746. Arcessit. The common text has accersit, but accerso is a corrupt form which came into use during the decline of Latinity.-749. Consiliis. He straightway puts his plans in operation.-750. Transcribunt. They enrol." This was the term properly applicable to such an occasion. Servius remarks; "transcripti in colonias deducebantur.". Populumque volentem deponunt. "And set apart the people that wished it."

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to

755. Urbem designat aratro. Referring to another custom on the part of the Romans, who, when they were about to build a city, first marked out the limits of it, by drawing a furrow with a plough, which they held obliquely, so as to make all the clods fall inward, and lifted up the plough over those spaces where they intended to have the gates, which thence were called portæ, as is said, from porto, lift," or 66 carry." The furrow marked out the circuit of the walls. 756. Hoc Ilium, et hæc loca, &c. "He orders this spot to be an Ilium," &c. Ilium refers to the new city, which is to be regarded by its inhabitants as a second Ilium; while Troja designates the adjacent territory, which is to be for them a new Trojanus ager.-757. Regno, i. e. in this accession to his realms.-758. Indicitque forum, &c. "And appoints a forum," &c. Forum does not here denote a place, but rather regulations for holding public assemblies, courts of law, &c., which were accustomed to be convened in the forum or agora.Patribus. Referring to the senators of the new city, so called from their age.

759. Vicina astris. A poetic hyperbole, to denote a lofty structure. The mountain in Sicily next in height to Ætna was Eryx, whence Venus obtained the appellation of Erycina from her temple on its summit.-760. Idalia. Venus was called the Idalian goddess, from Idalium, in Cyprus. Consult note on i. 680, seq.-761. Late sacer, i. e. held sacred by all the surrounding communities.

762. Dies novem. The Anchiseum, or chapel sacred to the manes of Anchises, and which was erected near his tomb (as may be inferred from the word "sacerdos additur," &c.), was consecrated by a solemn nine days' feast. The Inferia of Anchises, and a nine days' feast connected with them, were afterward introduced as an annual solemnity into the cities of Latium, as appears from Ovid (Fast. ii. 543, seq.)-763. Straverunt. "Made calm." Levelled every angry billow, and made the surface of the waters resemble one vast plain.—764. Creber aspirans. "Breathing more and more freshly," i. e. freshening more and more. Heyne: Creber, primitivâ vi, increscens," also iii. 530, "Crebrescunt optatæ auræ.”

767. The pronouns ipse and ipsi are here equivalent to eædem and iidem. (Compare Wagner, Quæst. Virg. xviii. 2, o.)—768. Et non tolerabile nomen, i. e. and who could not even hear its name with patience. A far more natural reading than numen, which Wagner and others adopt, and which they make equivalent to violentiam.

771. Consanguineo Acesta. "No relationship can be traced between Eneas and Acestes, and therefore consanguineus here is merely the same as countryman,' ,"" of the same nation."-772. Eryci. He sacrifices to Eryx as to a deified hero.-Tempestatibus. Compare iii. 120. -773. Solvique ex ordine funem. "And next in order the cable to be loosened from the shore." Funis, the cable or stern-fast, by which the vessels were secured after having been drawn up on the shore.Ex ordine. Equivalent to the Greek kaltens.

774. Tonsa foliis olicæ.

"With leaves of the plucked olive," i. e.

with leaves plucked from the olive, and formed into a chaplet. See note on line 556.

775. Stans procul in prorâ. Ceremonies of this kind were usually performed at the stern of the vessel, where the images of the tutelary deities were placed. On the present occasion, however, the prow is selected, since they were leaving the harbour.-777. A puppi. "Astern."

780. Effundit pectore questus. Borrowed from Ennius.-783. Quam, &c. "For her." The position of quam, at so great a distance from its antecedent Junonis, would hardly be tolerated in prose Latinity, though here it would seem to impart a kind of epic dignity to the style. Equivalent to nam illam.-Pietas. The devout bearing of Eneas towards Juno herself.-784. Jovis imperio, fatisve. She still persisted in her opposition to Æneas, even in spite of the power of Jove, and the decrees of heaven, that had fixed his settlement in Italy.

