cation be denied." London Review, for June 1776, p. 489.

64. Gerhardus." BaTTiopos and Banтiopa, from Βαπτισμος βαπτισμα, Bartile, to baptize, to immerse, to dip, and that properly, into water: it has a likeness to the words Bui and Babvvw, each of which signifies to plunge down into the deep. Plutarch, βαπτισον σεαυτον εις θαλασσαν, plunge yourself into the sea. The same biographer, in the life of Galba, speaks metaphorically of being baptized, or immersed in debt : βεβαπτισμενος οφειλήμασι. In his Morals, he speaks of being baptized, or oppressed, by an accumulation of affairs: βαπτιζεσθαι ύπο των πραγμάτων. In his life of Phocion, of being baptized in, or plunged under immoderate labours: βαπτίζεσθαι τοις πονοις ὑπερBaλλovo. Aphrod. 1. i. probl. has the following expressions ; βεβαπτισμένος τῷ σωματι, plunged down in the body. In this acceptation of immersing, it is used (2 Kings v. 14,) 'Then went he down and dipped (‹ßалTIGATO) himself seven times in Jordan'.... But because those who are immersed in water, and emerge out of it, appear washed and clean, therefore Banтioμos and ßαπTige are consequentially used for any kind of ablution, whether it be performed by merely sprinkling, or pouring, or by a particular dipping. Banтigen is derived from Banτew, which signifies, in general, to dip, to wash, to dye, to immerse." Loc. Theolog. tom. iv. De Bap.

p. 224.

65. Alstedius." BaTTiew, to baptize, signifies only to immerse; not to wash, except by consequence." Lexicon Theologicum, cap. xii. p. 221,

66. Mr. Wilson.-"To baptize, to dip into water, or to plunge one into the water." Christian Dictionary, edit. 1678.

67. Mr. Bailey." Baptism, in strictness of speech, is that kind of ablution, or washing, which consists in dipping; and when applied to the Christian institution so called, it was used by the primitive Christians in no

other sense than that of dipping; as the learned Grotius and Casaubon well observe. But as new customs introduce new significations of words, in process of time it admitted the idea of sprinkling, as in the case of clinical baptism." Dictionary, Dr. Scott's edit. 1772.

68. Mr. Leigh.-" BaTTiw. Βαπτίζω. The word baptize, though it be derived from Banтw, to dip, or plunge into the water, and signifieth primarily such a kind of washing as is used in bucks, where linen is plunged and dipped; yet it is taken more largely for any kind of washing, rinsing, or cleansing, even where there is no dipping at all, (as Matt. iii. 11. and so on.)....The native and proper signification of it is, to dip into water, or to plunge under water, (John iii. 22, 23; Matt. iii. 16; Acts viii. 38.)" Critica Sacra.

69. Schoettgenius." BanTiw, from Banтw; proΒαπτίζω, βαπτω; perly, to plunge, to immerse; to cleanse, to wash." Lex. in Nov. Test. Krebsii, edit. 1765.

70. Mr. Parkhurst.-" BaTTiw, from Barw, to dip, Βαπτιζω, βαπτω, immerse, or plunge in water. To baptize, to immerse in, or wash with water. Figuratively, to be baptized, immersed, or plunged in a flood, or sea, as it were, of grievous afflictions and sufferings."

71. Schrevelius." BaTTiw, to baptize, to plunge, to wash." Cantab. 1685.

72. Pasor." Banтigw, to baptize, to immerse, to wash." Lips. 1735.

73. Trommius." Banтiw, to baptize; to immerse, to dip." Concordantiæ Græcæ, sub voce.

74. Mintert.-BaTTile, to baptize; properly, indeed, it signifies to plunge, to immerse, to dip into water: but because it is common to plunge or dip a thing that it may be washed, hence also it signifies to wash, to wash away....Banтioμos, baptism: immersion, dipping into; washing, washing away. Properly, and according to its etymology, it denotes that washing which is performed by immersion."

75. Scapula." BaTTiw, to baptize; to dip, or immerse; as we immerse any thing for the purpose of dyeing, or cleansing in water. Also to dip, to plunge, to overwhelm in water. Likewise to wash away, to wash." Lond. 1652.

76. Hedericus." BanTiw, to baptize; to plunge, to immerse, to overwhelm in water; to wash away, to wash....Baжтioua, baptism; immersion, dipping into." Lond. 1778.

77. Constantinus.-" Banтiopos, baptism; the act of dyeing, that is, of plunging." Edit. 1592.

78. Mr. Robertson.-" BaπTiw, to baptize; to immerse, to wash." Thesaurus Græc.

79. Mr. William Young.-" Baptize; to dip all over, to wash, to baptize." Latin-English Dictionary.

80. Stockius." BаTтioμа, baptism. Generally, and in virtue of its etymology, it signifies immersion, or dipping into. Particularly and properly, it denotes the immersion or dipping of a thing into water, that it may be cleansed or washed." Jenæ, 1735.

81. Stephanus.-" Banтiw, to plunge, or immerse. To plunge; that is, to plunge under, or overwhelm in water. To cleanse, to wash." Thesaur. Græc. Ling. 1572.

