first part of the line indicates their approach to the sanctuary of Apollo, through a grove sacred to Diana, by which it was surrounded; the latter part to their entrance beneath the temple-roof itself. Lucos. Observe the force of the plural, as denoting a hallowed grove.

15. Præpetibus pennis, &c. Alluding to the fable of Dædalus having fled from Crete (Minoïa regna) on pinions of his own invention.-16. Gelidas enavit ad Arctos. "Swam forth to the cold regions of the North." Enavit beautifully and gracefully assimilates the movements of his pinions in the one element to those of a swimmer in the other. The route of Daedalus was not directly towards Sicily. He first winged his way to the remote North, and visited, in his route, the amber islands, or Electrides, at the mouth of the Eridanus. -Arctos. The two constellations of the Greater and Smaller Bear, near the north pole.

17. Chalcidicaque levis, &c. "And, light of wing, hovered at length over the Chalcidian towers (of Cuma)." Superastitit is commonly rendered "alighted upon," which quite destroys the force of the compound. Voss gives it far more correctly: "Ueber der chalcidischen Burg stand endlich der schwebende Künstler.'

18. Redditus his primum terris, i. e. given back from air to earth. He was "restored" to these regions, only so far as they were the first part of earth to which he was finally given back after his long wanderings in the air; he was not restored to them as to his startingplace, which had been the island of Crete. He visited many places in his flight, but here his flight itself ceased.-Tibi, Phœbe, sacravit, &c. Dædalus consecrated his wings to Apollo, just as a mariner, preserved from the dangers of ocean, makes an offering to some god in fulfilment of a vow.-19. Remigium alarum. "The oarage of his wings."-Posuitque immania templa. "And built a spacious temple." Tradition ascribed to Dædalus the erection of the temple of Apollo, on the heights of Cumæ.

20. In foribus, letum Androgeo. The poet now proceeds to describe the carved or sculptured work on the temple-gates, where was delineated the whole story of Minos, his son Androgeos, the Minotaur, and Dædalus-Androgeo. The Attic genitive of Androgeos, i. e. 'Avdpóyew, genitive of 'Avdpóyews. The common text has Androgei, but Androgeo is approved of by the old grammarians.

20. Tum pendere pœnas, &c. "Next in order (were seen) the Athenians, ordered (wretched lot!) to pay every year, as an atonement, the bodies of their offspring by sevens." As an atonement for

the death of Androgeos, his father Minos compelled the Athenians to send seven of their young men and as many maidens every year to Crete, to be devoured by the Minotaur.-21. Cecropida. A name given to the Athenians, from Cecrops, the earliest king of Attica after Ogyges.-Septena. Observe the force of the distributive: not seven," but "by sevens," that is, the youths by sevens, and the maidens by sevens, or fourteen in all every year.

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22. Stat ductis sortibus urna. "There stands the urn, the lots having been (just) drawn from it." The scene is still at Athens. The names of the fourteen victims were drawn by lot from an urn.— 23. Contra, elata mari, &c. "On the opposite side, raised above the sea, the Gnosian land faces the view," i. e. the island of Crete. Consult note on iii. 15. The island of Crete was represented on the sculpture as facing the land of Attica, with the sea flowing between. -24. Hic crudelis amor tauri. "Herein (is represented) the cruel

passion for the bull." The scene of that part of the sculpture now referred to is laid in Crete; so that hic means, in fact, "here is the island of Crete."-Crudelis. Because a cruel infliction on the part of Venus.

26. Monumenta. Observe the force of the plural. Equivalent to

triste monumentum.

27. Hic labor ille domus, &c. "Here, (too, is seen) that laboriouslyconstructed abode, and inextricable maze," i. e. of the Labyrinth, in which the Minotaur was enclosed.-28. Magnum reginæ sed enim, &c. "But (it was not to remain for ever inextricable), for Dædalus, having compassionated the deep love of the princess (Ariadne), himself disclosed the wiles and windings of the structure, guiding with a thread the uncertain footsteps (of Theseus)." Observe the elliptical force of sed enim, like the Greek aλλà yap.-Regina. The term regina is sometimes, as here, applied by the Latin poets to the daughter of a monarch.-Amorem. The love of Ariadne for Theseus.-29. Ipse. He himself had constructed the Labyrinth, and knew, therefore, the secret of its windings. Other ancient poets make Ariadne to have aided Theseus, without the intervention of Dædalus.

