by the Trojans, while the sea is now equally forbidden to him since it swarms with the vessels of the Greeks.-71. Locus. "Any place of shelter."-Et super ipsi, &c. "And, moreover, the Trojans themselves, with imbittered feelings, demand punishment together with my blood."-72. Pœnas cum sanguine is equivalent to pœnas et sanguinem, or poenas sanguineas.

73. Quo gemitu, &c. "By this cry of sorrow our feelings were completely changed, and every act of violence was checked."-74. Cretus. Supply sit.-75. Quid ferat. "What he may have to communicate." More literally, "what (account) he may bring (with him)."-Memoret, quæ sit fiducia capto. "To declare what ground of confidence there may be to him a captive," i. e. on what grounds he hopes for mercy, now that he is a captive in our hands. Or, in other words, with what hope he had allowed himself to be made prisoner. -76. Ille hæc, depositá tandem, &c. Some critics object to this line, partly because it is wanting in several MSS., and partly because, as they think, the words depositâ formidine do not suit the bold and reckless character of Sinon; and, besides all this, the same line occurs at iii. 612, and seems hardly needed, as we have inquit following in the 78th line. The second objection is of no force whatever, since depositá formidine, like turbatus, in the 66th line, refers to a mere piece of acting on the part of Sinon ; but the other arguments against the admissibility of the verse in question have a considerable weight.

77. Fuerit quodcumque. "Whatever may be the result."-78. Argolica de gente. "Of Grecian race." Sinon's speech is composed with wonderful art. It begins with truth and ends in falsehood.79. Hoc primum. "This I will first acknowledge." Supply fatebor.80. Fortuna improba. "Evil fortune."-Vanum. "Unworthy of reliance."

81. Fando aliquod si forte, &c. "If perchance, in the course of conversation, any mention of Palamedes, the descendant of Belus, has come unto thine ears." The common text has aliquid, which must then be joined with fando. "If perchance, in the course of any conversation, the name," &c. Heinsius, however, and the best editors after him, read aliquod, and join it with nomen, giving this last the meaning of "mention," or account."-Fando. Equivalent here to narrando, or aliorum narratione.

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82. Belida. This patronymic, as coming from Belus, ought to have a short penult, Belido. But Ovid has Belide (Ep. xiv. 73); and Statius, Belida fratres (vi. 291). Priscian, besides, informs us that certain patronymics lengthen the penult contrary to rule, and among the examples of this that are mentioned by him we find Belīdes.

83. Falsá sub proditione. "Under a false charge of treachery." He was falsely charged by Ulysses with having been bribed to furnish supplies to the Trojans.-84. Infando indicio. "On wicked information," i. e. testimony wickedly untrue. His condemnation was brought about by Ulysses, who hid a sum of money in his tent, and counterfeited a letter from him to Priam. The Greeks stoned Palamedes to death for his supposed treachery.-Quia bella vetabat. "Because he gave his opinion against the war." Sinon here introduces a falsehood of his own, in order that the Trojans, regarding Palamedes as having been friendly to them, might be the more inclined to feel compassion for his follower.-85. Demisere neci. "Sent down to death." Neci for ad necem. Compare demittere aliquem

Orco, for ad Orcum.—Cassum lumine. Equivalent to vitæ lumine pri

catum.

86. Consanguinitate propinquum. “Nearly related by blood.”—87. In arma for ad arma gerenda.-Primis ab annis. "From its very commencement." ." Equivalent to ab initio belli. They who make it signify "from early youth," will find a difficulty in reconciling it with the "dulces nati" in verse 138.

88. Dum stabat regno incolumis. "As long as he stood firm in regal power," i. e. as long as his regal authority, his power as one of the Grecian princes, remained unimpaired. With regard to stabat incolumis, it may be remarked, that the prose form is generally sto et incolumis sum; the poetic, sto incolumis.

Regumque vigebat conciliis. "And as long as he was wont to have weight in the councils of the Grecian princes." Some read regnum instead of regum, but this appears to have arisen from a misconception of the meaning of regno incolumis.—90. Gessimus. "Enjoyed."

