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V. General condition of literary culture as affecting the Augustan
Intellectual character of the last years of the Republic and earlier
years of the Empire.
Distinction between the earlier and later periods
Appreciation of Greek art and literature in both
Alexandrine influences on the Augustan poetry
Characteristics of the Alexandrine poets
Their treatment of mythological subjects
Scientific and learned character of their poetry
Their treatment of the passion of love.
Their treatment of external Nature
Pictorial art of the later Greeks
Superiority of the Augustan to the Alexandrine literature
Friendly relations among the poets of the Augustan Age
Influence of these relations on their art
Hostility of other literary coteries
VI. Causes of the special devotion to Poetry in the Augustan
Age
Effect of the Monarchy on the great forms of prose literature
Poetry later in feeling the effects of Despotism
The Augustan literature the maturest development of the national
mind
4
CHAPTER II.
VIRGIL'S PLACE IN ROMAN LITERATURE.
PAGE
37-54
54-58
55
56
57
II. Change in the estimate of Virgil in the present century.
Virgil's alleged dissatisfaction with the Aeneid
Probable explanation of this
Adverse criticisms in the present century
61
during the 'Dark Ages'
64
65
67
68-77
Causes of these criticisms
Advance in Greek scholarship
Modern interest in remote antiquity
Literary reaction at the end of the 18th century
III. Virgil's supreme importance as a representative writer.
Virgil a great representative of his country and age
78-87
of the political feeling of his age
of its ethical and religious sensibility
of Roman culture and learning.
of Roman art and style
The style of Virgil the maturity preceding decay.
IV. Virgil's claim to rank among the great Poets of the World
Distinction between Greek, Latin, and modern imagination.
Vividness and realism of feeling characteristic of the Latin imagi-
nation
Modes in which this vividness and realism are manifested by Virgil
78
79
80
81
83
84
85
86
88-92
Publication of the Eclogues and preparation of the Georgics
Testimonies of Horace as to his life during this time
The Georgics composed at Naples
His death and wish to destroy the Aeneid
93-101
93
94
95
97
98
99
100
ΙΟΙ
102-123
102
103
107
108
109
III
112
115
117
119
I 20
122
123
I. The Eclogues examined in the order of their composition
Character of the Eclogues indicated by expressions used in them
Order and time of their composition.
Imitative character of the second and third
The fifth founded on the death and apotheosis of Julius Caesar
Purely Theocritean character of the seventh
132-153
132
133
135
138
140
II. Relation of the Eclogues to the Greek Pastoral
153-162
157
158
161
Origin of the pastoral dialogue
Artistic form given to these primitive elements by Theocritus
Difference between the pastoral life of Sicily and rural life of
Italy
III. Truth of feeling in the Eclogues
Inferiority of the Eclogues in truth and vividness of repre-
sentation
- Allusive personal references in the Eclogues
Mythological and geographical allusions
The sentiment of Nature in the Eclogues
The love of home and of the land
The passion of love.
Style and rhythm of the Eclogues
Their Italian character
162-173
162
163
164
165
167
168
169
172
CHAPTER V.
MOTIVES, FORM, SUBSTANCE, AND SOURCES OF THE GEORGICS.
I. Original motives of the Poem
Desire to treat of rural life in the spirit of Hesiod
Influence of Maecenas on the choice of the subject
Virgil's sympathy with the old class of husbandmen.
II. Form of poetry adopted by Virgil.
What forms of poetry available for Virgil's purpose?
Character of didactic poetry among the Greeks
New type of didactic poetry introduced by Virgil
III. National interest and substance of the Poem
Italian character of the subject.
Connexion of the subject with national history.
Exceptional character of the concluding episode
IV. Sources of the Poem
1
Materials derived by Virgil from his own life
From Greek and Roman writers on agriculture
Relation of the Georgics to the Works and Days'
to the Alexandrine Metaphrastae
174-179
175
176
178
179-185
179
182
184
185-190
185
187
189
190-198
190
192
193
195
CHAPTER VI.
RELATION OF THE GEORGICS TO THE POEM OF LUCRETIUS.
Influence of Lucretius on the ideas, method, and style of the
Georgics
199
Virgil's recognition of his relation to Lucretius.
200
Identity of feeling in the two poets
Difference in position and sympathies
Difference between the philosophic poet and poetic artist.
II. The Lucretian idea of Nature in the Georgics
Nature more fully revealed in Lucretius than in earlier poetry
Idea of the struggle of man with Nature in Lucretius
Lesson drawn by him from this idea
Presence of the same idea in other Roman writers
Virgil's sense of the life of Nature derived from Lucretius
Idea of the struggle with Nature as ordained by Providence
Scientific beliefs of Lucretius as adopted or rejected by Virgil
III. Dedications and Invocations in the two Poems
Lucretius Virgil's chief model in technical execution.
Address to Maecenas compared with address to Memmius
Eulogy of Caesar compared with eulogy of Epicurus
Meaning of their Invocation of Supernatural aid
211
212
Varieties of religious feeling and belief in the Augustan Age
218
Union of various modes of religious belief in the Invocation
Proems to the other Books of the Georgics
225
227
IV. Comparison of Virgil with Lucretius in didactic expo-
sition and illustration
Method of science in Lucretius, of art in Virgil
229-243
229
Greater selection and elimination of materials in Virgil
Illustration of Virgil's subject from his sense of beauty
230
231
from his sense of the life of Nature.
232
from his sympathy with the life of animals
233
from his conception of human energy in conflict with
Nature.
234
from literary and mythological associations
235
from astronomy, antiquity, religious usages
238
Inferiority of Virgil to Lucretius in the use of imaginative
Purpose of the episodes in Lucretius and in the Georgics
The minor episodes in the Georgics
Episodes at the end of Books iii. and iv.
Episode of the omens accompanying the death of Julius Caesar
Episode of the Glory of Italy
243
244
247
251
253
254
CHAPTER VII.
THE GEORGICS A POEM REPRESENTATIVE OF ITALY
258-276
The Georgics an original work of Latin genius
258
Technical value of the poem as an exposition of Italian hus-
bandry.
260