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76. Hæc contra. "Uttered these words in reply." Supply dixit. -Tuus explorare labor. "It is thy task to inquire and see."77. Mihi jussa capessere, &c. "It is incumbent on me to execute thy commands." Fas est means here" It is my duty, enjoined by the gods."

78. Tu mihi quodcumque, &c. "Thou procurest for me whatever of sovereignty I here enjoy." Or, "whatever of sovereignty this may be [which I enjoy]." We have here a legend borrowed from the earliest schools of philosophy. Juno typifies the Air; and Æolus owes to her all his power, since the air, when aroused, produces the winds.-Sceptra Jovemque. "My sceptre, and the favour of Jove." Sceptra, in the plural, seems here to convey the idea of a sceptre requiring a stout hand to wield, or, in other words, to be wielded over tumultuous subjects.-80. Nimborum potentem. "The ruler of stormclouds." With Eolus the spear is the sceptre.

81. Cavum conversâ, &c. "His spear-head being turned around, he smote the hollow mountain on the side."-82. Velut agmine facto. "As if formed in column of march." Literally, "a column of march being formed, as it were." Observe the force of agmen.-83. Porta. Egress." Literally, an outlet."

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84. Incubuere mari. "They descended with violence upon the sea. The verb is incumbere, not incubare, the former denoting more of action, the latter of rest. The image in the text is derived from the downward and constantly-acting pressure of some heavy body upon another.-85. Ruunt. Upturn." Used actively, as in 1. 35; it is neuter in 1. 83.-Creber procellis. "Frequent in, i. e. abounding in rain-squalls." 'Procella," says Servius, "est vis venti cum pluviá."

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87. Stridor rudentum. "The whistling of the cordage." It is the rudentum sibilus of Pacuvius.-89. Ponto nox incubat atra. "Darkest night sits brooding on the deep." Incubare is here employed, not incumbere, since less of action is indicated.-90. Poli. "The whole heavens." Observe the force of the single term poli in the plural. Ignibus. Lightnings."-91. Præsentemque viris, &c. "And all things threaten instant death to the men," i. e. to Æneas and his followers.

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92. Solvuntur frigore. "Are relaxed witn chilling terror."—93. Duplices palmas. "Both his hands." Generally considered as equivalent to ambas manus. Virgil here represents his hero as influenced by fear, but it was the fear of perishing by shipwreck, and, what was still more dreadful, of being thus deprived of the rites of sepulture.

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94. Refert. "He utters."-0 terque quaterque beati, &c. thrice and four times happy they, unto whose lot it fell to encounter death before the eyes of their fathers." 96. Oppetere for mortem oppetere. Quis contigit. More literally, "unto whom it happened." Contingit generally carries with it the idea of good fortune. Quis for quibus.-Compare the Odyssey (v. 306), тρioμákapes Aavaoi kai tɛτράκις οἳ τότ ̓ ὄλοντο Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ.

0 Danaúm fortissime, &c. Æneas styles Diomed here the bravest of the Greeks, since, having engaged with him in conflict, he was only saved from death by the intervention of his mother Venus. (Il. v. 239, seqq.-97. Mene occumbere non potuisse!" That I could not have fallen!" The accusative with the infinitive used absolutely, to denote strong emotion. (Compare note on line 37.)

99. Sarus. "Valiant."-Jacet. "Lies slain." The mind of the hero is occupied merely with the idea of Hector's death, and his thoughts carry him back to the moment when the latter still remained on the battle-field, and had not as yet received the rites of sepulture. Achilles is called Æacides, as having been the grandson of Eacus.-Ubi ingens Sarpedon. Supply jacet. Ingens is here a translation of the Homeric Eλptoç. Sarpedon, son of Jove, and King of Lycia, was slain by Patroclus.

100. Ubi tot Simoïs, &c. "Where the Simois rolls along so many shields, &c., snatched away beneath its waters." The Simois was a river of Troas, rising in Mount Ida, and falling into the Xanthus or Scamander.

