some time before they had reached the bank itself. Compare the remark of La Cerda : "In voce jam inde, id est, a longe, nota Charontis vigilantiam."

389. Quid venias. “What may be the occasion of thy coming?" With quid supply propter.-Jam istinc et comprime gressum. "And stay thy step now from that spot where thou art." Observe the peculiar force of the pronoun iste as appearing in the adverb istino, its derivative. Iste, it will be remembered, always refers to the person addressed.-391. Corpora viva. His boat was only intended for disembodied spirits.

392. Nec vero Alciden, &c. "I neither, indeed, had cause to rejoice at my having received Hercules on the lake, when he came hither," &c. According to Servius, who quotes from the PseudoOrpheus, Charon was alarmed at the appearance of Hercules, and ferried him over without hesitation. He was punished for this with a year's imprisonment. We may suppose that he also received punishment in the case of Theseus and Pirithoüs.-304. Dis quamquam geniti. Hercules was the son of Jove, as also Pirithoüs (Il. xiv. 37). Theseus, according to some, was the son of Neptune (Hygin. Fab. 37).

395. Ille refers to Hercules, the first-mentioned of the three, and Tartareum custodem to Cerberus. Hercules was ordered by Eurystheus, for his twelfth and last labour, to bring upon earth the threeheaded dog Cerberus. On asking Pluto to give him this animal, the god consented, provided he would take him without using any weapons. This explains the force of manu in the text, i. e. by the hand alone, without the aid of any weapon. Hercules brought Cerberus chained to Eurystheus, and then took him back to the lower world.-396. Ipsius a solio, &c. The post of Cerberus was at the entrance of Hell. We may suppose, therefore, that he has fled in alarm to the presence of Pluto, and crouched at his feet.

397. Hi dominam Ditis, &c. "The latter (two) attempted to carry off our queen from the (very) bedchamber of Pluto." Heyne makes dominam a peculiar appellation of Proserpina, analogous to déσrowvav. Others construe it with Ditis, in the sense of uxorem. We have given it the simplest sense. Charon speaks of Proserpina as his queen and mistress. It is not known whence Virgil borrowed the idea of this daring attempt on the part of Theseus and Pirithous. Most probably, however, he merely enlarges, after poetic fashion, on the ordinary legend, which made these two warriors descend to Hades for the purpose of carrying off Proserpina.

398. Amphrysia cates. "The Amphrysian prophetess." The sibyl takes here the appellation of Amphrysia, from Apollo, the deity to whom she owed her inspiration, and who was called Amphrysius from the river Amphrysus, on the banks of which he had once tended the flocks of Admetus, when banished for a season from the skies.-400. Nec vim tela ferunt. "Nor do the weapons (which thou seest here) intend any act of violence."-Licet ingens janitor, &c., i. e. Æneas comes not, like another Hercules, to bear away Cerberus in chains. The three-headed gigantic monster may, as far as we are concerned, go on and exercise his vocation undisturbed. With licet supply per nos, and before teneat the conjunction ut.

402. Casta licet patrui, &c. "The chaste Proserpina may, (for any thing that we intend to do), still keep." With licet supply, as before, per nos, and also ut before servet. The expression servare limen is

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somewhat analogous to our English phrase "to keep within doors." The meaning of the whole passage is this: We are not come, like Theseus and his friend, to bear away Proserpina from the palace of her lord.-Patrui. Pluto was both the husband and uncle of Proserpina, for she was the daughter of his brother Jupiter by Ceres. 405. Imago. "Thought," i. e. regard for. Compare the explanation of Heyne: "imago apud animum," i. e. cogitatio.-406. At ramum hunc agnoscas. Observe the employment here of the subjunctive mood as a softened imperative: literally, "acknowledge, I beg."-Aperit. (With these words) she discloses to his view."408. Nec plura his, i. e. Nec dixit plura verba his.