785. Media de gente Phrygum. The same as mediâ ex Troade.— Exedisse. Literally, "to have eaten out," "to have consumed." From exedo.-786. Traxe. For traxisse, by a species of syncope.-787. Reliquias. The surviving followers of Æneas.-Troja cineres, &c. She continues to pursue the last sad remnant of Troy, though this is now so feeble and comparatively lifeless as to be deserving almost of being called the mere ashes and bones of that devoted city.

788. Sciat illa. "She may know," i. e. she must needs have some powerful motive for acting in this way; what that motive is, however, she best knows ; do not. Venus here artfully dissembles her knowledge of the true cause, in order to excite the commiseration of Neptune.-789. Ipse mihi nuper, &c. Construe Tu ipse (es) testis mihi, quam molem nuper subito excierit in Libycis undis.-790. Molem. Equivalent to tempestatem.-791. Nequicquam. She did not accomplish her purpose; the storm having been allayed by Neptune.-792. In regnis tuis. Compare line 138.

793. Etiam actis. Having been also driven on by her."-794. Classe amissá. "Their fleet having been lost (in part)."-796. Quod superest, oro, &c. "As the only thing that remains, I do beg that it may be allowed them to sail over thy waves in safety." The only thing that now remains for Venus is to entreat the aid of Neptune. 796. Tibi per undas. A Græcism, for tuas per undas: σo karà κύματα.

799. Tum Saturnius, &c. The peculiar cadence of this line makes it sound like one borrowed from Ennius.-800. Fas omne est, &c. "It is altogether right." A Græcism for omnino.-801. Unde, &c. Venus was fabled to have sprung from the foam of the sea.- -Sœpe furores, &c. Compare i. 125; iii. 192; v. 10.

803. Xanthum Simoëntaque testor. These were two rivers that ran near Troy, and were witnesses, of course, to the truth of this statement. Virgil has here in view the twentieth and twenty-first books of the Iliad. It is here stated, that Æneas, having engaged in conflict with Achilles, was only saved from destruction by the interposition of Neptune. The Grecian hero thereupon turned his wrath against the main body of the Trojans, made a dreadful slaughter of them, and choked up the stream of the Xanthus with their dead bodies. This led to the well-known contest between himself and the river-god.

805. Impingeret, i. e. drove them back in confusion against their

own city walls.-806. Gemerentque repleti amnes. "And when the choked rivers groaned (with the dead)," i. e. were filled to groaning with the bodies of the slaughtered Trojans. A metaphor borrowed from the idea of a building so full as to groan beneath the pressure. 807. Amnes. The Xanthus and Simoïs, but more especially the former. The Simoïs was a tributary of the Xanthus, and Homer makes the latter call upon it for the aid of its waters against Achilles.

809. Nec dis, &c. "With neither gods nor his own strength equal," i. e. equal to those of his opponent.-811. Perjuræ. Neptune was offended at the Trojans on account of the perjury of Laomedon, for whom he had, in conjunction with Apollo, built the walls of Troy.

812. Mens eadem. "The same disposition," i. e. the same friendly feeling towards Æneas.-813. Portus Averni. Cumæ.-814. Unus. Palinurus.-815. Unum caput. "One life." As regards Palinurus,

compare line 833, seqq.

817. Auro. "To his golden car." Auro for currui aureo, is very doubtful Latinity. Wagner suggests Jungit equos, aurá genitos.-818. Manibusque omnes, &c., i. e. slackens all the reins in his hands.-819. Cæruleo curru. "In his azure car." The car is of the same colour with the sea.

822. Tum cariæ comitum facies. "Then (appear) the various shapes of his retinue," i. e. his retinue under various shapes. The text is purposely abrupt, and a verb must be supplied by the mind of the reader. Bothe, offended at this abruptness, suggests comitant for comitum; but comito, though occurring in Ovid and other poets, is not employed by Virgil, who always uses comitor.