102. Talia jactanti. "While thus earnestly exclaiming." Literally, "to him earnestly uttering such things." Jactanti is not put for the simple dicenti, nor is it equivalent to rociferanti. It would appear to carry with it the idea of an impassioned manner and of bitter complaint.

Stridens Aquilone procella, &c. "A blast roaring from the north strikes full against the sail." More literally, "coming full in front, strikes the sail." The blast came in the direction of the prow, or right ahead.-104. Tum prora avertit. "Thereupon the prow turns away." Supply sese.-Et undis dat latus. The vessel is now broadside to the wind, the prow having swung around.

105. Insequitur cumulo, &c. "A mountain-surge, curling precipicelike, follows in one mass." More literally, "a precipitous mountain of water follows thereupon in one heap."-106. Hi summo in fluctu, &c. Heyne refers this merely to the ship of Æneas, which, while pitching amid the waves, would have one part, the prow, for example, raised on high along with those of the mariners who kept clinging to it, while the other portion, or the stern, would be in a downward direction. Other commentators, however, apply the words to different vessels of the fleet, some elevated on high, others far down, with the waves towering above them. This latter is the more correct opinion. Hi. "These."-His. "Unto those." Referring to the crews of different vessels.-107. Terram aperit. "Discloses the bottom." Poetically said, of course. The meaning is, that they could fancy they almost saw the bottom amid the yawning billows.-Furit astus arenis. "The boiling waters rage with intermingled sand," i. e. are mixed with sand washed up from the bottom. This interpretation is better, than to make arenis equivalent to in fundo maris.

108. Tres Notus abreptas, &c. "Three ships, forced away, the south wind whirling drives on hidden rocks."--Torquet. Equivalent to torquens impellit.-109. Saxa, vocant Itali, &c. "Rocks, which,

lying in the midst of the waves, the Italian mariners term altars, a vast ridge, on a level with the surface of the sea." The reference is supposed to be to two small rocky islands, called Ægimuri, lying in the sea over-against Carthage, and at no great distance from it. The origin of the name ara, given to them by the Italians, is not easy to ascertain. It arose, probably, from their resemblance to the top of an altar, as they appeared just above the waves. Servius, however, says that they were so termed because the Romans and Carthaginians made a treaty there. But Heyne thinks that he confounds the Ægimuri with the gates Insulæ, off Lilybæum in Sicily. The same critic also regards the entire line, Saxa, vocant Itali, &c., as spurious.

111. In brevia et syrtes urguet. "Drives upon shoals and quicksands." Servius regards this as a hendiadys for in breria syrtium. There is no allusion here to the Syrtes of ancient geography: it means "quicksands" generally.-112. Vadis. "On the shallows." 113. Lycios. The Lycians were among the allies of the Trojans, coming not, however, from Lycia properly so called, but from a part of Troas, around Zelea, inhabited by Lycian colonists. After their leader, Pandarus, had been slain by Diomede, they followed the fortunes of Eneas.

114. Ipsius ante oculos. "Before the eyes of Æneas himself.”— Ingens a certice pontus. "A vast ocean-wave from above." A vertice equivalent to desuper.-115. Excutitur pronusque magister, &c. "The helmsman is dashed out, and rolled headlong, prone into the waves; but her the surge, driving onward, whirls around thrice in the same place, and the rapid whirlpool swallows up in the deep."

118. Apparent rari, &c. "A few appear swimming here and there amid the vast and roaring abyss."-Gurgite rasto. According to etymologists, gurges, in its primitive meaning, has always reference to the roar of waters.-119. Arma. Shields, for example, made of osiers and covered over with skins, and hence capable of floating on the waters.-Tabulaque. "And planks."-Per undas. "Are seen scattered over the waves." Supply apparent, from the previous clause.

