντο. 55.] 'Inertia' i. q. "imbellia," "ignava," v. 150, Hor. 3 Od. 5. 36. See on 10. 595. 56.] Dare' &c. form a second object to mirantur. In prose it would have been "quod non dent," which would be grammatically reducible to the same thing. 'Aequo combines the two notions of 'level' and 'fair.' Dare se' i. q. "credere," v. 41. "Dat sese fluvio" 11. 565. 57.] Observe the position of 'viros,' which really, though not grammatically, qualifies ferre arma.' 'Castra fovere' like "fovit humum" G. 3. 420, "fovere larem G. 4. 43. Turbidus' in fury, 12. 10. Huc' because 'lustrat' implies motion. 58.] "Lustravere in equis" 5. 578. 'Aditum quaerit' v. 507 below. 59.] This simile, as Heyne says, is modelled on Apoll. R. 1. 1243 foll. Virg. may also have thought of II. 11. 547 foll. (repeated 17. 657 foll.) where a lion attacking a fold is kept at bay all night by men and dogs, as he doubtless did of a similar comparison Od. 6. 130 foll. Pleno' gives the contrast with the single wolf, and shows what a prize he is anxious to secure. Insidiatus: comp. G. 3. 537, 60 65 "Nec lupus insidias explorat ovilia circum, Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat." 60.] He has prowled about long: now the delay and the bad weather make him impatient, fremit.' 'Caulas' (= 'cavu. las') here in its ordinary sense of 'enclosure: the word is used by Lucretius in the peculiar sense of opening.' 'Ventos perpessus et imbris' vóμevos kal áhμevos Od. 1. c. 61.] Super' is not i. q. "ultra," as Serv. says, "plus quam media," but has the force of the Greek er, at or during. Forc., who interprets it by "in," gives no other instance of its use with an abl. of time. Comp. 7. 344, 358. It matters little whether we take 'sub matribus' with 'exercent' or with 'tuti.' 62.] Balatum exercent' like "exercet cantus" G. 1. 403. Inprobus' 2. 356, also of a wolf: see on ib. 80, G. 1. 119. Serv. says "Non 'ira inprobus' sed 'ira saevit:"" but the run of the verse is rather in favour of the former connexion; his anger makes him desperate. 63.] Heyne comp. an imitation in Val. F. 3. 589, "Frangit et absentem vacuis sub dentibus hostem." Edendi rabies,' a stronger expression than "amor edendi" 8. 184. Comp. 8. 327 note. Colligere rabiem like "sitim collegerit" G. 3. 327. Fatigat' nearly i. q. "domat," 6. 79. 64.] 'Ex longo' with 'collecta,' gathered from a distance (of time). No other instance of 'ex longo' is quoted. "Siccum sanguine guttur" in different sense 8. 261. Faucibus siccis" 2. 358, of the wolf cubs. 46 65.] Turnus is called 'Rutulus' as in 7. 409. 66.] Daris ossibus' 6. 54. Pal. and originally Gud. have 'durus.' 'Et,' which was read before 'duris' by editors before Qua temptet ratione aditus, et quae via clausos Heins., is found in none of Ribbeek's · 67.] Qua temptet' &c. depend on the preceding words, which imply, though they do not express, a state of doubt. Ribbeck, following Peerlkamp, throws this and the following line into the form of a question, comparing vv. 399 foll.; but this would not be so good. Quae 'via' Pal. originally, Rom., 'qua via' fragm. Vat., Med., Pal. corrected, Gud. &c. Serv. has both. Heyne and Wagn. rightly prefer the former, which is really a poetical variety for the abl. "qua via." Those who introduced 'qua' may have mistaken the nom. for the abl., as Serv. finds it necessary to remark that 'via' abl. would be unmetrical. Ribbeck reads 'qua vi' from his own conj., which would introduce a rhythm seldom employed by Virg., and without justification here. 'Via' of a method 12. 405. 68.] Vallo' probably with 'excutiat.' "Patria excussos 7. 299. 'Aequum' Pal. corrected, Med., Rom., fragm. Vat., 'aequor' Pal. originally, Gud., and two other of Ribbeck's cursives. The sense is the same either way, the level plain being opposed to the vantage-ground of the camp. 69.] He attempts to draw them out by setting fire to the fleet. Adiuncta' of close juxtaposition, like "adfixus lateri" 10. 161. 70.] For 'saeptam' Rom. has clausam,' from a recollection of 1. 311, which is generally similar. The 'agger' of the camp protects the fleet on three sides, the water on the fourth, as Mr. Long observes: the two together enclose it 'circum.' 71.] Comp. Il. 15. 716 foll., where Hec tor attempts to set fire to the Grecian feet. 72.] " Flagrantem fervida pinum Sus 70 75 tinet" 7. 