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3. Multum ille, &c. "Much was he tossed about." With jactatus supply est. Terris in the plural alludes to the wanderings of Eneas in many lands, while seeking for the spot where he was fated to become the founder of a new city.

4. Vi superum. "By the power of the gods." The reference is not, as some think, to Juno alone, but to all the gods whose intervention at different times forms part of the machinery of the poem. -Memorem. "Ever-mindful;" commonly rendered "unrelenting," which, though it conveys the sense, does not hit with sufficient exactness the literal meaning of the Latin adjective.

5. Multa quoque, &c. "Many things, too, did he suffer in war also," i. e. after he had reached Italy. Dum conderet urbem. "Until he founded a city," i. e. Lavinium. Dum is generally regarded here as equivalent to donec. The true force of the particle, however, appears more clearly in a literal rendering, "while he was founding," i. e. while events were taking such a turn as enabled him eventually to found. Observe, also, the peculiar force of the subjunctive mood in conderet, "until he founded, as is said, or, as early legends tell.”"His gods," i. e. the gods of his country, the Penates of

6. Deos.

Troy.

Unde. "Whence sprang." Unde here refers to the events consequent on the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and may therefore be more freely rendered "from which events."-Genus Latinum. The popular belief of the Romans was, that Æneas united the aborigines whom he found in Italy, and his own followers, into one nation, under the name of Latini.-7. Albanique patres. Not, as Heyne and others think, the senators of Alba, but the line of Alban kings, from whom, as the fathers of his race, Romulus, the founder of Rome, was descended.

8. Musa. The Muse of epic poetry. So Homer, whom Virgil imitates, invokes the Muse at the commencement of both his great poems. Causas. "The causes of all this."-Quo numine læso, &c. "In what her divine power being infringed, or smarting with resentment at what." Quo equivalent to quo negotio, or qua ratione. By the numen læsum the poet refers to the circumstance of Juno's power having been found by that goddess to be inferior to the decrees of fate, in consequence of which the Trojans eventually escaped from her malign influence and settled in Italy; while, on the other hand, the quidre dolens pictures the same goddess to our view as an irritated female, wrought upon by all a woman's feelings, on account of the " spreta injuria forma" (v. 27).

9. Tot volvere casus. "To toil through so many hardships." More freely, “ to struggle with so many calamities.” Servius and others, who make volvere casus an hypallage for volvi casibus, manage to spoil a very beautiful figure. The hero, while toiling against many a hardship, is compared by the poet to a traveller whose path is impeded by numerous obstacles (fragments of rock, for example), which, by persevering efforts, he is finally enabled to remove or roll from before him.-10. Tot adire labores. "To confront so many labours," more literally, to go against (and meet)."

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Pietate. The chief trait in the character of Eneas is his “ piety,” i. e. his respect for the rites and ceremonies of religion, and his unwavering obedience to all the commands of the gods. Homer praises his piety in the Iliad (20, 298), and Virgil seems to have borrowed the idea from him.-11. Impulerit. In the sense of compulerit," compelled." Tantaene. " Is there so great.” The plural ire imparts

far more energy than the singular could have done, but which cannot be expressed in a translation.

12. Fuit. "There was." Implying that it had been subsequently overthrown.-Tyrii tenuere coloni. Carthage was founded by a colony from Tyre in Phoenicia.-13. Carthago. Some supply nomine, "by name," but without necessity.-Contra longe. "Facing in the distance." Longe refers to the intervening Mediterranean.-14. Dives орит. "Rich in all the elements of national power."-Studiisque asperrima belli. "And very fierce in the eager pursuits of war."

15. Quam unam. "Which one city." Unus is frequently joined with superlatives, more rarely, as in the present instance, with comparatives.-16. Coluisse. "To have regarded."-Posthabitá Samo. "Even Samos being held in less esteem;" literally, "being regarded after it." The island of Samos, in the Ægean Sea, was famous for its temple and worship of Juno. The goddess Astarte or Astaroth, sometimes styled "the Queen of Heaven," was particularly worshipped at Carthage, and in some of her attributes resembled the Roman Juno. Hence the poet identifies her with this deity. The cæsural pause saves the final vowel of Samo from elision.

