shining at the time appears also from line 340 of this book. Those commentators, therefore, are altogether wrong, who make silentia lunce mean the absence of the moon.

257. Fatisque deûm defensus iniquis, &c. "And Sinon, (therefore,) shielded (from discovery) by the partial decrees of heaven, gives freedom to the Greeks shut up within the womb of the horse, and loosens secretly the barriers of pine."-259. Observe the zeugma in laxat, which verb, when construed with Danaos, becomes equivalent to liberat, or emittit.

Defensus. Heyne and many other commentators give this term the force of servatus, and make it refer to Sinon's having been preserved from death by the clemency of Priam and the Trojans. The interpretation, however, which we have assigned to it is much more natural.

260. Se promunt. "Issue."-261. Tisandrus. We have adopted here the reading of the Palatine manuscript. The common text has Thessandrus. But Thessandrus, or, more correctly, Thessander, the son of Polynices and Argia, had fallen in battle, by the hand of Telephus, at the commencement of the war.

262. Demissum lapsi per funem. "Gliding (to earth) by means of a rope let down."-The size of the horse may be inferred from this. Servius, in his comments on En. ii. 150, gravely informs us, on the authority of certain authors whom he does not name, that the Trojan horse was 120 (he does not say whether feet or cubits) long, and 30 broad; and that its tail, knees, and eyes moved!

cator.

Acamasque, Thoasque, &c. From Athenæus (xiii. 9), it appears probable that Virgil derived his list of heroes on this occasion from Sacadas, a poet of Argos, who wrote on the subject of the taking of Troy.-263. Primus. "The first that descended."-264. Doli fabri"The fabricator of the fraud," i. e. the maker of the horse. Its invention was ascribed to Ulysses, under the guidance of Minerva. 265. Somno vinoque sepultam. The result of the festivities of the evening. See verse 249.-266. Vigiles. "The watches."-267. Conscia, i. e. well aware of what was doing.

268. Mortalibus ægris. "For wretched mortals." Burmann translates "wearied." This, however, is too prosaic. Compare Silius Italicus (iv. 794): "Heu prima scelerum causæ mortalibus ægris, Naturam nescire deûm."-269. Et dono divúm, &c. "And steals upon them through the bounty of the gods." Observe the force of serpit, as denoting the gentle influence of sleep creeping over the frame.

270. Moestissimus. Plunged in deepest sadness."-272. Raptatus bigis ut quondam, &c. "Such as he had formerly (appeared), after having been dragged by the two-horse chariot, and black (i. e. defiled) with gory dust, and pierced with the thongs through his swelling feet." Literally, "pierced as to the thongs." The full expression, in plainer language, would be, “risus est adstare sic, ut quondam videbatur, cum raptatus erat," &c.

274. Qualis erat! "What was his appearance!" i. e. what an appearance did he present !-275. Qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli. "Who returns (from the battle-field) arrayed in the spoils of Achilles," i. e. which he had won from Patroclus, whom he slew in fight. The Grecian warrior had appeared in the arms of Achilles, and had spread terror among the Trojans, who believed for a while that it was the hero himself.-Redit. The present, not the contracted perfect for rediit, as is shown by the scanning, for the contracted it

would have been long. The poet uses the present tense, to bring the past more vividly before the eyes.-276. Vel Danaûm Phrygios, &c. "Or after having hurled the Trojan fires against the vessels of the Greeks." The allusion is to the battles at the ships, as described in the Iliad (xiii. and xv.), when the victorious Trojans set fire to the vessels of the Greeks: τοὶ δ ̓ ἔμβαλον ἀκάματον πῦρ Νηῒ θοῇ.

277. Concretos. "Matted."-278. Gerens. "Displaying to the view." Literally, "bearing (on his person)."-279. Accepit. "He received (when dragged)." The reference is not to wounds received in battle, but to lacerations when dragged along the ground by the chariot of Achilles, and also to marks inflicted on his corpse by the vengeful Greeks. See Hom. Il. xxii. 371: ovd äpa oï tig ávovtntí γε παρέστη.