Pellacis. "Wheedling." It embraces not only the Homeric Kiλoμńτns, but also the other striking characteristic of Ulysses, his skill in the employment of bland and cajoling words, αἱμυλίοισι λόyolo.-91. Haud ignota loquor. "I speak of things not unknown.” A litotes for bene nota.-Superis ab oris. "From these regions of upper day."-Concessit. For decessit.—92. In tenebris. "In private," i. e. in the gloom of my own tent, shunning all converse with my fellow-men.

94. Demens. "Fool that I was," i. e. in provoking the resentment of so powerful a chieftain as Ulysses.-Fors si qua tulisset. "If any chance should bring (such a result along with it)," i. e. should bring about such a result.-95. Victor ad Argos. Heyne thinks that this is too arrogantly said for a private soldier, and thinks that in agros would have been a better reading. In this, however, he follows the modern rather than the ancient manner of thinking and writing. To a Roman ear the expression victor miles presented nothing uncommon.

96. Promisi me ultorem. "I promised myself as an avenger," i. e. that I would avenge his death.

97. Hinc mihi prima mali labes, &c. "Hence for me the first plague-spot of ruin. From this time forth Ulysses kept continually seeking to alarm me with new accusations; from this time forth to disseminate dark rumours among the crowd, and, conscious of guilt, to seek for the means of defending himself."-Labes. A strong term here. It is the spot on the surface that shows decay or corruption lurking beneath.-98. Terrere. The historical infinitive for terrebat. So spargere and quærere.-Voces ambiguas. Ambiguously-worded rumours, tending to excite suspicion against Sinon.-99. Conscius. Heyne and Wagner make this mean communing with his accomplices," and then arma will denote "the means of ruining Sinon." This, however, is much less natural than the interpretation above.

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100. Donec Calchante ministro. "Until, by means of Calchas his (ready) tool." Calchas was the soothsayer of the Grecian host, and nothing of importance could be done without his having previously ascertained by divination the will of the gods. Sinon says just enough here to excite the curiosity of his auditors, and then breaks abruptly off. "But then, again, why do I, to

101. Sed quid ego hæc autem, &c.

no purpose, recal to mind these painful themes ?"

Some editors make autem redundant here. Others give autem the force of tandem. Neither, however, appear to be correct. Sed denotes a direct opposition; autem, on the other hand, serves to distinguish and contrast, or marks a transition from one subject to another.

102. Quidce moror, si omnis, &c. "Or why do I delay you, if you regard all the Greeks in one and the same light, and if it be sufficient for you to hear this, (namely, that they are Greeks)?" So the old saying, "Know one, know all."

103. Jamdudum. "This very instant." A poetical usage, jamdudum being equivalent here to quam primum. The prose form of expression will be jamdudum debebatis sumere pœnas. "You ought long since to have inflicted punishment."-104. Hoc Ithacus velit, &c. "This, doubtless, the chieftain of Ithaca will wish for, and the Atridæ will purchase for a large amount." Observe the force of the subjunctive: "This, if I know the men, &c.-Ithacus. Ulysses, as

chieftain of Ithaca. Otherwise called Ithacensis, '10aknoios, &c. 105. Causas. "The causes of what he states," i. e. the grounds on which his assertions are based.-106. Pelasga. For Græcæ.-107. Ficto pectore. " With guileful heart."

108. Fugam moliri. "To prepare their flight." Moliri equivalent to parare. Literally "to bestow labour upon."-110. Fecissentque utinam!" And would that they had done so !" Sinon wishes by this to convey the idea that, if they had done so, his present misfortunes would never have occurred.-Aspera ponti hiems. "Some violent storm of ocean."-111. Euntes. When on the point of departing." The use of the present for the future participle is of rare occurrence in Virgil, and is only met with in the verb eo. On the other hand, we have but two instances of the use of iturus by the poet, namely, vi. 680, and 758. (Wagner, Quæst. Virg. xxxix. 2.)