397. After this line Ribbeck inserts vv. 146, 7, reading 'Sic vos... qui scindere:' see note there. 73.] "Tum vero Teucri incumbunt" 4. 397, after Aeneas' arrival, which illustrates "urguet praesentia Turni." 74.] Accingitur,' used loosely: see on 6. 570. Face atra' 10. 77. 75, 76.] These two lines generally resemble 5. 660–666. 'Diripuere' of instantaneous action. A question is raised about the 'foci.' Serv. answers it best, "Quaeritur quid ibi faciant foci; sed in carminibus quaedam nec ad subtilitatem nec ad veritatem exigenda sunt: aut certe focos quos ibi habere potuerunt," Heyne perhaps worst, "focos a Rutulis extemplo exstructos fuisse cogitandum est." It is plain that Virg. supposed there to be dwellings near from which fire could be got. Fumida taeda' and 'Volcanus' are rather inartificially coupled together. Comp. generally 7. 76, 77. The blaze is from the torches, not from the ships, which are not set alight. Piceum lumen like "atro lumine fumantis taedas" 7. 456. Perhaps ad astra' refers to 'favillam' only: the blaze is spread, the soot is carried up to heaven. 77-122.] 'The fleet is saved by a divine interposition. When the ships were building, Cybele entreated that they might be for ever protected from wind and rain. Jupiter refused this, but promised that such of them as reached Italy should be turned into sea-nymphs. The change accordingly takes place.' 77.] Here as elsewhere the invocation indicates that the poet is awaking a louder strain. As Germ. remarks, the hint is from Il. 16. 112, ëσnete vûv μol, Moûσai Ολύμπια δώματ' ἔχουσαι, Οππως δὴ πρῶτον πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσὶν ̓Αχαιῶν. Dicite. Prisca fides facto, sed fama perennis. 79.] The grounds for believing the event are old (fides' as in Ov. 1. ex Pont. 5. 32); as we should say, the evidence is lost in the past, but the fame is perpetual. "Prisca fides" in a different sense 6. 878. 80.] Phrygia Ida' 3. 6, where the building of the fleet is mentioned. For mabat,' was shaping, giving to the wood the shape of a ship. 82.] Rom. has 'genetrix fertur.' 'Berecyntia' 6. 784. 83.] Petenti' 4. 127. 84.] Domito Olympo' refers to services rendered by Cybele to Jupiter, enabling him to become master of heaven, either, as Serv. thinks, in saving him from his father, who sought to devour him, or, as Heyne suggests, in helping him against the Titans, or both. Heyne's own interpretation, understanding 'domito Olympo' in that thou art the master of heaven, and as such able to do all I wish,' would be flat. He objects that the help given by Cybele was of too old a date to be appealed to at the time of the taking of Troy. But the whole history of the gods as gods belongs to a 'divine foretime,' and the events affecting them after the heroic age has begun are comparatively few, so that they naturally live as it were upon the past, and refer to things which happened long ago as if they were still fresh. 85.] Ribbeck asterizes this line, supposing that Virg. intended it as an alternative to vv. 86, 87. Heyne had asterized vv. 86, 87 on similar grounds, thinking the mention of a grove in the citadel absurd, and inconsistent with the building of the fleet on Ida. Wagn. defends all three, making v. 85 an independent sentence: I have a pine-forest; in this stood a grove of pitch-trees and maples, which I allowed Aeneas to use,' 'arce summa' being understood with Serv. of Gargarus, the summit of Ida. As in 6. 743, 744, 80 85 the truth seems to lie between the two views. We could not get rid of any part of the passage without sacrificing something: on the other hand we cannot say that in its present state it is altogether coherent. Virg. would doubtless have altered it had he lived to complete his poem: but we cannot point out the precise change which he would have made. Meantime Wagn. appears right in his view of the grammatical structure of the whole, breaking it up into two sentences, as there would be awkwardness in constructing pinea silva' in apposition to lucus,' or in making one the predicate, the other the subject. It is better, at the risk of a little harshness, to understand 'est' with 'mihi' than to make 'dilecta' the verb, with Ruhkopf. Multos servata per annos 7.60. " 86.] In arce summa' would most naturally refer to the Trojan acropolis: comp. 1. 441, "lucus in urbe fuit media," and the story of the bay-tree 7. 