30. Magnam partem haberes. "Wouldst have occupied a prominent part." Equivalent, in fact, to magna pars esses.-31. Sineret dolor. Observe the omission of si. Thus a colloquial English idiom: "Thou wouldst have a large share, &c. would grief permit."-Dolor. The grief of Daedalus for the fate (casus) of his son Icarus.

33. Quin protenus omnia, &c. "They would have gone on, indeed, and examined all things in unbroken succession with eager gaze." Quin equivalent here to vero or sane. Compare the Greek kai μýv Kai.-Omnia. To be pronounced, in scanning, as of two syllables, omn-ya.-36. Deiphobe. The name of the Cumaan sibyl. Virgil gives her the character of a priestess of Apollo and Hecate. (See lines 118, 564.) She was the daughter of Glaucus, a sea-deity, who also possessed prophetic powers.-Regi. Æneas.

37. Non hoc ista sibi, &c. "The present moment demands not for itself such sights as these on which thou art now gazing." Ista here refers to the person addressed.-39. Præstiterit. It will be better."

40. Nec sacra morantur, &c. "Nor are the heroes slow in executing her hallowed commands."-41. Alta in templa. The temple and cave of the sibyl are here meant, not the temple of Apollo already mentioned. The temple was, in fact, the same with the cave, as appears very plainly from the context.

42. Euboice rupis. A poetical allusion to the settlement of Cumæ by a Euboean colony.-Excisum. "Had been hollowed out."-43. Ostia. "Doors" closing the entrances. Of these apertures into the sybil's cave Æneas enters by the one nearest to Cuma, and then issues near the Lake Avernus.

"On a

45. Virgo. The sibyl.-Poscere. A Græcism, for poscendi.-46. Deus, ecce! Deus. She utters these words as she feels the influence of Apollo coming over her.-47. Subito non vultus, &c. sudden, nor look, nor colour, nor adjusted locks remained the same." Her look became changed, her colour went and came, her hair streamed forth in wild disorder.

48. Sed pectus anhelum. Supply est.-50. Aflata est. Felt the divine afflatus; was breathed upon by the god.-51. Jam propiore. Observe the force of the comparative, as denoting constant and gradual approach.

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51. Cessas in vota precesque? "Dost thou delay with thy vows and prayers?" Observe the elegant use of the preposition in. The prose form would be cessas ad vota facienda, &c.-52. Neque enim ante dehiscent, &c. (Delay no longer), for not before shall the great portals of this awe-struck abode begin to open (on the view)."-53. Attonito. Attributing to this inanimate object the sensation of those who hear its sound.-Magna ora domus. The Trojans would appear to be still before the entrance to the cave, unless we suppose domus to denote the inmost shrine.

56. Phoebe, graves Troja, &c. Homer represents Apollo as constantly adhering to the side of the Trojans.-58. Paris wounded Achilles, (the descendant of Eacus) in the heel, the only vulnerable part of that hero.-Direxti. By syncope, for direxisti.

58. Magnas obeuntia terras, &c. "Seas encircling extensive lands." -59. Duce te. Referring to oracles received at different times from the god.-Intravi. Observe the zeugma in this verb.-60. Massylúm gentes. Poetic exaggeration. The Massylians take the place of the Carthaginians, the latter alone having in reality been reached, the former lying further to the west. So, again, the Syrtes are mentioned in place of the immediate coast of Carthage, although the former had been unvisited, and lay far to the south-east.

Prætentaque Syrtibus area. "And the fields stretched in front hy the Syrtes," i. e. the regions before which the Syrtes are spread. Compare iii. 692. "Sicanio prætenta sinu insula," &c.