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Venerabile donum, &c. "The revered offering of the fated twig." It is called donum, because intended as an offering to Proserpina (line 142), and fatalis virga, because no one could pluck it against the decree of fate (line 146).-409. Longo post tempore visum. Heyne thinks the meaning is, that Charon had not seen it since it was brought to the world below by Hercules, and after him by Theseus and Pirithous. This, however, clashes with the remark of Servius, referred to in the note on line 392. It is more than probable that the meaning intended to be conveyed is a general one, without refe-· rence to Hercules or any one else.

411. Per juga longa. "On the long benches." Juga, properly speaking, are the rowers' benches, corresponding to the vyά of the Greeks; here, however, they were merely the seats for passengers, placed transversely or across the boat.-412. Laxatque foros. "And clears the boat." Literally, "clears the hatches or gangways." Fori has various meanings as applied to a vessel, namely, the deck, or decks, the hatches, gangways, &c., and sometimes even the seats of the rowers. The leading idea, as shown by the root (fero), is a passage of communication from one part of the vessel to another. In the present instance it stands for the boat itself, every avenue of which was crowded with disembodied spirits. Alveus is properly the hold of a vessel, here taken for the interior of the bark.-413. Ingentem Enean. "The great Æneas," i. e. great of size, both as regarded the heroic standard, and as contrasted with the dimensions of the boat into which he was about to enter.

Cymba sutilis. "The boat of sewed hide." Literally, "the sewed boat." Either made of hides sewed together, or of a frame of wickerwork, with hides stretched over it and sewed.-414. Rimosa, . e. leaky. Lucian (Dial. Mort. 10): тò σrapídiov kai vπóσałρóv Lori Kai diappeĩ tà ñòλλá.—416. Exponit. "He lands."

418. Adverso. "That confronts the view."-419. Horrere colubris. 66 Beginning to bristle up with serpents." Cerberus had three heads, and on his three necks snakes instead of hair.-420. Melle soporatam, &c. "Flings a cake, rendered soporiferous with honey and vegetable ingredients, medicinally prepared." By the term offam appears to be here meant a ball or lump. It was composed of seeds and grain of various kinds, moistened with the juice of magic and soporiferous herbs. So Heyne.-422. Objectam. Supply offam, or eam.

424. Occupo carries with it, in general, the idea of anticipating. Hence the meaning here is, that Æneas seizes upon the entrance before Cerberus can recover from his lethargy.-425. Evaditque celer, &c. "And quickly passes beyond the bank of that stream from which the dead who once cross it can never return (to the upper world)."

426. Vagitus, properly, the cry of a young child. Æneas first enters on that part of the world below where the disembodied spirits of infants have their abiding-place.-428. Exsortes. "Deprived of their share."-429. Acerbo. "Immature." A metaphor taken from unripe fruit.

430. Hos juxta, &c. Leaving the place where the souls of infants abide, he comes to the quarter where dwell the spirits of those who have been unjustly condemned to death.-Falso, &c. No funeral honours were bestowed on persons condemned to death; but, if the sentence were unjust, they might be deemed exceptions to the rule, and equally favoured with the most innocent. 431. Sine sorte. "Without a trial." This expression contains an allusion to Roman customs. The prætor, or any other judge appointed to preside at a trial, especially one of a criminal nature, selected by lot a certain number of judices selecti, or assessores, who sat with him, heard the cause, and aided him with their advice.

432. Quæsitor Minos, &c. Quæsitor properly means one appointed to preside at some special inquiry, and who becomes, therefore, as far as this matter is concerned, a supreme judge. Minos receives his special appointment from the Fates, and the urn which he shakes contains the lots from which the names of the associate judges are to be drawn.-432. Silentum concilium. Asconius, in his commentary on Cicero (Argum. in Verr. de Præt. urb.), makes this refer to the judices selecti, or assessores, and reads, in consequence, consilium. He is refuted, however, by Heyne, with whom Wagner coincides. The "turba forensis," or crowd of auditors, is meant, more especially that portion of them who are to be tried before the tribunal.-433. Discit. "Learns (the story of) their lives," &c.