Ultro flens ipse videbar, &c. "Bathed in tears, I seemed myself to address the hero of my own accord," i. e. before he uttered a single word to me.

281. O lux Dardania! "O light of Troy !" i. e. O thou that wast our only light of safety amid the gloom of national calamity. Lux is equivalent to the Homeric paus.-282. Quæ tantæ tenuere morœ? Æneas forgets that Hector is dead: amid the confusion of the dream he merely thinks that he has been absent from his native city, and he asks him the cause of his having so long delayed his return. Quibus Hector ab oris, &c. "From what (distant) shores, O longexpected Hector, dost thou come ?"-283. Ut. "With what joy." Heyne gives ut, in this passage, the force of quomodo, "in what state," or condition." Wunderlich and Wagner, on the other hand, connect it with defessi, "how wearied out by woes," i. e. by how great calamities exhausted. Our interpretation, however, appears by far the most natural.-Multa tuorum funera. "The many deaths of thy friends."-285. Serenos vultus. Thy calm, majestic features."

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287. Ille nihil. Supply respondet.-Nec me quærentem, &c. “Nor does he attend to me asking idle questions," i. e. nor does he pay any attention to the idle questions that were put by me. The use of moratur in this passage is based upon the well-known phrase, nil moror, equivalent to nihil æstimo, or non curo.

289. Heu fuge. "Ah! fly." Heu, when joined with the imperative, indicates increased earnestness of exhortation.-290. Habet muros, i.e. have possession of the city.-Ruit alto a culmine Troja. "Troy is falling from her lofty height," i. e. her proud elevation as a state. 291. Sat patriæ Priamoque datum. "Enough has been done by thee for thy country and for Priam." Literally," enough has been given by thee unto thy country," &c. With datum supply a te.-Si Pergama dextrâ, &c. "If Troy could have been defended by the right hand (of man), it would have been defended even by this (of mine)." Hâc is supposed to be uttered with an accompanying gesture. Hector admonishes Æneas to fly, since he had already done enough for his country and king, and all human aid was now unavailing.

293. Sacra suosque penates. By the penates are here meant the public or national deities of Troy, who presided over the city. The whole passage is the same as, "her national gods, and the rites connected with them."-294. Moenia. "A city."-295. Magna pererrato statues, &c. "Which, large of size, thou shalt found at length, after the sea has been roamed over by thee." The reference is to La

vinium. In magna, however, there appears to be a lurking allusion also to Rome, which owed its origin to Lavinium.

296. Vestamque potentem. Vesta, the same with the Greek Hestia, was the deity that presided over the public as well as the domestic hearth; or, in other words, over public and private union and concord. Her symbol, of course, was fire, and this was kept continually burning in her temple. If allowed to go out, it could only be rekindled from the rays of the sun. By consigning the statue of Vesta, therefore, to Eneas, Hector means that the public hearth of the city had been broken up, or, in other words, that Troy was no

more.

298. Diverso interea, &c. "Meanwhile, the city is thrown into confusion by cries of woe from various quarters.-299. Quamquam secreta parentis, &c. "Although the mansion of my father Anchises was separated, i. e. at a distance (from the Scæan gate), and stood back (from the public way) thickly shrouded by trees." The Greeks entered through the Scæan gate, and the dwelling of Anchises was in an opposite quarter of the city.-301. Armorumque ingruit horror. "And the horrid din of arms comes thickening upon us."-302. Et summi fastigia tecti, &c. "And gain in rapid ascent the loftiest elevation of the roof."-303. Ascensu supero. Literally, "I conquer in the ascent." Ornamental language, equivalent to little more than the simple ascendo.

304. In segetem veluti, &c. Æneas compares himself, as he stands lost in amazement at the flames of Troy, to a shepherd who, from some height, beholds the standing crop in flames, or a mountain torrent devastating the fields.-In segetem. "Upon the standing corn."-Furentibus austris. "While the southern blasts are raging." Poetically for any blasts.-305. Sternit agros, &c. "Desolates the fields, lays low the joyous crops."-Boumque labores, i. e. all the varied results of laborious husbandry.-308. Accipiens sonitum. Supply auribus.