823. Senior Glauci chorus. The term senior here means merely existing from old," and not as exhibiting any of the concomitants of actual age. The train of Glaucus, and "the whole band of Phorcus," consisted of inferior deities of the sea, as well as of marine inhabitants of various kinds, such as phocæ, &c.-Inousque Palamon. "And Palæmon, son of Ino." Palæmon was the same with Portunus or Melicerta.-825. Melite, &c. Several of the Nereids are here mentioned.-826. Nesce, Spioque, &c. A line either borrowed from Georg. iv. 338, or introduced there from this place. The names are all of Greek formation : Νησαίη, Σπειώ τε, θάλειά τε, Κυμοδόκη τε. (Il. xviii. 41, seq.)

827. Suspensam mentem. His mind had been a prey to anxiety on account of the burning of the ships.-829. Attolli malos.

The masts

were usually taken down when the vessel arrived in port, and raised again when about to depart.-Intendi brachia velis. The yard-arms to be stretched with sails," i. e. the sails to be hoisted by means of the yards, along which they were stretched. It is quite unnecessary to regard this as an hypallage for rela intendi brachiis.

830. Una omnes fecere pedem. "They all tacked together." The pedes were the ropes attached to the two lower corners of a square sail. They ran from the ends of the sail to the sides of the vessel towards the stern, where they were fastened with rings, attached to the outer side of the bulwarks. When the wind was directly astern, the vessel was said "currere utroque pede;" but when she had to keep tacking, she was said "currere uno pede," or "facere pedem,' the term pes, in the singular, being then applied to that one of the two ropes which is drawn in when the vessel tacks.-Pariterque

sinistros, &c. "And at one and the same time they let go the sheets on the left, now (again) on the right." As the vessel tacked, the sail, of course, must fill, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other, and while one sheet would be kept tight, the other would be loosened so as to allow the sail to swing around.

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831. Una ardua torquent, &c. Together they turn and turn back the lofty end of the sail-yards." The ends of the square-sail yards were called cornua, probably because horns were anciently attached to them. These turn as the sail fills on different sides.-832. Sua

flamina. "Favouring gales."-833. Agebat. "Led on."

835. Mediam coeli metam. "The zenith of the sky." Equivalent to medium coelum. A metaphor borrowed from the race-course.— 839. Aëra dimovit. "Divided the dark air," i. e. cleaved it with his pinions. For aëra secabat.—840. Tristia somnia. For tristes somnos. -842. Phorbanti. A Trojan, named Phorbas, appears in Iliad xiv. 490.

843. Ipsa. "Of themselves."-844. Equatæ auræ. "A steady breeze," i. e. filling the sails equally on each side.-845. Pone. "Recline."-Furare. "Steal away." Equivalent to, but more elegant than, subtrahe.-846. Tua munera inibo. "Will perform thy duties."

847. Vix attollens lumina. Showing already the influence of the god of Sleep.-848. Mene satis placidi vultum, &c., i. e. dost thou bid me place reliance on the deceitful aspect of the now peaceful sea ?— -850. Credam quid enim. "Why, indeed, shall I intrust ?"-852. Clarumque affixus, &c. "And fixed and clinging to it, he nowhere let go of the tiller."-853. Sub astra. "Directed towards the stars."

854. Lethæo rore madentem. "Dripping with Lethean dew", i. e. with the waters of the river of forgetfulness, in the lower world.855. Vique soporatum Stygiâ. "And rendered soporific with Stygian strength," i. e. producing a deep sleep like the sleep of death, of which, in the present case, it was the precursor.-856. Cunctantique natantia lumina solvit. "And dissolves his swimming eyes unto him struggling against it."-Natantia. Having those confused images swimming before them that usher in slumber.-857. Vix primos inopina, &c. Unexpected repose had scarcely begun to relax his limbs, when (the god of Sleep), leaning upon him," &c., i. e. throwing his weight upon him. Vix primos to be rendered as vix primum.— Parte. This enabled him to float three days. Compare vi. 350.

