Patrice cognomine gentis. "Named after this native race." Poetic embellishment. Diomede, as we have just remarked, was an Ætolian by birth, and only obtained the kingdom of Argos by marriage. The city which he founded in Apulia was named Argos-hippium, after Argos at home, in the Peloponnesus. This name was corrupted into Argyripa, and, finally, into Arpi.-247. Victor. "Having been (recently) victorious." He had joined his forces with those of Daunus, against the Messapians, and had received a portion of territory as the stipulated reward for this service.-Gargani Iapygis arvis. "In the fields of Iapygian Garganus." Iapygis is here put for Iapygii, and this for Apuli or Apulian," Iapygia forming part of Apulia. The reference is to the country at the foot of Mount Garganus, a mountain promontory on the upper part of the coast. 250. Quæ causa attraxerit Arpos. "What errand has drawn us to Arpi."-251. Auditis. Supply nobis.—254. Lacessere bella. Compare x. 10.-Ignota. "Of doubtful issue."

255. Quicumque. "Whatsoever one of us," i. e. of us Greeks.Violavimus. A strong term is here applied to the destruction of Troy, as if the act itself had been a sacrilegious one, and had drawn after it a long train of punishments.-256. Mitto ea, quæ muris, &c. "I make no mention of those things that were endured (by us) to their full extent, in warring beneath the lofty walls (of the city)."— 258. Expendimus omnes. "Have all rendered."

260. Minerva sidus. Poets represent the rise of tempests as influenced by the rising and setting of constellations. The Grecian fleet was dispersed and destroyed by a storm, excited by the wrath of Minerva.-262. Protei adusque columnas. "Even unto the Columns of Proteus." Menelaus, according to the Homeric legend (Od. iv. 355), was carried, in the course of his wanderings, to the island of Pharos, on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus reigned. In consequence of the remote situation of this island, it is regarded as the furthest limit in the world in this quarter, and is here termed "columnas," just as the "Columns of Hercules" marked the furthest known land to the west.

264. Regna Neoptolemi. Compare ii. 263.-Versosque Penates Idomenei. "And the subverted penates of Idomeneus," i. e. the overthrow of his home and kingdom. Compare iii. 121.-265. Locros. A part of this nation, according to Servius, settled on the African coast, in the district of Pentapolis. Virgil probably borrowed this incident from the νόστοι.

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266. Mycenaeus ductor. Agamemnon.-267. Conjugis. Clytemnestra. -Prima intra limina, i. e. when but just returned to his home.268. Devictam Asiam subsedit adulter. "The adulterer (Ægisthus) treacherously destroyed the conqueror of Asia." Literally," lay in wait for conquered Asia."-269. Invidisse deos patriis, &c. (Or shall I tell) how the gods envied (me) that I should," &c., i. e. how the envious gods forbade that I, &c. Virgil appears to have followed here an account different from the common one. According to the latter, Diomede actually returned home, but soon departed again for a settlement in foreign lands, being disgusted at the lewd conduct of his wife Egialea during his absence at Troy. The poet seems also to have made a slip in his mention of Calydon. Diomede should have been made to return to Argos, where he reigned, and whither Homer reconducts him (Od. iii. 180), rather than to Ætolia, whence he derived his descent.

271. Nunc etiam horribili, &c. On the coast of Apulia are five islands, frequented by sea-birds, into which the companions of Diomede were said to have been transformed. Both they and the islands were called "Diomedean" (Aves Diomedea, Insula Diomedea).273. Aves. "As birds."--275. Speranda. "To be expected." Compare iv. 419.-276. Cœlestia corpora. Alluding to his having wounded Venus, when the latter was rescuing her son Æneas from his fury. He also inflicted a wound on Mars.-277. Veneris dextram. He wounded Venus in the wrist.