309. Tum vero manifesta fides, &c. "Then, indeed, was manifest the (false) faith, and then the plot of the Greeks begins to unfold itself to my view." Fides refers to the lying faith of the Greeks, as exemplified in the case of Sinon. This is certainly the most natural interpretation. Heyne supplies rebus, and translates, "then, indeed, all was plain." Others refer fides to the words of Hector in the dream: 66 then, indeed, was the truth of Hector's words manifest." This last, however, requires a fuller expression than that given in the text, and the introduction of Hector's name seems too abrupt. On the other hand, Heyne's explanation appears rather far-fetched.

310. Dedit ruinam. "Sank with a crash to the ground." Deïphobus had, after the death of Paris, married Helen. His palace, therefore, according to the old commentators, was attacked one of the first. Compare the account of the interview between Æneas and Deïphobus in the lower world. (Æn. vi. 494, seqq.)-311. Vulcano superante. "The flames gaining the mastery." Vulcano, by metonymy, for flammis.-Jam proximus ardet Ucalegon. "Ucalegon now blazes next," i. e. the mansion of Ucalegon. This is the name in Homer of one of the aged leaders of the Trojans and counsellors of Priam. (Il. iii. 148.)

312. Sigaa freta igni, &c. "The broad Sigaan waters shine brightly with the flame," i. e. to one looking forth from the city, the waters

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in the neighbourhood of the distant Sigæan promontory are seen reflecting strongly the light of the conflagration. The Sigaan promontory was in Troas, at the mouth of the Hellespont, where the strait opens out on the Egean; hence the expression lata freta.

313. Tubarum. Virgil follows Euripides and the other tragic writers in this mention of trumpets. They were, strictly speaking, unknown in Trojan times, and Homer is silent respecting them.314. Amens capio. "I madly seize."-Nec sat rationis in armis. "Nor yet was there enough of wisdom in arms (to warrant the attempt)," i. e. and yet, to take up arms seemed the part of folly, since the city was not only in the hands of the foe, but already a prey to the flames.

315. Glomerare manum bello, &c. "My feelings burn to gather together a band for the conflict, and to rush with (these) my companions into the citadel," i. e. the plan that presents itself to his excited bosom is to seize upon the city with a body of followers, if he can collect any, and attempt to hold the place against the foe.-316. Mentem præcipitant. "Precipitate my resolve," i. e. leave me no time for calm reflection.-317. Succurritque. " And the thought pre

sents itself unto me."

319. Panthūs. With the final syllable long, as formed by contraction. The name is of Greek origin: thus, Пáv0oog, contracted Пávovs, in Latin Panthūs. Hence we have, in verse 322, the vocative Panthu, in Greek Пáv0oe, contracted Пávov.--Othryades. "Son of Othrys." In Greek, '00pvádns.-Arcis Phoebique sacerdos, i. e. priest of the temple of Apollo in the citadel. Arcis Phoebique for Phoebi in arce.-Panthus is mentioned in the Iliad (iii. 146) among the Trojan elders. His sons were Polydamas and Euphorbus, and are often spoken of by Homer. The idea of his sacerdotal character is derived from the 15th book of the Iliad, line 522.

320. Sacra, i. e. the holy utensils, &c. Manu. In construction, join ipse manu. "Himself, with his own hand."-321. Cursuque amens ad limina tendit. "And, distracted, hastens with eager pace to my threshold." The common text has cursum; but cursu is preferable, as denoting more of celerity and trepidation.

322. Quo res summa, &c. "How stands the main affair, Panthus ?" Summa res equivalent to summa salus. "Our country's safety." Quam prendimus arcem? Eneas had resolved to seize upon the citadel; but as Panthus has just come from that place, he concludes that it is no longer tenable, and therefore asks, "On what citadel, or place of safety, are we now to seize, since thou hast left the very one towards which I was about to rush ?"