Hic illius arma, &c. Arms and a chariot are here assigned to Juno, though not properly a warlike goddess. The idea itself, of giving such appendages to Deity, seems borrowed from the habits of the heroic age.-17. Hoc regnum dea, &c. "The goddess even then strives earnestly, and cherishes the wish that this may become a seat of empire for the nations," i. e. a centre of empire, as Rome afterwards was.-18. Jam tum, i. e. even so early as in the age of Æneas, and long before the founding of Rome.-Si quâ. "If in any way." Supply ratione.

19. Sed enim, &c. The particle sed here denotes some opposition or obstacle to what precedes, namely, to the wish of Juno, while enim points to the reason or cause of that opposition. So in Greek áλλà yáp. Translate: "But (there was an obstacle to this), for she had heard," &c.-Duci. "Was being derived." The race here alluded to is the Roman.-20. Olim. "In after-ages."-Tyrias arces. By the "Tyrian towers" is meant Carthage, as a city of Tyrian origin.-Verteret. In the sense of everteret.

21. Hinc. "That from this source," i. e. from Trojan blood.Late regem. Equivalent to late regnantem. Compare the Homeric EUρVкρείWV.-22. Excidio Libya. "For the destruction of Libya," i. e. of Carthage. Libya is here used, according to Greek usage, for Africa-Volvere. "Decreed." The Parcæ cause the wheel to revolve as they spin the thread of individual or of national destiny; hence the expression volvere fatum. For another, and probably better explanation, see note on verse 264.

23. Id metuens. Dumesnil says, that metuo expresses apprehension of an evil yet distant; timeo of immediate danger. This is incorrect. Timeo is a generic term, signifying "to fear," without regard either to the nature of the object or the extent of the evil. Metuo implies that a hostile disposition is always dreaded in the person exciting the fear, and that the evil apprehended is great.

Veteris belli. "Of the former war." Vetus and antiquus are often used of a thing not long passed.-Saturnia. An epithet applied to Juno as the daughter of Saturn," the Saturnian goddess," or, "the daughter of Saturn." The term Saturnia is commonly regarded as the nominative to arcebat in the 31st line, the words from line 25 to

28 (both inclusive) being taken as a parenthesis. It is much better, however, to view the whole construction as an anacoluthon, the result of poetic feeling. Saturnia will then be the nominative absolute, and arcebat will have the nominative illa understood.

24. Prima. "Previously." Taken as an adverb, and equivalent to prius or olim.-Caris Argis. "For her beloved Argos," i. e. for her beloved Greeks. Argos (in the plural Argi, -orum), the old capital of the Peloponnesus, is put here for Greece in general.-25. Causæ irarum. These are mentioned immediately after.

26. Alta mente repóstum. "Deeply treasured up." Altâ is here used for alte. Repostum, by syncope, for repositum.-27. Judicium Paridis. "The decision of Paris," i. e. in favour of Venus, and against the claims to superior beauty on the part of herself and Minerva. Spretoque injuria formæ. "And the affront offered to her slighted beauty." Literally, "and the affront of her slighted beauty." 28. Genus invisum. The whole regal race of Troy, as derived from Dardanus, the son of Jupiter by Electra, daughter of Atlas, was hated by Juno as the adulterous offspring of a rival.-Rapti. "Caught up to the skies."-Honores. He was made the cup-bearer of the gods, in place of Hebe.

29. His accensa super. Exasperated, moreover, at these things." The sense is, not only fearing the overthrow of her favourite city (id metuens), and mindful of the former war (veteris belli memor), but also exasperated at the decision of Paris, and the honours bestowed upon Ganymede. Super, therefore, is put for insuper.

Equore toto, i. e. the whole surface of the Mediterranean.-30. Reliquias Danaum. Literally, "the leavings of the Greeks," i. e. those saved from them and the merciless Achilles. Atque here is equivalent, in effect, to "and particularly," Achilles being designated by it as the most prominent of the Greeks in slaughtering the Trojans.-Achilli. An old contracted genitive for Achillěi, from a nominative Achilleus.