62. Hâc Trojana tenus, &c. "Thus far let the (adverse) fortune of Troy have followed us." Hâc tenus. By tmesis, for hactenus.63. Jam fas est, &c. Because they have now attained the object of their hostility by the downfall of Troy.-64. Obstitit. "Ever proved obnoxious."-65. Vates. The sibyl.-60. Da (non) indebita, &c. "Grant (I ask not for realms not due to me by the fates) that the Trojans settle in Latium," &c. The prayer to become acquainted with the secrets of the future here changes into a petition for a certain event to be accomplished. The notions of foretelling an event and of granting it, by the divinity addressed, seem not to have been accurately distinguished; the address of the person consulting was often in the nature of a petition.-68. Agitataque numina Troja. "And the penates of Troy long tossed to and fro (upon the waves)."

69. Tum Phobo et Trivia, &c. An allusion, according to Servius, to the temple of Apollo erected by Augustus on the Palatine Hill; so that Æneas fulfils this part of the vow through the agency of his illustrious descendant.-70. Festosque dies, &c. "And (will establish) festal days (called) after the name of Phoebus." Supply instituam from the previous clause, and observe the zeugma that takes place in this verb, the idea of building a temple being connected with that of establishing festal days.-De nomine Phobi. The allusion is to the Ludi Apollinares, or games in honour of Apollo, instituted at Rome during the second Punic war, after the battle of Cannæ.

71. Te quoque magna manent, &c. "Thee, too, a spacious sanctuary awaits in our realms." The Sibylline books were first kept in a stone chest under ground, in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When the temple was burned, B.C. 82, these books perished in the fire. A new collection was then made, and, on the rebuilding of the temple, were deposited in the same place that the former had occupied. In the reign of Augustus, however, they were placed in two gilt cases at the base of Apollo's statue, in the temple of that

god on the Palatine Hill. It is to this latter temple that Virgil here properly alludes.

72. Sortes. It is thought, from a remark of Servius (ad En. iii. 444; compare vi. 74), that the Sibylline predictions possessed by the Romans were written on palm leaves. Their nature being such, Niebuhr supposes that they were referred to in the same way as eastern nations refer to the Koran and to Hafiz: they did not search for a passage and apply it, but probably only shuffled the palm leaves, and then drew one. This will serve to explain the use of sortes by the poet, in the sense of "predictions."-73. Lectos viros. Originally but two persons were intrusted with the charge of the Sibylline books; then ten; and at last fifteen. These individuals are the lecti viri of the text.

74. Foliis tantum, &c. "Only commit not thy verses to leaves." It has been supposed that the leaves of the Cumaan sibyl, described by Virgil, were designed as an allusion to the form of the Sibylline books mentioned in the note on "sortes," line 72.-75. Ne turbata volent, &c. Compare iii. 443.-76. Ipsa canas oro. With this request, made in accordance with the suggestion of Helenus (Æn. iii. 443), the sibyl complies.

77. At Phobi nondum patiens, &c. "But the prophetess, not yet enduring Apollo," i. e. still struggling against the power that was coming over her. This power was the divine afflatus, a spirit of prophecy.-Immanis in antro bacchatur. "Raves wildly in her cave," immanis being equivalent here to fera, or furens.—78. Magnum si pectore possit, &c. "If (in any way)," &c., i. e. trying if she can shake off, &c. 79. Excussisse. Used as an aorist, in imitation of the Greek idiom, the attention being confined to the simple act itself, without any reference to a particular time.

Tanto magis ille fatigat, &c. "So much the more does he weary her foaming lips, subduing her fierce heart, and, by a direct exertion of his power, moulds her to his will." The god, subduing the prophetess to his will, is compared to a rider mastering a spirited steed. As the horseman distresses and wearies with the bit, so Apollo fatigat os rabidum." The same metaphor is continued in the words "fingitque premendo."

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But

81. Domus. "Of the abode." The temple-cave, or sanctuary of the sibyl.-82. Per auras. Through the (outer) air," i. e. to the Trojans standing without.-83. O tandem magnis, &c. "O thou that hast at length gone through with the great dangers of ocean! heavier ones await thee on land." Observe the abrupt but forcible change of construction in sed terrâ, &c. In this response confirming the prediction of Helenus, Æn. iii. 459, the oracular tone, and, in particular, the solemnity of the pauses, are most poetically combined.