Nöhden thinks that lines 431, 432, and 433 are misplaced, and is certainly right. They come in as a kind of parenthesis, and contain merely a general statement, which is no more applicable to this than to any other part of the context.

434. Proxima deinde, &c. Æneas comes next to the quarter where are the souls of those who have committed suicide.-Qui sibi letum, &c., i. e. who, stained by no crime, have, through mere weariness under the burden of existence, made away with themselves. So Heyne.-436. Quam vellent æthere in alto, &c. Imitated from the remarkable declaration of Achilles in the Odyssey (ii. 488, seqq.), that he would rather be a rustic, labouring for hire under a needy master, than rule over the world of the dead.

438. Fas obstat. "The law of heaven prevents." Some read fata obstant, which is less forcible.-Palus inamabilis. "The hateful marsh."-439. Novies interfusa. Heyne makes novies here equivalent merely to sæpius. It is much more forcible, however, being a mystic number, and the square of the sacred three. The Styx intervened nine times by reason of its numerous windings.

440. Partem fusi in omnem. Thus far Æneas has visited the abiding-places of those unhappy spirits whose term of existence on earth has been prematurely abridged. He now comes to "the fields of mourning," the abode in particular of those who have been the victims of unhappy love. These fields are represented as most spacious, in order that the shades which wander about therein may find room for privacy, and for solitary communing with their own bosoms.-443. Myrtea. The myrtle was sacred to Venus, the goddess of Love.

445. His Phædram Procrinque, &c. Virgil is not by any means accurate in this grouping. The good and the bad are indiscriminately blended together, and the blameless Canis, the virtuous Procris, and the exemplary Laodamia, are found associated with the perfidious Eriphyle, and with Phædra and Pasiphaë.—448. Et juvenis quondam, &c. "And Cænis, once a youth, now a woman, and again brought back by fate to the earlier form." Canis is here feminine, ✈ Kaivis, and is the reading of Heyne. Wagner is in favour of Cœneus, but Brunck well remarks, that Caeneus revoluta is a gross solecism.

450. In this episode relative to Dido, the poet appears to have had in view the account given in the Odyssey (ii. 542) of the meeting of Ulysses and Ajax in the lower world.-451. Quam Troïus heros, &c. Quam, governed by juxta. Heyne, Wagner, and others, however, place a comma after heros, which, of course, disconnects quam and juxta, and makes quam a species of anacoluthon, that is, having nothing on which to depend for its government. Virgil, according to Wagner, was going to write quam Troïus heros. adfatus est, but, after several intervening clauses, forgot, apparently, (or rather purposely), the commencing construction of the passage, and changed to demisit lacrymas.

453. Qualem primo qui, &c. "As one either sees, or thinks he has seen," &c. Qui for aliqui, an earlier form of aliquis. This comparison of the shade of Dido with the new moon when first visible, is imitated from Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 1479).—Surgere. "Appearing," or "showing itself." The literal meaning, of course, is merely poetical here, as we do not see the new moon on its rising.-456. Verus nuntius, &c. "Did true tidings, then, come to me?" Alluding to the flames of the funeral pile, which told him too plainly in the distance her unhappy fate as he was departing from Carthage. See the commencement of book v.-457. Ferroque extrema secutam. "And had sought death by the sword." Supply te with secutam (esse).—Extrema. Literally, "the extreme things (of life)." Thus, we say of one who is just passing out of existence, that he is in "the last extremity.” -458. Per sidera juro, &c. Æneas, says Wagner, invokes the stars and the gods above, because he himself still belongs to the upper world; and he also calls upon the gods below, from a wish to persuade Dido, who is now an inmate of the world of the dead.

462. Senta situ. "Thick covered with the mould (of ages)," i. e. all hideous and loathsome to the view from long neglect. A metaphor borrowed from things that acquire, through neglect, a thick covering of mould and loathsomeness.-463. Nec credere quivi, &c. "Nor could I (under existing circumstances), have believed that I, by my departure, was bringing so much anguish upon thee." Queo is weaker than possum, and denotes mere possibility under existing circumstances. -465. Aspectu. Old form of the dative, for aspectui.—466. Quem fugis? "Whom dost thou shun?" Equivalent, in effect, to quid me fugis?-466. Extremum fato, &c. "This is the last thing (granted me) by fate (in thy case), that I address thee now," i. e. I address thee now for the last time, never destined to behold thee hereafter.

