female hypochondriac patient of the upper ranks; and at another time, as a cure for gout, he advised an indolent and luxurious citizen to "live upon sixpence a-day, and earn it." In spite of the bluntness of his manner, however, he was very benevolent, and often not only gratuitously visited persons whose poverty prevented them from coming to him, but even sometimes supplied their wants from his own purse. The following is the account given of the abrupt and unceremonious but truly characteristic manner in which he obtained his wife. The name of the lady is not given. "While attending a lady for several weeks, he observed those admirable qualifications in her daughter, which he truly esteemed to be calculated to make the marriage state happy. Accordingly, on a Saturday, when taking leave of his patient, he addressed her to the following purport: You are now so well that I need not see you after Monday next, when I shall come and pay you my farewell visit. But, in the meantime, I wish you and your daughter seriously to consider the proposal I am now about to make. It is abrupt and unceremonious, I am aware; but the excessive occupation of my time by my professional duties affords me no leisure to accomplish what I desire by the more ordinary course of attention and solicitation. My annual receipts amount to £and I can settle £- on my wife (mentioning the sums): my character is generally known to the public, so that you may readily ascertain what it is. I have seen in your daughter a tender and affectionate child, an assiduous and careful nurse, and a gentle and ladylike member of a family; such a person must be all that a husband could covet, and I offer my hand and fortune for her acceptance. On Monday, when I call, I shall expect your determination; for I really have not time for the routine of courtship.' In this humour, the lady was wooed and won; and the union proved fortunate in every respect."-Annual Obi tuary, 1832. The following is a list of his works. Surgical and Physiological Essays. Lond. 1793-7, 8vo. Surgical Observations, containing a Classification of Tumours, with Cases to illustrate the History of each Species. Lond. 1804, 8vo. Surgical Observations, part second, containing an Account of the Disorders of the Health in general, and of the Digestive Organs m particular. Observations on the Diseases of the | Urethra, and Observations relative to the Treatment of one Species of the Nævi Maternæ. Lond. 1806, 8vo. Lond. 1816, 8vo. Surgica. Observations on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases; and on Aneurisms. Lond. 1809, 8vo. 3d edit. 1813, 8vo. Surgical Observations, part second, containing Observations on the Origin and Treatment of Pseudo-syphilitic Discases, and on Diseases of the Urethra Lond. 1810, 8vo. Surgical Observations on Injuries of the Head, and other Miscellaneous Subjects. Lond. 1810, 8vo. An Inquiry into the Probability and Rationality of Mr. Hunter's Theory of Life, being the Subject of the first two Anatomical Lectures before the Royal College of Surgeons Lond. 1814, 8vo. The Introductory Lecture for the year 1815, exhibiting before Royal College of Surgeons, London. Lond. 1815, 8vo. some of Mr. Hunter's Opinions respecting Diseases; delivered Surgical Works, a new edit. 1815, 2 vols. 8vo. ABOYNE, Earl of, a title possessed by the Gordon family, derived from the parish of Aboyne in Aberdeenshire. On the death of the last duke of Gordon in 1836, when that dukedom became extinct, the title of earl of Aboyne merged in that of marquis of Huntly. (See HUNTLY, marquis of.) ABTHANE, a title which occurs in Scottish history, and which appears peculiar to Scotland, as no trace of it has been found in any other country. It is a Thanedom or proprietorship of land held of the crown, and in the possession of an prietor, that is, a proprietor under the Saxon laws, holding direct of the crown, and is therefore exactly equivalent to that of a Norman baron. Three Abthainries only have been as yet traced in Scotland, viz. those of Dull, Kilmichael, and Madderty; the two former in Athol, the latter in Strathearn. Mr. Skene, whose investigations supply the foregoing information, seems to have established that all these three were abbot. Like a Thanedom also, it is the title of a Saxon pro created between the years 1098 and 1124,—that is, between the accession of Edgar to the throne and that of David I., that they were all held in connection with the Culdee monks of Dunkeld; that they must have been in possession of an abbot of that monastery; and that the party who then held that dignity, and in whose favour they were created, was had obtained them from one of his brothers, Edgar or AlexEthelred, youngest son of Malcolm III., who consequently ander, the then reigning monarchs of Scotland. The fact of the possession of these and other lands in Athol by the then reigning family of Scotland, is one of the many circunstances adduced by this gentleman to demonstrate the descent of Malcolm