120. Jam calidam, &c. "Now the storm has conquered the stout ship of Ilioneus," &c.-121. Et quá vectus Abas. "And that in which Abas was borne."-122. Laxis laterum compagibus, &c. "They all let in the fatal water through the loosened joinings of their sides, and gape on the view with many a chink."-123. Imbrem. Properly "rain," here means "sea-water;" in which usage Virgil follows Ennius and Lucretius, and in which succeeding poets, Statius, for example, imitate Virgil.-Inimicum. For exitiosum.

124. Magno misceri murmure. "To be disturbed by a loud uproar."-125. Emissam. "To have been sent forth."-Et imis stagna refusa vadis. "And the deep calm waters of Ocean to have been thrown upward from the lowest depths." By stagna (literally, "standing waters") are here meant the depths of ocean, that remain undisturbed except in the most violent storms.

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126. Graviter commotus. Deeply incensed."-127. Prospicio conveys the idea of looking far into the distance.-Placidum caput. "His placid head." There is no contradiction between this and the graviter commotus, since Neptune, though incensed against the winds, was peaceful and benignant towards the Trojans. Besides this, the "placidum caput" was an habitual characteristic of the seagod. "And

128. Disjectam. "Scattered about."-129. Cœlique ruinâ. the warfare from on high." A strong but singular expression. The reference appears to be to the rushing down of the rain and wind, or, in other words, to the violent warfare of the elements, as if the heavens themselves were descending.-130. Nec latuere doli, &c. "Nor did the wiles and bitter resentment of Juno lie hidden from her brother [Neptune]," i. e. the cause of all this immediately suggested itself to the god of the sea, namely, the wish of Juno to satiate her hatred against the Trojans, an opinion in which he was fully confirmed by the knowledge of her artful character.

132. Tantane vos generis, &c. "Has so presumptuous a reliance

on your race possessed you?" The winds, according to Hesiod (Theog. 378), were the offspring of Astræus, one of the Titans, and Aurora.-133. Meo sine numine. "Without my authority."-134. Miscere. "To throw into confusion."--Tantas tollere moles. 6 To raise such mountain-waves." Heyne translates tantas moles, “so great confusion." But the former interpretation is certainly more spirited.

135. Quos ego ! "Whom I-!" The sentence is abruptly broken off, and the sea-god checks his wrath. Grammarians term this an aposiopēsis, and make ulciscar to be understood. Nothing, however, is in fact understood. The god was going to say, "Whom I will severely punish," but stops short, and leaves the sentence unfinished, deeming it better to turn his attention to the checking of the tempest. 136. Post mihi non simili, &c. "Ye shall on the next occasion expiate your offences to me by a different punishment, &c." used adverbially.

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137. Regi vestro. "Unto that king of yours," i. e. Eolus.-138. Non illi imperium pelagi, &c. Neptune was a god of the first class, and possessed absolute authority over his watery realms, being as independent there as Jove was in his own dominions of the sky. This empire of Ocean had fallen to his share, the world having been divided in this way between the three brothers, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Æolus, therefore, an inferior deity, was wrong in acting as he had done. His control over the winds was regulated by fixed laws (certo fodere), and he was to let loose the winds only when ordered (jussus) so to do.

139. Tenet. "Holds beneath his sway."--Immania saxa. The rocky island of Æolia.-140. Vestras, Eure, domos. "The abodes, Eurus, of you and yours," i. e. of you and your fellow-winds. Observe the use of vestras, the plural possessive; not tuas, which would have meant the abode of Eurus alone.-Illá se jactet, &c. "Let Eolus

boast his power in that palace." Literally, "boast himself."

142. Dicto citius. "More quickly than what was said,” i. e. before he had finished speaking. Not, as Servius says, equivalent to citius quam dici potest, but to antequam orationem finiisset.—144. Cymothvë. One of the Nereides.-Triton. A sea deity, son of Neptune and Amphitrite. His lower extremities were those of a fish.-Adnixus. "Having exerted each their powerful endeavours." Though in the masculine, this term applies to both Cymothoë and Triton.-Observe the force of ad in adnixus.