* To authenticate this, as the native and primary meaning of the term, he produces the following authorities. "Polyb. iii. c. 72. Μολις έως των μαςων οι πεζοι βαπτιζομενοι διέβαινον, vix transibant pedites ad mammas usque mersi. Idem, v. c. 47. Autoi in' autwy ßantiČoμevos και καταδύνοντες εν τοις τελμασιν, ipsi a se ipsis mergebantur et deprimebantur in paludibus. Dio. xxxviii. p. 84. Havτeλws BantiCortai, omnino merguntur. Idem. xxxvii. extr. p. 64. Xeμav ToloUtos efαipyng την χώραν απασαν κατέσχεν, ωςε τα πλοία τα εν τῷ Τιβεριδι-βαπτισθήναι, tanta tempestas subito per totam regionem extitit, ut navigia in Tiberi mergerentur. Idem. 1. p. 492. Πως μεν αν ουχ υπ' αυτου του πληθους TWY KWTWY BATTIOSan; quomodo non ipsa remorum multitudine, submergatur? Adde p. 502, 505. Porphyrius de Styge, p. 282. Οταν δε

(Luke xi. 38; Matt. vii. 4.) Sometimes to sprinkle, to besprinkle, to pour upon.* To purify and consecrate to God, by plunging. (Matt. iii. 6, 11, 13, 14, and elsewhere.)....BarTIOτns, the Baptist, who sustained the singular and sacred office, of plunging men desirous

Των

κατηγορουμένος επιβη, αναμάρτητος μεν ων αδεως διέρχεται, άχρι των γονάτων έχων το ύδωρ αμαρτων δε, ολίγον προβας βαπτίζεται μέχρι κεφαλης. Quum autem accusatus ingreditur lacum, secure, si peccati sit expers, transit, mersus usque ad genua. Sin peccarit, paulum progressus submergitur usque ad caput. Diodorus Siculus, i. p. 33. Twy de χερσαίων θηρίων τα πολλα μεν ύπο του ποταμου περιληφθεντα διαφθείρεται βαπτιζόμενα, τινα δε εις τους μετεωρους εκφεύγοντα τοπους διασώζεται. Animalium terrestrium multa a flumine Nilo correpta mergendo perduntur: alia in editos locos fugientia servantur. Adde Strabon. vi. p. 421. Joseph. Bell. Jud. p. 259, init. Activum quoque in significatione passiva est apud Joseph. Antiq. ix. c. x. § 2. Oσoy OUTW μEXλOVTOS BATTIČELY Tov σkapovs, quum navis mergeretur tantum, quantum nondum cœperat.”—I will here add another passage from Diod. Siculus, 1. i. p. 67, as I find it quoted and translated by Dr. Sam. Chandler: "Tous de ιδιωτας δια την εκ τουτων ευποριαν ου ΒΑΠΤΙΖΟΥΣΙ ταις εισφοραίς. The people were not oppressed with taxes." Defence of Prime Minister of Joseph, p. ii. p. 388.

† His only authorities for the two latter of these ideas, are the following: "Eschyl. Prometh. Vinct. p. 53. Aidпkтov ev opaɣaior Balaca Epos, ancipitem gladium cædibus tingens. Apud Platon. in Conviv. p. 316. Aristophanes de se dicit, kas yap Kaι AUTOS EIμL TWY χθες βεβαπτισμενων. Etenim ego quoque sum ex iis qui heri multum biberunt." Whether these passages do not confirm the idea of plunging and overwhelming, rather than that of sprinkling, or pouring, for which they were produced, let the learned judge. Respecting the latter of them, Dr. Daniel Scott says: "Plato uses this verb [Bawricw] of a person who had drunk freely, drenched himself in liquor." Note on Matt. xxviii. 19.-So Justin Martyr and Chrysostom speak of being baptized in wine; and Clemens Alexandrinus, of being baptized in sleep. Apud Suicerum, Thesaur. Eccles. tom. i. p. 623. And as the word baptized, in these connections, expresses the notion of being as it were buried in sleep, and overwhelmed in wine; so those corresponding adjectives, ebrius, drunk, and drunken, are allusively used to signify soaked, dipped, drenched. Thus Martial: "Lana sanguine conchæ EBRIA.” Thus Jehovah: "I will make mine arrows drunk with blood." (Deut. xxxii. 42.) And Shakespeare thus: "Then let the earth be DRUNKEN with our blood." See Ainsworth and Johnson under the words.

of salvation, that they might know themselves to be devoted to God." Comment. Crit. et Philolog. Ling. Græc. See also Martini Lexicon Philologicum, sub voce, Baptismus. Riisenii Summa Theolog. loc. xvii. § 26. Glossarium Vetus, sub voce Banтiw. Damm. Nov. Lex. Græc. sub voce Banтw. Harm. part ii. p. 279, edit. 2nd. Dogmat. 1. ii. de Pœnitent. c. i. § 11. Sermons, vol. ii. p. 169. edit. 3rd.

REFLECTIONS.

Dr. Macknight's

Petavii Theol. Mr. S. Davies's

Reflect. I. It will be allowed, I think, by every competent and impartial judge, that many of the authors from whose writings these quotations are made, may be justly numbered among the first literary characters that any age has produced. Now, as all these concessions, declarations, and reasonings, proceeded from persons that practised pouring or sprinkling in the administration of the ordinance under consideration; so there is the highest reason to conclude, that nothing but the force of evidence, and a conscientious regard to truth, could have induced them thus to speak; for it is manifest, that such language has the appearance of supporting a contrary practice.

To the foregoing quotations from Pædobaptists, whom candour itself must suppose inclined to make as few concessions to the Baptists as the evidence of stubborn facts would permit, we will add the attestations of others, that may be justly considered as impartial spectators of our controversy about the right manner of administering baptism. The authors to whom I advert, belong to the denomination of people called Quakers; and their language is as follows.

Βαπτίζω

1. Robert Barclay." Barrio signifies immergo; that is, to plunge and dip in; and that was the proper use of water baptism among the Jews, and also by John and the primitive Christians, who used it. Whereas our