324. Summa dies, &c. "The last day, and the inevitable period of Troy." Tempus denotes here that period in a nation's history which must come sooner or later, the period, namely, of its downfall.

[325. Fuimus, i. e. We Trojans have been, but are no longer: it is all over with us and Troy.]-329. Incendia miscet. "Spreads the conflagration," i. e. scatters the fire in all directions.-330. Portis alii bipatentibus, &c. "Others are present at the gates open on both sides," i. e. having both valves opened. Heyne thinks that bipatentibus is equivalent merely to patentibus; but a more correct explanation is given by Wagner, who remarks, "intelligemus portas duarum valvarum." The gates alluded to are the Scean. Compare note on book x. 5.

331. Millia quot magnis, &c. "As many thousands as ever came

from great Mycenae." Equivalent to tot millia quot unquam venere, &c. The meaning is merely this: the Greeks who rushed in at the gates appeared so numerous, that one would have imagined them almost equal in number to those who came in the first instance from Greece. Bryant, who takes the line in its literal sense, considers it spurious, because large numbers of the Greeks had fallen on the plains of Troy. So also Heyne. Symmons reads nunquam for unquam, as others do, and remarks, "If the line be not an interpolation, it seems to indicate the speaker's suspicion of treason, that Troy was assailed by some of her own sons, united with the Grecians." This is very absurd.

332. Obsedere alii telis, &c. "Some of whom, opposing themselves unto us, have (already) blocked up with weapons the narrow avenues of the streets." Obsedere is from obsido. This alii is equivalent, in fact, to horum, or quorum quidam, and is not opposed to, but forms part of, the alii in line 330. Unless we adopt this mode of explanation, Virgil will be made to say of a part, what can be true only of the whole; namely, millia quot magnis, &c.—Angusta. Supply loca.

333. Stat ferri acies, &c. "The keen-edged sword stands drawn with gleaming point." Literally, "the edge of the sword." Mucro, from macer, is the point, running out very thin.-334. Neci. "For the work of death."-335. Et cæco Marte resistunt. "And resist in blind encounter,” i. e. in nocturnal combat, where one can with difficulty, if at all, distinguish friend from foe.

336. Et numine dicúm, i. e. as if impelled by some divinity.—337. Quo tristis Erinys, &c. "Whither the gloomy Fury, whither the din of battle calls me." Heyne makes Erinys equivalent to animi impetus. This is hardly in accordance, however, with the epithet tristis. Erinys is one of the Furies, a goddess inciting to slaughter, and hence termed tristis as the cause of death and woe. We have written Erinys, in place of the common form Erinnys, on the authority of Blomfield (ad Esch. Prom. V. 525.-Gloss. p. 110), and more especially Hermann (Præf. ad Soph. Antig. ed. 3, p. xix., seqq.).

340. Oblati per lunam. "Offered to my view by the light of the moon." They mutually recognized one another by means of the moonlight. We have placed a comma after Epytus, instead of the semicolon of the common text, since it does not appear why Hypanis and Dymas alone should have been recognized by the moonlight.-342. Illis diebus, i. e. during those latter days of Troy's national existence.

344. Gener. "A son-in-law (in hope and expectation).”—345. Qui non sponsæ, &c. "In that he did not heed the admonitions of his prophetic bride." The relative with the subjunctive assigns the reason for applying the epithet infelix to Corœbus. Cassandra had warned him not to join the Trojans, and not to hope for her hand, if he wished to save his own life.-Furentis, i. e. raving (with inspiration). 347. Confertos audere in prælia. "In compact order, and filled with daring for the fight." Audere is equivalent to "audaciá accendi."-348. Super his. "Upon this."-Fortissima frustra. "Most valiant in vain," i. e. whose valour can now prove of no avail in saving your country.-349. Si robis audentem, &c. "If unto you there be the fixed resolve to follow me while daring the extremest perils: you see what is the fortune of our affairs," &c.-350. Sequi, by a poetic idiom based on a Græcism, for the genitive of the gerund,