a deis dextra proveniunt.”—Per_umbras. "Through the shades of night." 694. Facem ducens. "Drawing after it a gleaming train." -697. Tum longo limite, &c. "Then the indented path gives forth light in lengthened course." Sulcus is literally "the furrow" traced by the star in the sky.-699. Victus, i. e. prevailed on, convinced by these signs.-Se tollit ad auras. "Raises himself erect," i. e. from the ground, on which he had been lying.

701. Nulla mora est. Supply in me.-702. Serrate domum, i. e. preserve my family, &c. this is all that I ask.-703. Vestrum hoc augurium, &c. "This omen is yours, and Troy is now under your protection," i. e. this crowning omen comes clearly from you, and what remains of Troy is now taken into your heavenly care. Another Troy will therefore soon arise. Anchises skilled in augury, inferred, from the tufted flame on the head of Iuius, that the latter was destined to prove a great light unto Trojan affairs, and to reign in another land. The peal of thunder confirms him in his belief, and he now exclaims that Troy is under the protection of Heaven.

705. Et jam per mœnia, &c. “And now throughout the city the roar of the flames is becoming more and more distinctly heard. Observe the force of the present in auditur, and of the plural in incendia. -707. Imponere. "Place thyself upon.' Literally, "be thou placed upon." Present imperative passive, and equivalent to impone te.708. Ipse subibo humeris. "I myself will go under thee with my shoulders," i. e. I will bear thee on my own shoulders.-Nec me labor iste gracabit. "Nor will that burden oppress me." There is something very beautiful in the employment of the pronoun iste, but which cannot very well be conveyed in a direct translation, will that burden oppress me, since it is thou whom I shall be bearing."

66

nor

709. Quo res cumque cadent. "In whatever way things shall fall out," i. e. whatever may be our lot. Quo is separated from cumque by Tmesis.-711. Sit comes mihi, i. e. take me by the hand.-Et longe serret vestigia conjux. "And let my wife mark our footsteps at some distance," i. e. follow at some distance. Creüsa is directed to follow at some distance in the rear of the party, and the domestics are sent off in different directions, lest so large a number of persons keeping together might lead to discovery on the part of the foe.

712. Quæ dicam, animis, &c. "Attend to what I am going to say." Literally, "turn yourselves in your minds to those things which I shall say:" certite vosmetipsos in restris animis ad ea quæ dicam.-713. Est urbe egressis, &c. "There is to those who have gone out from the city a rising ground, and an ancient temple of deserted Ceres," i. e. an old temple of Ceres which has been left deserted during the siege. Some make deserto mean "bereft of her daughter Proserpina." This, however, is too far-fetched. Others see in it an allusion to the temple's being without a priest, Polyphotes, who had filled that station, having been slain in the course of the war. (En. vi. 481.) We have given, however, what seems the most natural interpretation.

716. Hanc ex diverso, &c. "To this one place we will all come from different directions." More closely, "(each) from a different quarter." With diverso supply itinere or loco.-718. Bello e tanto digressum. "Having just come from the midst of so great a conflict.”719. Flumine vico. "In some running stream." Nothing sacred

could be touched, no sacrifice offered, without purification by washing in some flowing water; but particularly this must be observed by a person polluted by blood.

721. Latos humeros, &c. "I am covered over as to my broad shoulders and stooping neck with the hide of a tawny lion, and I bend to receive my burden."

725. Per opaca locorum. A Græcism for per opaca loca.-726. Quem dudum, &c. "Whom but a moment before no weapons hurled by the foe alarmed, nor any Greeks gathered together from the adverse host." -Adverso glomerati ex agmine Graii. Wunderlich insists that glomerati ex agmine cannot be joined in construction, and he accordingly makes glomerati equivalent to densi, and ex adverso agmine to stantes in acie adversa. This, however, is far from correct. The expression glomerati Graii refers merely to parties of Greeks breaking off at different times from the main body, which last itself was continually in motion; such being, as is well known, the force of agmen.

730. Omnemque videbar, &c. " And seemed to have accomplished in safety my whole route (through the city)." So Wagner. We have retained the reading of the ordinary text, viam. Heyne, however, adopts in its stead vicem, the conjectural emendation of Markland, giving it the meaning of "periculum," or This cannot "fortunam." be allowed, since, if we read vicem, correct Latinity will require that erasisse be changed to evitasse. Compare line 443: "Nec ullas vitavisse vices Danaum."

733. Prospiciens. "Looking forth into the distance." Being raised on the shoulders of Æneas, he could see farther before him.-734. Ardentes clypeos, &c. "I discern their blazing shields and arms of gleaming brass." Ardentes and micantia refer to the reflected light

of the conflagration.

735. Hic mihi nescio quod, &c. "Here, I know not what adverse power robbed me, trembling with alarm, of my already bewildered mind," i. e. deprived me, already in a state of confusion and alarm, of all calm reflection.-736. Namque, avia cursu, &c. "For while in rapid course I pursue routes remote from the usual path, and quit the known direction of the road."-738. Heu, misero conjux, &c. Construe as follows: Heu, incertum (est) conjuxne Creusa erepta misero fato, substitit, erravitne viá, &c. Heyne supplies mihi with misero, and joins fato in construction with substitit, &c., which is extremely harsh.-739. Substitit. " Stopped by the way."-740. Post. "Thereafter."