31. Arcebat. "She kept."-32. Multosque per annos. Their wanderings lasted seven years.-Maria omnia circum. i. e. over every part of the Mediterranean. 33. Tanto molis erat. "It was a task of so much arduous toil." Molis conveys the idea of some vast weight or burden to be moved.

34. Vix e conspectu, &c. Here commences the action of the poem, in the seventh year of the wanderings of Æneas, and within not many months of its termination. All that it is necessary for the reader to know besides is thrown into episode and narration; by which management the integrity and roundness of the fable are more perfectly preserved; and from the shorter limits of the action, its impression is the more forcible. Why Eneas was leaving Sicily at this time will be found explained at the close of the third book.-35. Vela dabant. "Were they spreading their sails."

Læti. Because now near Italy, the goal of their wanderings.-Et spumas salis, &c. "And with coppered prow were furrowing the foam of the salt sea."-Ruebant. Taken actively. The waves are upturned, as the earth is by the plough when a furrow is made. Hence it may be rendered "were ploughing."

36. Eternum vulnus. "Her never-dying resentment against the Trojans."-37. Hæc secum." Thus communed with herself." Supply cogitabat or aiebat.-Mene incepto, &c. "For me, vanquished, to desist from my undertaking?" [or "Shall I, vanquished, desist, &c.]

The accusative with the infinitive stands here unconnected, and expresses strong indignation. Grammarians explain it by an ellipsis of decet, or putant, or something similar. It is far better, however, to regard it as a strong burst of feeling, without any ellipsis at all.

39. Quippe vetor fatis! "I am forbidden, forsooth, by the fates!" Bitter irony. No decree of destiny prevented Pallas from punishing those who had offended her. Me, however, the Queen of Heaven, the Fates, it seems, restrain!-Pallasne exurere classem, &c. Minerva brought a violent storm on the fleet of Ajax, when returning home, as a punishment for his having violated Cassandra, in the temple and before the very statue of the goddess, on the night when Troy was taken.

40. Argirúm. Not the Greeks in general, but the Locrians, whom Ajax had led against Troy.-41. Unius ob noxam, &c. "On account

of the guilt and infuriated lust of one alone, Ajax, son of Oïleus." Furias, i. q., furiosam libidinem. The term furice is often applied to crimes of great enormity, unto which the Furies were supposed to prompt the wicked in heart. So viii. 205, "At Caci furiis mens effera."

42. Ipsa, Jovis rapidum, &c. Minerva is often represented on gems and coins, hurling the thunderbolts of Jove.-43. Evertitque. "And upturned." 44. Illum. Ajax.-Transfixo. "Transfixed by the thunderbolt." Hence, said poetically to breathe forth the lightning's flame.-45. Scopuloque infixit acuto. According to Macrobius (Sat. v., c. 22) Virgil borrowed this legend from one of the lost plays of Euripides. The source of the fable, however, is found in Homer (Od. iii. 135, and iv. 499, seqq.), except that the latter poet makes Ajax to have perished by the hand of Neptune.

46. Quæ incedo. "Who move majestic." Incedo is here put poetically for sum. It is also especially applied by the poets to a dignified and majestic carriage, and is therefore selected here to indicate the peculiar gait of the queen of the gods.—Jovis et soror et conjux. An imitation of the Homeric кασiуvýτηv äλoxóv te (Il. xvi. 432). 47. Tot annos denotes continuance, whereas tot annis refers merely to interval.

48. Et quisquam numen, &c. “And does any one, after this, adore the divinity of Juno?" Read adorat, not adoret. The indicative, in such interrogations, expresses surprise or indignant feeling; the subjunctive, doubt. The former is used when we wish to show that what we are speaking of is capable of being done, but that we are surprised at its being done; the subjunctive, on the other hand, indicates that we do not believe anything is done.-49. Præterea. Equivalent here to post talia, or in posterum, and answering to the Homeric ETEITA.-Imponet. Virgil joins here different tenses, adorat and imponet. But præterea adorat is the same, in fact, as adorabit.-Honorem. "A victim," [in honour of me.]