III., and after him a long line of Scottish kings, from the ancient Maormors of Athol, one of the many facts illustrative of early Scottish history for which we are indebted to his careful investigations and ingenious inductions. See ATHOL, EARLS OF. On the death of Ethelred, these lands again reverted to the crown. In various charters so recent as the reign of David II. they are described as the "abthanes of Dull" of "Kilmichael," &c. The second family whose chief obtained the earldom of Lennox appears by an entry in an early history of the Drummonds to have been previously the hereditary baillies of the abthainries of Dull, and on the promotion of its head to that dignity, that baillierie passed to a younger branch or cadet of it according to Celtic usage.— Skene on the Origin of the Highlanders, vol. ii. pp. 129-137 152, 153. plete tranquillity, and died in 819, distinguished for his piety and wisdom.-Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia. ADAIR, JAMES MAKITTRICK, physician and medical writer, was born at Inverness in 1728, and for several years practised at Bath. He was noted for extreme irritability of temper, and among other persons with whom he had a dispute was the eccentric Philip Thicknesse, in the dedication to whose memoirs is given an account of one of his last quarrels. He afterwards went to Antigua, and became physician to the command the judges of the court of king's bench and common pleas in that island. He was the author of several medical tracts on regimen, the materia medica, &c., as also of a pamphlet against the abolition of the slave trade. He died 24th April 1801, at Ayr. The following is a list of Dr. Adair's works: Medical Cautions for the Consideration of Invalids, more especially of those who resort to Bath. Lond. 1786, 8vo Second edit. greatly enlarged, 1787, 8vo. ACHAIUS, or ACHAYUS, or EOCHY, the son of King Ethwin, or Ewen, succeeded to the crown of Scotland in 788, upon the death of Solvatius, or Selvach. Before his accession to the throne, he lived familiarly with the nobles, and was well acquainted with the causes of their mutual feuds. It was, therefore, the first act of his reign to reconcile the chiefs with one another, and check the turbulent spirit which their animosities had engendered. No sooner had he succeeded in thus reconciling his subjects, than he was called upon to take measures to repel an aggression of the predatory Irish. A number of banditti from Ire-er-in-chief and the colonial troops, and one of land, who infested the district of Kintyre, in the west of Scotland, having been completely routed by the inhabitants, the Irish nation was highly exasperated, and resolved to revenge the injury done to them. Achaius despatched an ambassador to soften their rage, but before he had time to return from his fruitless mission, an immense number of Irish plundered and laid waste the island of Isla. These depredators were all drowned when returning home with their spoil, and such was the terror which this calamity inspired into the Irish, that they immediately sued for peace, which was generously granted them by the king of Scotland. A short time after the conclusion of this treaty, the emperor Charlemagne sent an ambassador to Achaius, requesting the Scots king to enter into a strict alliance with him against the English, who, in the language of the envoy, "shamefully filled both sea and land with their piracies, and bloody invasions." After much hesitation and debate among the king's counsellors, the alliance was unanimously agreed to, and Achaius sent his brother William, along with Clement, John Scotus, Raban, and Alcuin, a native of the north of England, four of the most learned men then in Scotland, together with an army of four thousand men, to accompany the French ambassador to Paris, where the alliance was concluded, on terms very favourable to the Scots. In order to perpetuate the remembrance of this event, Achaius added to the arms of Scotland a double field sowed with lilies. After assisting Hungus, king of the Picts, to repel an aggression of Athelstane, king of the West Sax-Recovery and Preservation of Firm Health, especially to Indolent, Studious, Delicate, and Invalid; with appropriate Cases. Lond. 1804, 8vo. ons. Achaius spent the rest of his reign in com A Philosophical and Medical Sketch of the Natural History of the Human Body and Mind, with an Essay on the Difficulties of attaining Medical Knowledge. Lond. 1787, 8vo. Essays on Fashionable Diseases; the Dangerous Effects of Hot and Crowded Rooms; the Clothing of Invalids; Lady and Gentlemen Doctors; and on Quacks and Quackery. Lond. 1789, 8vo. Essay on a Non-Descript, or Newly Invented Disease; its Nature, Causes, and Means of Relief, with some very important Observations on the Powerful and most Surprising Effects of Animal Magnetism, in the Cure of the said Disease. Lond. 1790, 8vo. Anecdotes of the Life, Adventures, and Vindication of a Medical Character, metaphorically Defunct. By Benjamin