741. Nec prius amissam, &c. "Nor did I observe that she was lost, and direct my thoughts towards her." More literally, "bend "She alone back my thoughts."-744. Una defuit, et comites, &c.

was wanting, and (in leaving us) had escaped the notice of her companions, and son, and husband." Wagner very correctly remarks, that the idea of abandonment is to be implied from defuit, and that fefellit is to be regarded as equivalent to ἔλαθεν ἀπολι

ποῦσα.

745. Amens. "Driven to distraction."-Deorumque. Weichert, in order to avoid the hypermeter, reads Deúmque. Virgil, however, appears purposely to have employed the hypermeter here, in order to avoid the unpleasant sound produced by the four times repeated syllable umque, namely, natumque, virumque, hominumque, deúmque.746. Crudelius, i. e. more cruelly affecting.-750. Stat casus renovare

66

omnes. "My resolution stands fixed to encounter anew every risk." Literally, to renew all risks."-Reverti. "To retrace my steps." 751.-Caput objectare. "To expose my life."

752. Obscuraque limina portæ, i. e. the threshold obscured by the gloom of night, and therefore more screened from observation than another entrance would have been.-753. Qua gressum extuleram. "By which I had gone forth.—754. Lumine lustro equivalent merely to circumspicio.

756. Si forte pedem, &c. "If perchance, if perchance, she might have betaken herself thither." The repetition of si forte well represents the mixed hopes and fears of Eneas.-759. Exsuperant flammæ, &c. "The flames gain the mastery; the tide of fire rages to the skies."

760. Procedo ad Priami sedes, &c. Finding his own abode wrapped in flames, and discovering no traces of Creusa, Æneas now hastens to the citadel, and to the palace of Priam, hoping to find her there, near her father's ruined home.-761. Porticibus vacuis, Junonis asylo. "In the deserted porticos, in the asylum of Juno," i. e. in the deserted porticos of the temple of Juno. The porticos are called "racuis," because deserted by their usual occupants.-Junonis asylo. There was, according to the poet, a temple of Juno on the high ground of the citadel, which enjoyed the privilege of an asylum, or place of refuge for criminals.

762. Phoenix. The friend and preceptor of Achilles.-764. Mensæque deorum. "And the tables of the gods." Cerda thinks that these were tripods, from which oracles were given. It is more probable, however, that tables of solid gold or silver are intended, on which costly viands and other offerings were wont to be exhibited. The Romans had such at their Lectisternia.-765. Auro solidi. For e solido auro.-766. Pueri et matres. The captives, about to be dragged into slavery.

768. Voces jactare. "To send forth my voice."-770. Ingeminans. "Oft repeating (the name)."-771. Tectis urbis. "Amid the dwellings of the city."-773. Et nota major imago. "And her image larger than the one known (in life)," i. e. larger than life, indicating, according to Cerda and Heyne, that she had already become a divinity. Numerous passages illustrate this belief.-774. Steterunt. By systole, to adopt the language of grammarians, for stetērunt. It is probable, however, that we have here the ancient pronunciation. (Consult Anthon's Latin Prosody, p. 127, note.)

775. Tum sic affari, &c. This verse is said to have been wanting in the greater number of MSS. It is, however, found in all at the present day. With affari and demere we may supply cœpit, although it is neater to make them historical infinitives, for the imperfect. Wunderlich understands visa est, from the previous sentence.-778. Nec te comitem portare Creüsam. The reading of Wagner. That of Heyne is Nec te hinc comitem asportare Creüsam, which is the lection also of the common text. Asportare is altogether too prosaic.-779. Ille regnator. "Yon ruler." Pointing to the sky.

780. Longa tibi exilia, &c. "Long exiles await thee, and a wide extent of sea is to be ploughed by thee." Supply sunt. By exilia are meant wanderings from his native land, and hence the plural is used.-781. Terram Hesperiam. Compare book i. line 530.- Ubi Lydius arra, &c. The Tyber is called Lydian because for a great part of its course it washes Etruria on one side, and tradition assigned the

origin of Etrurian civilization to a colony from Lydia in Asia Minor. 782. Agmine. A term beautifully descriptive. The banks of the stream keep its waters in dense column of march.-Virúm. "Of a race of warriors." The Latin race are meant. Burmann, with very little propriety or taste, joins opima virúm in construction, "populous," "rich in men."-A grave objection is here made by some critics. Eneas hears from Creüsa that he is destined to settle in Hesperia, near the River Tiber, and yet in the next book we find him attempting a settlement first in Thrace and afterward in Crete. See Wagner and Heyne in their editions of the poet.