279. Ullum bellum. Supply erit.-283. Contulimusque manus. Diomede had engaged in personal conflict with Æneas under the walls of Troy, and knew his prowess.-Quantus in clypeum assurgat. "With what might he rises to his shield." Referring to the act of poising and throwing the lance, the shield, on the left arm, being elevated at the same time.-285. Duo. According to the Greek form, ambo and duo are sometimes found as accusatives.-286. Ultro. "In offensive war."-Inachias. This epithet contains a special reference to Argolis, and a general one to all Greece.-287. Dardanus. For Dardanius. 288. Quidquid apud duræ, &c. "Whatever hinderance was interposed (unto the war) at the walls of unyielding Troy, it was through the prowess of Hector and Æneas that the victory of the Greeks was (thus) retarded." Hector and Æneas are called by Homer, also, the bravest of the Trojans.-292. Hic. Eneas.-Dextro. Referring

to both the Latins and Æneas.-293. Quá datur, i. e. by whatever means is practicable.-295. Bello. For de bello.

302. Ante equidem summâ, &c. "I could both have wished and it had been better, O ye Latins, (for us) to have determined before this concerning our most important interests."-305. Cum gente deorum. "With a race of heavenly lineage."

309. Spes sibi quisque sed, hæc, &c. "Each one (now must be) a source of hope unto himself; and yet, how circumscribed this (hope) is, you all perceive."-310. Cetera rerum. "The rest of your affairs." Alluding to the army and the resources of the state generally.

312. Potuit quæ plurima, &c. "What the most heroic valour could be, it hath been," i. e. heroic valour has achieved all that was possible.-316. Tusco amni. The Tiber.-317. Longus in occasum. "Stretching far from east to west." Consult Wagner, ad loc.Sicanos. The Sicani occupied part of this territory before their migration into Sicily.-319. Atque horum asperrima pascunt. "And turn to pasture the most rugged parts of these."

325. Possuntque. "And if they can (consistently with fate."327. Seu plures complere valent. "Or if they are able to fill more," i. e. or more, if they are able to man them.-329. Navalia. '(Other) necessaries for their equipment."

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332. Pacis ramos. Compare line 101.-333. Aurique eborisque talenta, &c. "Both talents of gold and a seat of ivory." Grammarians call this involved construction a chiasmus (xiaoμós), a term intended to denote something decussated, or placed crosswise, in form of the letter x.

334. Trabeam. Consult note on vii. 188.-Regni insignia nostri. The sella curulis and trabea were badges of authority among the Etrurians, Albans, and Romans, and are, therefore, correctly enough assigned to the Latins also.-335. In medium. "For the common good." Compare Georg. i. 127.

337. Obliquâ invidiâ. This expression is well adapted here, to denote the movements of one who did not venture openly to attack Turnus, but concealed all his charges under a pretended regard for the public good.-339. Consiliis habitus, &c. "In counsels deemed no trivial adviser."-341. Incertum de patre ferebat. "About his father all was uncertainty." For a literal translation, supply sese after ferebat.-342. Iras. "The angry feelings (of those present)," i. e. against Turnus.

343. Rem consulis. "Thou askest advice about a thing,"-345. Musso properly means to speak low, or to one's self, hence "to hesitate."-346. Det. "Let that person but allow." Alluding to Turnus. -347. Auspicium infaustum. "Unfortunate conduct of the war."351. Fuga fidens. Compare x. 665, seq.

353. Dici. Equivalent to promitti. The term mitti refers to the gold, ivory, curule chair, &c., while dici indicates the offer of ships and territory.-358. Ipsum. Referring to Turnus. The expression ipsum... ipso forms what grammarians term an epanadiplosis, which is defined as follows: "Epanadiplosis est, quum idem verbum in eâdem sententiâ et primum est et extremum. Latine dicitur inclusio." (Rufinian. de schem. lex.)—359. Jus proprium. "The right that is properly their own," i. e. the right of giving Lavinia in marriage to whomsoever they please.-363. Pignus. The marriage of Lavinia to Eneas.

364. Invisum. "An enemy." Taken actively.-Et esse nil moror. "And I am not at all concerned at being so."-365. Supplex venio. Ironical.-366. Sat is here an adjective.-371. Dotalis regia. palace as a dowry."