Goosequill. Lond. 1790, 8vo, with regard to his own Life and Character. A Candid Inquiry into the Truth of Certain Charges of the Dangerous Consequences of the Suttonian or Cooling Regimen under Inoculation for the Small Pox; with some remarks on a Successful Method used some years ago in Hungary, in the case of Natural Small Pox. Lond. 1790, 8vo. Two Sermons; the first addressed to Seamen, the second to British West India Slaves, by a Physician, (Dr. A.); to which are subjoined, Remarks on Female Infidelity, and a Plan of Platonic Matrimony, by which that Evil may be Lessened or totally Prevented, by F. G. 1791, 8vo. An Essay on Regimen. Air, 1799, 8vo. An Essay on Diet and Regimen, as indispensable to the B Observations on Regimen and Preparation under Inocula- | of viewing a more complete monument of ancient tion, and on the Treatment of the Natural Small Pox in the West Indies; with Strictures on the Suttonian Practice. Med. Com. viii. p. 211, 1782. Hints respecting Stimulants, Astringents, Anodynes, Cicuta, Vermifuga, Nausativa, Fixed Air, Arsenicum Album, &c. Ib. ix. p. 206. splendour than any he had seen, accompanied by M. Clerisseau, a French artist, and two expert draughtsmen, in July 1757 he sailed from Venice to Spalatro in Dalmatia, to inspect the remains of Remarks on Alumen Rupium, and several other Articles of the palace to which the emperor Dioclesian rethe Materia Medica. Ib. x. p. 233. Three Cases of Pthisis Pulmonalis, treated by Cuprum Vitriolatum and Conium Maculatum, two of which terminated favourably. Med. Com. xvii. p. 473, 1792. Case of Inflammatory Constipation of the Bowels, successfully treated. Mem. Med. ii. p. 236, 1789. ADAM, a surname belonging to a family of some antiquity in Scotland. Duncan Adam, son of Alexander Adam, lived in the reign of Robert the Bruce, and had four sons, Robert, John, Reginald, and Duncan, from whom all the Adams, Adamsons, and Adies in Scotland, are descended. [Burke's Landed Gentry.] From the youngest son, Duncan Adam, who accompanied James, Lord Douglas, in his expedition to Spain on his way to the Holy Land, with the heart of King Robert, is stated to have descended, JOHN ADAM, who was slain at Flodden in 1513. His son CHARLES ADAM was seated at Fanno, in Forfarshire, and his descendant in the fourth degree, ARCHIBALD ADAM, of Fanno, sold his patrimonial lands in the time of Charles I., and acquired those of Queensmanour in the same county. His greatgrandson, JOHN ADAM, married Helen Cranstoun, of the family of Lord Cranstoun, by whom he left one son, WILLIAM ADAM, an eminent architect, who purchased several estates, particularly that of Blair, in the county of Kinross, where he built a house and village, which he named Maryburgh. He married Mary, daughter of William Robertson, Esq. of Gladney, and, with other issue, had JOHN ADAM, his heir (the father of the Right Hon. WILLIAM ADAM, Lord Chief Commissioner of the Jury Court in Scotland, the subject of a subsequent biography), and ROBERT and JAMES ADAM, the celebrated architects, of both of whom notices are here given : ADAM, ROBERT, a celebrated architect, was born at Kirkaldy in 1728. He was the second son of Mr. William Adam of Maryburgh, who, like his father, was also an architect, and who designed Hopetoun house, the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and other buildings. After studying at the university of Edinburgh, Robert, in 1754, proceeded to the continent, and resided three years in Italy, studying his art. From the splendid monuments of antiquity which that country presents to the traveller, he imbibed that scientific style of design by which all his works are distinguished. But it was only from fragments that he was enabled to form his taste, the ravages of time and the hands of barbarians having united for the destruction of those noble specimens of ancient architecture, the ruins of which only remain to attest their former grandeur and magnificence. With the intention tired from the cares of government. They found the palace much defaced; but as its remains still exhibited the nature of the structure, they proIceeded to a minute examination of its various parts. Their labours, however, were immediately interrupted by the interference of the government of Venice, from a suspicion that they were making plans of the fortifications. Fortunately, General Græme, commander-in-chief of the Venetian forces, interposed; and, being seconded by Count Antonio Marcovich, they were soon allowed to prosecute their designs. In 1762, on his return to England, he was appointed architect to the king, an office which he resigned six years afterwards, on being elected M.P. for the county of Kinross. In 1764 he published, in one volume folio, a splendid work, containing seventy-one engravings and descriptions of the ruins of the palace of Dioclesian at Spalatro, and of some other buildings. In 1773 he and his brother James, also an eminent architect, brought out 'The Works of R. and J. Adam,' in