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145. Ipse. Referring to Neptune.-146. Vastas aperit syrtes. Opens the vast sand-banks," i. e. makes a passage for the ships through the banks of sand in which they had been imbedded by the fury of the waves.-Temperat æquor. "Calms the sea." More literally, "restrains."-148. Ac veluti, &c. A much-admired simile, in which Neptune, stilling the waves, is compared to a man of piety and worth calming, by the respect which his presence involuntarily causes, the angry billows of an excited multitude. "Fire

149. Sævit animis. "Rage in feeling."-150. Faces. brands."-Furor arma ministrat. Virgil has here under his eyes a Roman mob. No citizen was allowed to appear at the Comitia, or even in the city itself, with arms of any kind. Hence the poet, in describing such a tumult, says, "Their fury supplies them with arms." The faces and saxa take the place of haste and gladii.

151. Pietate gravem ac meritis. "Of great influence by his piety

and merits." More literally, "of great weight (of character).”— 153. Ille. The common reading is iste, which Wagner very properly rejects. Iste is the pronoun of the second person.

154. Fragor. "Uproar."-Æquora prospiciens. "Looking forth upon the seas."-155. Coloque invectus aperto. "And borne over the deep beneath a serene sky."-156. Flectit. "Turns hither and thither."Curru secundo. "To his rapid car." Curru, the old dative for currui.

157. Quæ proxima; &c. "Strive to reach in their course the shores that are nearest."— -158. Vertuntur. "Turn themselves." Like the Greek middle voice, and equivalent to se vertunt.

159. Est in secessu longo, &c. "There is a place at the bottom of a deep recess.”—Insula portum, &c. An island forms a secure harbour by the opposition of its sides (to the outer waters)." This island, according to the description of the poet, faced the inlet, thus making the latter a secure station for ships, by keeping off the waters of the

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160. Quibus omnis ab alto, &c. "Against which every wave from the deep is broken, and divides itself into receding curves." The reference is to the curvature of the broken waves after they have been dashed back by some intervening obstacle. Thus Heyne interprets the passage. The common interpretation makes the water, after the wave has been broken, wash around into the cove. This, however, would hardly form a very secure harbour.

162. Hinc atque hinc, &c. "On this side and on that are vast rocks, and twin-like cliffs raise their threatening heads towards the sky." The poet is now describing the mouth of the inlet, on either side of which are vast beds of rock terminating in lofty cliffs.-163. Quorum sub vertice, &c. "At the base of which the waters far and wide lie safe and silent." Literally, "beneath the summit of (each of) which." The high cliffs keep off the wind.

164. Tum silvis scena coruscis, &c. "Then again, crowning the high grounds, is a wall of foliage, formed of waving (light-admitting) forests, while a grove, dark with gloomy shade, hangs threatening over." Desuper for supra, "above," "on the high grounds." With scena supply est. In the ancient theatres, the scena was the wall which closed the stage from behind, and which represented a suitable background. Before theatres were erected, the place of this wall was supplied by trees and foliage. Now in Virgil's picture, the background on high is formed of forests, which, as they wave in the wind, allow glimpses of sun-light to penetrate through their branches; for such is the true meaning of corusca here. This line of woods the poet terms scena, comparing it thus with the wall, either of foliage or of stone, that closed the ancient stage. Hence we have ventured to paraphrase scena by "a wall of foliage." The passage, however, is a difficult one, and hardly any two commentators agree about the meaning of it.

166. Fronte sub adversa. "Beneath the brow (of the heights) as it faces on the view." We are now supposed to be looking towards the bottom or innermost part of the inlet. Here, beneath the brow of the heights, over which the "atrum nemus" impends, a cave is seen, facing the view, or full in front.-Scopulis pendentibus antrum. "There is a cave amid hanging cliffs."-167. Viroque sedilia saxo. "And seats of living rock," i. e. natural rock, formed not by art, but by the hand of nature.

168. Non vincula ulla. "No fastenings."-169. Unco morsu.

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