"A

376. Violentia Turni. "Turnus violently incensed." A wellknown Græcism.-383. Solitum tibi. "It is thy wont."-384. Tot stragis, &c. Bitterly ironical.--385. Insignisque. "And (since) thou deckest." Second person of insignio.-389. Imus. "Do we go?" Equivalent to "come, let us go."

392. Pulsum. For me pulsum esse.-394. Euandri totam cum stirpe domum. Alluding to the death of Pallas, the only child of Euander. -398. Inclusus muris. Compare ix. 672, seq.-399. Nulla salus belli. "There is no safety, (thou sayest), in war."-400. The expression rebus tuis insinuates that Drances was a traitor.-402. Bis victo. Compare ix. 599.

403. Nunc et Myrmidonum, &c. Turnus seeks to make the dread entertained by Drances of the Trojans still more ridiculous, by supposing that the very Greeks who had conquered them are now afraid of their prowess. In this there is an allusion to the refusal of Diomede to take part in the war.-405. Amnis et Hadriacas, &c. "And the river Aufidus flees back from the Hadriatic waters." The Aufidus (now the Ofanto) ran through part of Apulia, and emptied into the Hadriatic at no great distance below the city of Arpi. Hence the sarcasm of Turnus, namely, that so great is the terror pervading Apulia in reference to the Trojans, as to cause their very rivers to retrograde in their course.

406. Vel cum se pavidum, &c. "And then, again, this framer of wicked falsehoods pretends that he is alarmed at my menaces, and through this fear (which he assumes) seeks to aggravate his charges against me." Quintilian cites this passage as an instance of Virgil's fondness for "vetustas," or antiquated diction. Commentators are in doubt as to the particular part to which he refers, but the opinion of

Spalding appears the true one, namely, that the critic alludes to the initial cel cum, which wears so abrupt an air, and where all that ought to follow the protasis is left to be supplied by the reader. We have made this expression (vel cum) equivalent to tum, in accordance with the suggestion of Thiel.-Jurgia. The same in effect here as minas. -407. Artificis scelus. For artifex sceleris.

408. Animam talem, i. e. so worthless a soul as is thine.-Absiste moveri. Equivalent to noli timere.

412. Si tam deserti sumus, i. e. if, in losing the expected aid of Diomede, we appear to thee so destitute of all aid.-415. Adesset. Supply nobis.-416. Ille mihi ante alios, &c. "That man, in my opinion, would be beyond others happy in his toils and heroic in spirit," i. e. would have brought his toils to a happy termination, and displayed a truly heroic spirit.-Fortunatus laborum. A Græcism. So also egregius animi.

422. Sunt illis sua funera, &c. "If they (too) have their funerals, and if the storm (of war) has (gone) with equal fury through (us) all."-425. Multa dies variique labor, &c. "Length of days, and the (ever) changing toil of varying time, have brought back many things to a better state," i. e. length of days, and the vicissitudes and efforts naturally connected with them, &c. The expression labor ævi carries with it simply the idea of a period of time together with that of toil endured in a greater or less degree during its continuance.-426. Multos alterna revisens, &c. Many persons, alternating fortune, (from time to time) revisiting, has (at one moment) baffled, and again, (at another,) placed on a firm basis (of security)."

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429. Felixque Tolumnius, i. e. Tolumnius, who has been so oft successful before. He was an augur as well as warrior. Compare xii. 258.-433. Florentes. "Resplendent." Compare vii. 804.

435. Tantumque bonis, &c. "And I so far obstruct the public good," i. e. so far as that, unless I contend in single combat with Eneas, the state must fall.-437. Ut tantâ quidquam, &c. "As that I should decline any offer for so glorious a hope," i. e. anything that may afford me the hope of saving my native land from the foe. 438. Vel præstet. "Even though he surpass."-440. Socero. "My (promised) father-in-law.”—443. Nec Drances potius, &c. "Nor let Drances rather, if either this be the angry resolve of the gods, pay the penalty (of such a combat) with his life; or, on the other hand, if this be an opportunity for valour and glory, let him bear away (that prize)." This is said ironically. Drances is not famed for personal prowess: there is little probability of a single combat between Æneas and him ; yet such a combat is sneeringly alluded to as possible, in order to express how great the calamity if Drances should fall, and how great his glory if victorious.