467. Talibus Eneas, &c. Torva tuentis is the excellent emendation of Wagner, instead of the common reading, et torra tuentem. The expression torva tuentem as applied to animum, becomes excessively awkward, notwithstanding the attempts of Heyne to explain away the difficulty. If we retain the reading of the common text, the only plausible mode of translating will be to make animum an

imitation of the Homeric xarà Ovμóv, namely, secundum, or quod ad animum.-Torva tuentis. Not "of her eyeing him sternly," for this would clash with line 469, but preserving a stern and fixed expression of countenance, while her eyes remained cast on the ground.-468. Lenibat. Old form for leniebat. So polibant (Æn. viii. 436).

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469. Incepto sermone. By his discourse (thus) begun." So Burmann. Servius is wrong in making this equivalent to "a principio orationis." Eneas was preparing to say more, but Dido remained perfectly unmoved by the exordium which he had hoped would have Julled to rest all her angry feelings towards him.-470. Animum movetur. A Græcism.-471. Quam si dura silex, &c. "Than if she were standing (before him) a hard flint or Marpesian rock." Marpesa, or Marpessa, was a mountain in the island of Paros, containing the quarries whence the famous Parian marble was obtained. Compare note on i. 593.

472. Corripuit sese. "She hurried away."-475. Percussus. "Struck to the heart." A much better reading than concussus, "shocked." He would have been "shocked" at her death, had he now learned it for the first time. As the case stood, however, he was deeply wounded in feeling at her hard lot.

477. Datum molitur iter. "He toils along the path before him." -479. Tydeus. The father of Diomede, and who, along with Parthenopeus and Adrastus, belonged to the number of the "Seven against Thebes."-481. Ad superos. Among those in the world above," i. e. among the living. Ad for apud.-Belloque caduci. "And who had fallen in war." Caduci is equivalent here to the Greek TEOÓVTEC, a usage which Virgil appears to have first introduced, and which many subsequent writers adopted.

484 Tres Antenoridas. "The three sons of Antenor," Polybus, Agenor, and Acamas (Hom. Il. xi. 59).—Cereri sacrum. "Consecrated to the service of Ceres," i. e. priest of Ceres.-485. Etiam. "Yet." Equivalent to etiamnum.—487. Usque morari. "To detain him a long time." Servius: "Usque, diu."-488. Et conferre gradum. "And to keep pace with him."-493. Inceptus clamor, &c. "The cry begun (to be raised), disappoints them as they stand with gaping lips." In the world of shadows all is unreal. The very cry, which the shades here attempt to utter dies away, as something unreal, on their very lips.

494. Laniatum. Virgil's representation of the mangled phantom of Deïphobus is in accordance with the ideas of Plato, who taught that the dead retain the same marks and blemishes on their persons which they had while alive.-496. The repetition of ora heightens the effect intended to be produced by the narrative.-497. Truncas inhonesto vulnere. "Maimed by a shocking wound," i. e. the nose was cut off. Voss: "Und die Nase von schändender Wunde gestümmelt.” 498. Tegentem. A very graphic term here. He holds up before his face the stumps from which the hands had been lopped away, and endeavours to hide with these the wounds inflicted on his visage.— Ultro. First," i. e. of his own accord, and unasked.

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500. Armipotens. Deïphobus was one of the most valiant of the Trojans after Hector.-501. Optavit. "Has felt inclined."-502. Cui tantum de te licuit. "Unto whom has so much power over thee been allowed." Literally, "concerning thee."-505. Tumulum inanem. "A cenotaph."-Rhotao in litore. Consult note on iii. 108.-506. Ter voce vocavi. Consult note on iii. 68.-507. Nomen et arma locum