784. Parta tibi. "Have been obtained for thee," i. e. from the fates.-Lacrimas dilectæ, &c. "Banish thy tears for thy beloved Creüsa." Creuse, the dative, is equivalent to propter Creusam.— 786. Aut Graiis servitum matribus ibo, &c. "Nor shall I go to wait upon Grecian matrons, I, a daughter of the line of Dardanus, and a daughter-in-law of the goddess Venus." Literally, "nor shall I go to be a slave unto, &c. Servitum is the supine after a verb of motion.

788. Magna deûm genetrix. "The great mother of the gods," i. e. Cybele. The poet implies that Creüsa was taken as a companion by Cybele, and made a nymph in her native land. In further illustration of this passage, it may be remarked that, according to a legend given by Pausanias (x. 26), Creüsa is said to have been made captive by the Greeks, but to have been rescued from them by Cybele and Venus.-789. Nati communis. "For our common son,"

Iulus.

797. Invenio admirans. "I find with wonder."-798. Collectam exilio pubem. "A band collected for exile." Pubes must be referred back to viros, that precedes. "It is almost the same as populus.— 799. Animis opibusque. "In spirit and in resources.' -802. Ducebat. "Was ushering in the day."-803. Nec spes opis ulla dabatur. "Nor was any hope afforded of lending aid to my country."-804. Cessi. "I submitted to my lot."-Montes. The reading of Wagner, in place of montem, as found in the ordinary text. The mountains generally in the neighbourhood of Troy are meant, not Ida in particular.

BOOK THIRD.

1. Res Asia. "The power of Asia," i. e. the powerful kingdom established by the Trojans in Asia. By Asia is here meant what we call Asia Minor.-2. Immeritam. "Undeserving of such a fate."Ceciditque superbum, &c. Observe, in this whole passage, the gradual descent from generals to particulars: res Asia; Priami gens; superbum Ilium; Neptunia Troja. On Neptunia Troja, consult note on

i. 625.

66

4. Diversa exsilia, &c. "A far-distant place of exile." Diversus obtains this meaning from the intermediate one of "very different," or unlike." Mark the force of the plural in exsilia.-Desertas terras. The allusion is to lands thinly peopled, if peopled at all, wherein the Trojan colonists would find room for their new settlement. Wagner

દ

objects to this, that Latium was by no means a deserta terra;" but he forgets that Æneas is merely speaking to Dido of a country in which he is to settle, and, having no accurate knowledge of it himself, presumes, of course, that he will find room there for his intended settlement, or else the gods would not have determined to send him to it.

5. Auguriis divúm. "By prophetic intimations from the gods." These were the declarations made to him, respecting his future fate, by the apparition of Hector (Æn. ii. 295, seqq.); the lambent flame that played about the temples of Ascanius (ii. 681); the course of the falling star, and the thunder on the left (ii. 694); and, lastly, the interview with the shade of Creüsa.

Sub ipsa Antandro. "Under the very walls of Antandros." This city was situate on the coast of Troas, at the foot of Mount Alexandra, one of the summits of Ida. Its vicinity afforded an abundant supply of timber for building ships. We must suppose the city to have stood, of course, on ground somewhat elevated, and hence the force of the preposition sub.-6. Et Phrygio montibus Idee. "And at the base of the mountain-range of Phrygian Ida." For "Phrygiæ," consult note on i. 182.-7. Sistere. "To settle." Literally, "to place (i. e. establish) ourselves." Supply nosmet.-8. Contrahimusque viros. "And we draw together our followers."

8. Prima astas. "The first days of summer." Equivalent to æstatis prima pars. Troy is said to have been destroyed in the beginning of spring.-9. Dare fatis vela. "To give our sails to the fates," i. e. to sail forth with Heaven as our guide. Heyne makes fatis the ablative, and equivalent to propter deorum jussa et monita; and he condemns the dative as incorrect in point of Latinity. He manages in this way to spoil a very poetic idea. Besides, if we can say vela dare ventis, we surely can, with equal correctness, say cela dare fatis. -11. In altum. "Into the deep." Supply mare.-12. Penatibus et magnis dis. "The penates (of Troy), and the great gods (of the nation)." The penates and great gods must not be confounded together. The penates are the deities who watched over Troy as over a large household, and had charge of the public hearth of the city. The great gods are those worshipped by the whole Trojan race, as well within as without the walls of Troy. The great gods, therefore, were always the same, but the penates were different in different cities of the same land.

13. Terra procul castis, &c. "At some distance (from Troy) a land is inhabited, sacred to Mars, with plains of vast extent." The reference is to Thrace, a land where, according to Homer, Mars had his favourite abode. [So Gray, " On Thracia's hills the lord of war," &c.]-Vastis campis. The allusion here is specially to the Thracian Chersonese.-14. Acri Lycurgo. "By the stern Lycurgus." He is spoken of in fable as an enemy to Bacchus, whom he drove from Thrace and compelled to seek protection from Thetis.-15. Hospitium antiquum Troja, &c. "A land connected with Troy from early times by the ties of hospitality, and whose penates were in friendly league with our own." Literally, "an ancient place of hospitality for Troy," &c. The tie of hospitality was cemented, in ancient times, between not only individuals, but whole communities. All strangers, therefore, coming from the one nation would be hospitably received by the other.-Sociique penates. Amounting to what we should style a