454. Hic undique clamor, &c. On a sudden, all burst forth into loud outcries, some siding with Turnus, and demanding war; others with Drances, and calling for peace.-457. Paduse. The Padusa was one of the channels of the Padus or Po. It formed several marshes, and abounded with swans.-458. Stagna loquacia. "The waters resounding with their cries."

459. Arrepto tempore. "Having seized the opportunity." We have changed the punctuation, with Wagner, and applied these words to Turnus, who was delighted at the opportunity thus afforded him of breaking up the deliberations of the council, and leading forth

his troops to the conflict.-461. In regna, i. e. into the very heart of your kingdom; into your very capital.

464. Messapus. The nominative for the vocative, by a Greek idiom. So, also, Coras for Cora. Compare, as regards Coras, vii. 672.-467. Jusso. Contracted for jussero.-469. Magna incepta. "His great designs (of peace)."—471. Qui non acceperit. "For not having received.”

473. Prafodiunt portas. "Dig trenches in front of the gates."475. Buccina. Consult note on vii. 519.-476. Labor ultimus. “The last extremity."-477. Palladis. The Trojans are said to have introduced the worship of Minerva into Latium, so that the poet must be supposed to refer to some goddess whose attributes resembled those of the Grecian divinity.

481. Succedunt. Equivalent to intrant.-482. De limine. In ancient times the worshippers offered up their prayers and oblations at the entrance of the temple, and did not enter the sacred structure.— 485. Effunde. "Lay him low."

488. Surasque incluserat auro. His greaves, or ocrea, were of gold. -490. Aureus. "As if arrayed in gold."-491. Præcipit hostem. Anticipates the foe,” i. e. the approach of the foe; believes that he has the foe already before him.

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496. Fremit luxurians. "Neighs proudly."-Alte. To be construed with arrectis.-500. Desiluit. To show respect unto Turnus. -501. Defluxit. For descendit. The idea of number is included in this verb.

507. Horrendâ applies to her martial costume and bearing, making her a formidable object for a foe to behold.-509. Parem. The same, in effect, as possim.-Est omnia quando, &c. "Since that spirit of thine is superior to all (dangers)."

511. Fidem. "Intelligence on which reliance may be placed.”— 512. Improbus is equivalent here to nimium audax, and carries with it also a kind of bitter allusion, as indicating one who sets all restraint at defiance, and is resolutely bent on accomplishing his own evil ends. -513. Quaterent campos. "To scour the plains."—Ipse ardua montis, &c. The construction, according to Wagner, is as follows: Per deserta ardua montis adventat ad urbem, jugo ea superans. "He himself is rapidly drawing near to the city along the lofty and deserted sides of a mountain," &c. i. e. is crossing the summit of a lofty and deserted mountain, and rapidly drawing near.

515. Furta paro belli. "I am preparing an ambuscade." A description of the place is given (line 522, seqq.).—517. Collatis signis. "In close conflict."-519. Tiburtique manus. "And the band of Tiburtus," i. e. from the city of Tibur. The name of one of the founders put for the place itself.-Ducis et tu concipe curam. thou also take upon thee the charge of a leader." Observe the force and position of et. Turnus wishes Camilla to share the command with him. (Compare line 510.)

"Do

521. Et pergit. "And then proceeds." Turnus, leaving Camilla to receive the advancing cavalry, proceeds to the defile to await the coming of Æneas.-522. Valles. Old form of the nominative, as given by Servius, in place of vallis. The latter would have the final syllable lengthened by the arsis.-525. Maligni. "Narrow."

526. In speculis. "On the high grounds."-527. Ignota. "That was unknown to the foe."-529. Instare jugis. "To attack from the heights.”—531. Iniquis. "Fraught with harm to the Trojans."