85. Hanc curam, i. e. the fear lest they may never reach the Lavinian or Latin realms.-88. Non Simoïs tibi, &c., i. e. thou shalt find in Latium a renewal of all the toil and carnage of the Trojan war. The Simoïs and Xanthus are the rivers Numicus and Tiber; Turnus is Achilles; and Lavinia, like Helen, kindles up the war.— 89. Alius Latio jam partus Achilles. "Another Achilles is already obtained for Latium." Turnus, like Achilles, had a goddess-mother, the nymph Venilia.-90. Nec Teucris addita Juno, &c. "Nor shall Juno, added to the Trojans (as their constant scourge), be anywhere absent (from them)." According to Macrobius, addita, in this passage, is

equivalent to "affixa, et, per hoc, infesta." We have preferred, however, giving the word in question its natural meaning, in which pretty much the same idea is involved. Wagner makes nec addita aberit the same as "non desinet addita esse," and Lobeck compares the phrase with the Evveσriv Epedpos of Sophocles (Ajax, 611).

91. Quum, standing, as it does, at the commencement of the sentence, is elegantly employed for tum.-93. Causa mali tanti, &c. "The cause of so great a calamity shall again be a bride, showing hospitality towards the Trojans, and again a foreign union." In the one instance, Helen, who hospitably received Paris on his arrival at Sparta, was the cause of the Trojan war; in the other, Lavinia, whose father, King Latinus, will give a friendly reception to Æneas and his followers, is to be the cause of war in Latium.

95. Sed contra audentior ito. "But advance against them with a bolder front."-96. Qua. "In whatever way." Supply riâ or ratione. Wagner prefers quam, "than thy fortune will permit thee;" and he explains it as follows: "Quo magis reluctabitur tibi Fortuna, eo audentior ei obsiste." This, however, seems harsh.-97. Graiá pandetur ab urbe. The city of Euander, who was of Arcadian origin. Compare viii. 51.

99. Horrendas ambages. "Her fearful mysteries," i. e. her fearful and mysterious predictions.-100. Ea frena furenti, &c. "Such reins Apollo shakes over her as she rages." Heyne makes ea the same as tam valida. This, however, is opposed by Wagner, who refers ea to obscuris vera involvens, and takes ea frena to mean that Apollo so controls the sibyl's breast as not to allow her to disclose the plain truth at once, but to envelope it in more or less obscurity.-101. Vertit, &c. Keeps fixing them more and more deeply.

105. Præcepi. I have formed unto myself beforehand an idea of these things, from what Helenus (En. iii. 441) and my father Anchises (En. v. 730) revealed to me.-Peregi, &c. I have already performed them in thought.

"And

106. Inferni regis. Pluto.-107. Et tenebrosa palus, &c. the gloomy lake (formed) from the overflowing Acheron." This lake, between Cuma and Misenum, must be distinguished from the Avernian lake. Real and fabulous geography are here intermingled. The lake in question was believed to be one of the avenues of approach to the lower world.-109. Contingat. "May it fall to my lot." Contingit generally implies good fortune, as in the present

instance.

112. Maria omnia. "The hardships of all seas."

115. Quin. "Moreover." Equivalent to quinetiam.-118. Nec te nequicquam, &c. "Nor has Hecate set thee over the Avernian groves in vain," i. e. thou canst easily accomplish this for me, as priestess of this hallowed spot.

119. Si potuit manes, &c. There is considerable doubt about the connexion of this whole sentence with what precedes. Heyne suggests two solutions of the difficulty: first, by supposing that some such clause as this precedes, "Quidni et mihi adire inferos liceat?" or, secondly, by connecting si potuit, &c., with miserere that precedes. We have adopted, however, a much more natural order. It is this: to understand nothing before si potuit, &c., but to make the whole sentence turn on the words et mi genus ab Jove summo.

121. Si fratrem Pollux, &c. Castor and Pollux had the same mother, Leda; but Jupiter being the father of Pollux, he was im