112. Præcipue quum jam, &c. Observe the art of Sinon in merely making this slight allusion to the horse, in order to excite the curiosity of the Trojans.-Trabibus acernis. In verse 16 it was "sectá abiete."-114. Suspensi. i. e. doubtful what to do.-Eurypylum. A Grecian hero, mentioned by Homer, Il. ii. 734, and elsewhere.— Scitantem. We have adopted this reading, with Wagner and Jahn, as more elegant than scitatum, and as resting also on the authority of numerous MSS. Wagner, who adduces many similar instances from other writers, explains mittimus Eurypylum scitantem, by "mittimus Eurypylum, isque scitatur."

116. Sanguine et virgine cœsâ. “By blood and a virgin slain,” i. e. by the blood of a virgin slain. Alluding to the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis. Virgil here deviates from the common account, which makes the daughter of Agamemnon to have been carried off by Diana, and a hind to have been substituted by the goddess.

117. Quum primum Iliacas, &c. "When first ye came to the Trojan shores." A mere general allusion to the commencement of the war; not meaning that the maiden was sacrificed after the Grecian fleet had reached the coast of Asia. The scene of the fable was laid at Aulis in Greece.-118. Reditus. The plural is used as referring to the return of the chieftains to their several homes in Greece. -Animâque litandum Argolica. " And Heaven must be propitiated by a Grecian life." The full form is, vobis litandum est deos, “you must propitiate the gods." Litare is "to propitiate," or appease by sacrifice," and is analogous to the Greek raλɛpéu.

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120. Per ima ossa. "Through their inmost bones."-121. Cui fata parent. "Through fear, for whom the fates may be preparing this; whom Apollo may demand," i. e. as the victim.-Parent. Supply hoc, as referring to the animâ litandum Argolicá.

123. Protrahit. "Drags forth."-Quæ sint ea numina, &c. "He demands (of him) what may be the pleasure of the gods in this case." More literally, "what this will of the gods may be," i. e. the will or pleasure of the gods, as shadowed forth by the response of the oracle. -124. Crudele canebant artificis scelus. "Foretold unto me the cruel wickedness of the artful plotter," i. e. Ulysses.-125. Et taciti ventura videbant. "And in the silence of their own bosoms saw the things about to come," i. e. saw plainly what my fate would be. Taciti equivalent to apud se, or secum.

126. Quinos. For quinque. The poets disregard very commonly the distinction between distributive and cardinal numerals, and use the former, as in the present instance, for the latter.-Tectusque. "And dissembling." Tectus occurs frequently in this same sense in Cicero, and Ernesti explains it by "qui occultat concilia, negotia; dissimulat." (Clav. Cic. s. v.) 127. Prodere voce suâ. Literally, "to indicate by his voice."

129. Composito. "In accordance with previous compact." Put for ex or de composito.-Rumpit vocem. "He breaks silence."-130. Et quæ sibi quisque timebat, &c. "And the very things which each feared for himself, he endured with patience when turned off to the ruin of one wretched individual," i. e. when turned to effect the ruin, &c.

132. Mihi sacra parari. "The sacred rites began to be prepared for me, and the salted meal and fillets to be placed around my temples." Parari is the historical infinitive.-133. Salsæ fruges, i. e. the mola salsa, or sacrificial cake, made of roasted barley-meal bruised and mixed with salt. Voss (ad Eclog. p. 429) informs us that the salsa fruges or mola salsa of the Romans was different from the ovλoxúra of the Greeks. Virgil here ascribes to the Greeks the ceremonies that were observed at sacrifices among the Romans, a practice quite common to him. This mola salsa was sprinkled on the head of the victim before it was slain.-Vittee. Not only was the victim adorned with garlands, but the persons offering the sacrifice generally wore them around their heads, and sometimes also carried them in their hands. The reference here is to those intended for the victim.