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862. Currit iter tutum. "(Meanwhile), the fleet not the less (on that account) runs along a safe route over the surface of the sea.' 864. The rocks of the Sirens, sometimes called the islands of the Sirens (Insula Sirenum, vñool Zaipηvovσai), were three in number, and lay off the coast of Campania, on the south side of the promontory of Surrentum.-865. Difficiles quondam. Referring to Odyssey, xii. 39, seqq.-Ossibus. Bones of mariners, deceived by the songs of the Sirens.-866. Tum rauca assiduo. They re-echoed formerly with the songs of the Sirens; now (tum), however, with the dashing of the waves.

867. Pater. Eneas.-Fluitantem. 66 Rocking to and fro." Supply navem, or, more correctly, perhaps, eam, as referring to ratem immediately after.-871. Nudus. "Unburied." The fate of Palinurus is related in the 6th book, line 337, seqq.

"There is a difficulty in this place," observes Symmons, commenting on line 868, "which, as far as I can recollect, has not been noticed by any of the commentators. The gubernaculum of the ship

had fallen with Palinurus into the sea. By what means, then, could her course, immediately on the discovery of the accident, be governed by Eneas? This, surely, is an oversight of the poet's, which betrays the want of his final revision.-In the separation of this book from the next, Tucca and Varius, to whom the management is generally ascribed, appear to have acted injudiciously: for sic fatur lacrymans is parted too violently from the lamenting reflection of Æneas; and et tandem Euboïcis Cumarum adlabitur oris seems to be the just conclusion of the book, when the fleet has finished its voyage from Sicily, and is now, at length, safe in the port of Cumæ."

BOOK SIXTH.

1. Sic fatur lacrymans. This refers to the lament for the loss of Palinurus, at the close of the preceding book.-2. Et tandem Euboïcis, &c. The fleet at length reaches Italy, and comes to anchor in the harbour of Cumæ, on the Campanian coast. Cumæ was said to have been settled by a colony from Chalcis in the island of Euboea, and hence the language of the text, "the Euboean shores of Cumæ," for "the shores of Cuma, Euboean in its origin."

3. Obvertunt pelago proras. Alluding to the ancient mode of disposing of vessels when they had reached their destined harbours. The stern was drawn up and fixed on the shore, the prow turned towards the sea. The prow, consequently, remained in the deeper water, and therefore the anchor is thrown out to attach it to the ground.-4. Fundabat. "Firmly held."-Et litora curva, &c. "And the bending sterns line the shores." The collected ships, with their aplustria, or stern ornaments, adorn the shores, as it were, with a fringe or border (prætexta).

6. Semina flammæ, i. e. the sparks of fire. Compare the Homeric σлÉρμа пνрог.-7. Pars densa ferarum. "Others traverse in rapid course the forests, the umbrageous haunts of savage beasts." Rapit equivalent to cursu rapit, or rapido cursu perlustrat. Thus the steed is said campum rapere; the ship, æquora rapere.

9. Arces quibus altus Apollo, &c. Alluding to the temple of Apollo, on the summit of a rocky hill, on which hill stood also the citadel and town of Cuma. Apollo, therefore, presided, as πoλovxos, over temple, citadel, and town.-10. Horrendoque procul, &c. "And the spacious cave, the retired abode of the Sibyl, venerated from afar." This cave was a large chamber, hewn in the solid rock, on which the temple and citadel stood.

11. Magnam cui mentem, &c., i. e. a mind, the boundaries of whose knowledge of the future are enlarged, and an impassioned spirit by which she may give utterance to the vast conceptions of that mind. Mens denotes the understanding, the intelligent part of the mind; animus, the sentient part, as affected by external impressions, and agitated by passions.-12. Delius rates. Apollo, the god of prophecy, called "Delian," from his natal isle of Delos.

13. Jam subeunt Trivia, &c. "Now they enter the hallowed grove of Diana, and (now) the gilded temple (of the god himself)." The