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51. Nimborum in patriam. "Into the native country of storms. Nimbus, a dark cloud bringing storm or rain.-Loca fæta furentibus austris. "Regions pregnant with raging blasts." The southern blasts, which are the fiercest in the Mediterranean, are here put for any blasts.-52. Æoliam. The Eolia here meant is one of the Lipari islands.-54. Imperio premit. "Holds in check by his sway." -Ac vinclis et carcere, &c. "And curbs them with chains and a prison-house." The prison-house is the vast cave. Vincla (for vincula) figuratively for custodia.

56. Celsá arce. "On a lofty rock." The cave that confines the winds is in the bowels of the mountain; while on the rocky summit of the mountain olus sits enthroned, like some potentate in his stronghold (arx).-57. Mollitque animos, &c. "And soothes their feelings," which are enraged at this confinement.

58. Ni faciat, &c. "Unless he do this, they assuredly, in rapid course, would bear away with them the seas and lands, ay, and the deep heaven too, and sweep them through the air." The common translation of quippe, here, is "For unless he do this," &c. ; but its very position shows this to be incorrect. It is equivalent here to certe. For its etymology consult Pott, Etymol. Forsch., vol. ii. p. 41. The present subjunctive (faciat, ferant, cerrant) is here employed instead of the imperfect, in order to impart animation to the sentence, and bring the action described more immediately under the eyes of the reader.

61. Molemque et montes altos. "A mass of lofty mountains." Hendiadys, for molemque montium altorum.-62. Fœdere certo. By fixed laws."-63. Jussus. "When ordered so to do," i. e. by Jupiter. 65. Namque. Equivalent to the Greek kai yap. "And (well may I address thee), for to thee," &c. Heyne and others make namque here the same as quandoquidem, "since ;" its literal meaning, however, as we have given it, is far more spirited.-66. Et mulcere. "Both to soothe." Dedit mulcere is a Greek construction for dedit potestatem mulcendi.-67. Tyrrhenum æquor. "The surface of the Tuscan Sea." The Trojan fleet, having left Sicily, was now approaching the lower or western coast of Italy.-68. Ilium in Italiam portans, &c. A beautiful image. Carrying with them all that now remained of Troy, in order to found another Troy in Italy.

69. Incute vim ventis. "Strike (additional) force into thy winds." Ventis is here the dative.-Submersasque obrue puppes. "Sink their ships, and bury them for ever beneath the waves." Equivalent to submerge et obrue puppes. The poets, when speaking of two continuous actions, as here, express the earlier action of the two by the participle. Submergere is merely " to submerge ;" but obruere is to keep down what is sunken, so that it may never emerge again.

70. Aut age diversos. "Or drive them in different directions."Disjice. "Scatter far and wide."

71. Sunt mihi, &c. Juno is commonly represented as attended by the Hora, or Seasons; here, however, she has the Nymphs as handmaidens.-Præstanti corpore. "Of surpassing loveliness."-72. Quarum, quæ formâ, &c. "Of whom, Deiopea, who is the fairest in form, I will join unto thee in firm wedlock, and will consign her unto thee as thine own." The grammatical construction is as follows: quarum jungam (tibi) stabili connubio, propriamque dicabo, (Deiopeam) quæ Deiopea (est) pulcherrima formâ. The common reading is Deiopeam, which makes a much simpler construction, but the weight of MS. authority, as well as elegant Latinity, is in favour of the form given in our text.

73. Connubio. To be pronounced here as a quadrisyllable.-75. Et pulchra faciat, &c. The whole idea of this offer is borrowed from Homer (1l. xiv. 267, seqq.), where Juno promises Pasithea, one of the younger Graces, to Somnus. Virgil deviates from the Homeric myth, however, in representing Æolus as unmarried.—Pulchrâ prole. "With a beauteous offspring." There is no need of making this equivalent to pulchræ prolis, or of regarding it as an ablative absolute.

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