134. Vincula. The reference is, not to the vittæ, as some suppose, but to the bonds by which, as a victim, he would be kept fettered until the day of sacrifice.-135. Limosoque lacu, &c. "And, through the night, I lay hid in a miry lake, screened from view amid the tall grass.'

136. Dum vela darent, &c. "Until they should give their sails (to the wind), if haply they intended to give them." Heyne, who suspects that the words si forte dedissent form a spurious completion of an imperfect line, punctuates as follows: dum cela, darent si forte, dedissent. The old pointing, however, is far superior in melody, and, besides this, dedissent is here put for daturi essent, the pluperfect subjunctive frequently taking the place of the periphrastic future, in both prose and poetry.

139. Fors. "Perhaps." Put for forsan.-Ad pœnas ob nostra, &c. "Will demand for punishment in my stead, on account of my escape."

Observe the force of reposcent, "to demand in the place of another," analogous to avтairεiv.—140. Et culpam hanc, &c. " And will expiate this offence of mine by the death of those wretched ones." Piabunt equivalent to expiabunt, which itself takes the place of ulciscentur or punient.

141. Quod te oro. "I entreat thee, therefore." Quod is, literally, "on account of which," being in the accusative, and governed by propter understood.—Conscia veri, i. e. witnesses of the truth of my words.-142. Per, si qua est, &c. "By whatever pure regard for what is just and right may still, as yet, remain any where among mortals." An elliptical expression. The full form would be: per intemeratam fidem, si qua intemerata fides est, quæ restet adhuc usquam mortalibus. By pure regard for what is just and right, if there is any pure regard, &c., that may still, as yet, remain," &c.-143. Fides. We have followed the explanation of Heyne, who makes this word equivalent here to "justi rectique observantia."

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145. His lacrymis. "Prompted by these tears of his."-Ultro. "Readily."-146. Arta vincula. "Close-confining cords," with which the shepherds had tied his arms behind his back. Arta old form for arcta.-Levari. "To be removed."-148. Amissos hinc jam, &c. "Henceforth forget the Greeks whom you have lost," i. e. your lost fatherland.-149. Mihique hæc edissere, &c. "And declare the truth unto me, asking these things (that follow)."

150. Quo molem hanc immanis equi, &c. "With what view have they placed (here) this vast structure of a huge horse? Who was the author of the step? Or what object have they in view? What religious motive prompted, or what machine is it of war ?"

non

152. Ille, dolis instructus, &c. "The other, practised in wiles, &c.— 154. Eterni ignes, &c. "Ye never-dying fires (of the sky)."—Et violabile, &c. i. e. and your divine power not to be outraged by perjury without condign punishment.-155. Ensesque nefandi. "And horrid knives." Alluding to the knife of sacrifice, the plural being put for the singular, in order to give more intensity to the expression.

157. Fas mihi Graiorum, &c. "Be it allowed to me to undo the (once) revered ties that bound me to the Greeks; be it allowed me to hate the whole race, and to bring all their secrets to the light." With fas understand sit. Sinon makes this adjuration lest he should be reputed a traitor to his country. He conceives himself now released from all obligations to his native land.-159. Si qua tegunt. "If any such they keep concealed." Observe the force of the indicative tegunt with si, implying that the Greeks do conceal certain

secrets.

160. Promissis maneas. "Remain (stedfast) in thy promises." So the Greek puévεiv Tois eipnμévois.-Sercataque serves fidem. "And having been preserved (by me from ruin), preserve (unto me) thy plighted faith." Servata refers to the revelations which he is about to make.-161. Si magna rependam. "If I make thee an abundant return," i. e. repay thy kindness richly. Literally, "if I pay thee back largely."

162. Et cœpti fiducia belli. "And their confidence in the war begun (by them)," i. e. their firm hope of a favourable issue to the war which they had undertaken. Fiducia is equivalent to spes certa.— 163. Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. "Ever rested on the powerful aid of Minerva." Observe the force of the plural in auxiliis.Impius ex quo Tydides, &c. "From the time, however, that the