61, “inventam primas cum conderet arces," as also the story of the olive in the acropolis of Athens. Where the passage is assumed to be unfinished, we cannot argue from the context: but it would be undoubtedly possible to understand 'arce' of the mountain, and v. 92 may be pleaded for this. It is a question of probabilities, and one that from the nature of the case must remain to some extent open. Virg. may have intended to make Aeneas get his timber from a sacred grove in the citadel, which might possibly have been conceived of as remaining unburnt, like the Athenian olive, after the sack of the city: but this is mere conjecture without data. 'Quo' refers to 'lucus.' 87.] Trabibus acernis' 2. 112. Here trabes' may be used proleptically. ‘Ob. scurus' partly from the colour, nigranti,' partly from the number of the trees. 88.] Has' refers to 'picea trabibus Laeta dedi; nunc sollicitam timor anxius angit. que.' Iuveni: Aeneas would be 'iuvenis' in relation to the gods and his ancestor Dardanus. He and his friends are addressed as 'iuvenes' 1. 627., 8. 112 &c. 89.] Urguet' was the reading before Heins., but it has only the support of two MSS. of no authority. Heyne recalled it on internal grounds, regarding anxius angit' as "inepta allitteratio." Wagn. well replies that the alliteration is intentional, expressing rhetorically the intensity of the anxiety, for which he comp. Cic. De Orat. 1. 1, "maxumas moles molestiarum," and supported by Lucr. 3. 993, "exest anxius angor," while the archaic turn of the expression suits the speech of a primeval goddess. He also quotes Cic. Tusc. 4. 12 to show that anxius angit' is not a mere tautology: "Differt anxietas ab angore: neque enim omnes anxii qui anguntur aliquando, nec qui anxii semper anguntur." 91.] Neu cursu' Med., Rom., Gud. corrected, 'ne cursu' Pal., Gud. originally, and another of Ribbeck's cursives. There seems no internal reason for choosing between them, though Heyne and Ribbeck prefer 'ne.' 'Neu' is of course equivalent to "ut neque," and as such may be used with the first as well as with a subsequent clause, as in v. 42 above. 'Quassatae' is constructed with 'vincantur,' but from its position it has the effect of a second verb. "Quassatam ventis classem " 1. 551. Cursu' of a voyage 6. 338. Virg. may be thinking of Hom.'s language about the ships of the Phaeacians Öd. 9. 562, ovde ποτέ σφιν Οὔτε τι πημανθῆναι ἔπι δέος οὔτ ̓ ἀπολέσθαι. 92.] "Navem. . vicit hiemps" 1. 122. "Prosit-ortas:' bona brevitate detraxit ethis' et esse :' nam plenum est 'prosit VOL. III. 95 his ortas esse in montibus nostris:' quod fecit elocutionis caussa," Serv. 93.] Torquet' of the revolutions of the heaven and heavenly bodies, which Jupiter is supposed to guide: comp. 4. 269, 482. "Sidera mundi" Lucr. 2. 328 &c. Comp. generally Id. 5. 1209, "ne quae forte deum nobis inmensa potestas Sit, vario motu quae candida sidera verset." 94.] Ordinarily the fates are said to call men, who have to follow their bidding: comp. 10. 472., 5. 709 here Cybele, in attempting to change destiny, is said to call it to leave its path. Comp. G. 2. 52, where 'vocare' is used of an attempt to cultivate trees. "Istis' utrum precibus an navibus ?" Serv. Most of the editors say the latter, Peerlkamp the former. With the former comp. "his monuit nosi Juv. 11. 114, with the latter "his moenia quaere " 2. 294. دو 95.] Inmortale fas' seems to be i. q. "id quod fas est inmortalibus," that which divine law allows to the immortals. So 'mortalis' is used rather widely as an epithet when the meaning is not that the thing is mortal but that it belongs to a mortal (comp. E. 8. 35, G. 3. 319). Fas' may be spoken of as binding the gods, as in 4. 113., 5. 800., 8. 397. 96.] Habeant' is explained by 'petis:' dost thou ask that they should have?' Certus: Jupiter puts a second objection, also in the form of an allegation of incom. patibility. Dangers are uncertain ex vi termini: and if Aeneas, being a man, has to encounter them, that he should be assured against them is a contradiction. It may be said that this contradiction is incurred already, as Aeneas knows that he shall reach Italy: but whatever may be the worth of the knowledge, it does not prevent him from contemplating the possibility of drowning, 1. 94 foll. Lustret,' traverse, like "lustrandum navibus aequor' 385. M 3. |