numbers, consisting of plans and elevations of buildings in England and Scotland, erected or designed, among which are the Register House and the University of Edinburgh, and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, in Scotland, and Sion House, Caen - Wood, Luton Park House, and some edifices at Whitehall, in England. Mr. Adam died 3d March, 1792, by the bursting of a blood-vessel, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The year before his death he designed no less than eight public buildings and twenty-five private ones. His genius extended itself beyond the decorations of buildings, to various branches of manufacture; and besides the improvements which he introduced into the architecture of the country, he displayed great skill and taste in his numerous drawings in landscape. Annual Register, vol. xxxiv.-Scots Mag. 1803. Of the Register House at Edinburgh it is remarked by Telford, in his contribution on Civil Architecture to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, that "only a part of this masterly plan has been executed, but even this composes an apparently complete building. The original design as given in the works of R. and J. Adam, has in the centre a magnificent circular saloon, covered and lighted by a dome. This saloon is surrounded by small apartments, and the whole of these are enclosed by buildings in the shape of a parallelogram, by which ingenious contrivance access to all the apartments and an effective lighting of the whole is perfectly accomplished. Even as it is, this building, both internally and externally, reflects great credit on the architect, and from the chasteness of the details, it is evident that the external features have been the result of much attention. A greater degree of magnificence," he adds, "might have been obtained by keeping the basement of the principal front lower, by adding to the magnitude of the order," and by a few modifications of other details. ADAM, JAMES, the brother of the preceding, held, at one period, the office of architect to his majesty George III. He was the designer of Portland Place, one of the noblest streets in London, and died on the 17th October, 1794. From the two brothers the Adelphi Buildings in the Strand derive their name, being their joint work. ADAM, WILLIAM, Right Hon., nephew of the two foregoing gentlemen, lord chief commissioner of the jury court in Scotland, on its first introduction there for the trial of civil causes, the son of John Adam of Blair Adam, and his wife Jean, the daughter of John Ramsay, Esq., was born 21st July 1751, O.S. He was educated at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, and in 1773 was admitted a member of the faculty of Advocates, but never practised at the Scottish bar. In 1774 he was chosen M.P. for Gatton; in 1780 for Stranraer, &c.; in 1784 for the Elgin burghs; and in 1790 for Ross-shire. At the close of Lord North's administration in 1782, in consequence of some family Among the private edifices pertaining to Scot-losses he became a barrister-at-law. In 1794 he land connected with the name of Robert Adam, are, Hopetoun House, on the south bank of the estuary of the Forth, to which magnificent edifice he added the graceful wings; Melville Castle, on the banks of the Esk near Lasswade, which was by his ingenuity rendered a magnificent and appropriate feature in that part of the kingdom; Culzean Castle, on a bold promontory on the coast of Ayrshire, where, with his usual fertility of invention, the same architect has rendered this seat of the marquis of Ailsa a just resemblance of a Roman villa as described by Pliny; and last, but not least, Gosford House in East Lothian, perhaps the most extensive and superb of modern Scottish structures, built by the earl of Wemyss from one of his designs. Of Sion House, the mansion of the duke of Northumberland, in the county of Middlesex, the chief features of novelty are in the style of Spalatra and the Pantheon at Rome, but the interior arrangements are in every respect as good as can well be imagined. Luton park in Bedfordshire, the seat of the marquis of Bute, is the most original of all his works, and although not in all respects the happiest, may be considered the façade especially-as designed in his best manner. retired from parliament to devote himself to his profession. In 1802 he was appointed counsel for the East India Company, and in 1806 chancellor of the duchy of Cornwall. In the same year he was returned M.P. for Kincardineshire, and in 1807, being elected both for that county and for Kinrossshire, he preferred to sit for the former. In 1811 he again vacated his seat for his professional duties. Being now generally esteemed a sound lawyer his practice increased, and he was consulted by the prince of Wales, the duke of York, and many of the nobility. In the course of his parliamentary career, in consequence of something that occurred in a discussion during the first American war, he fought a duel with the late Mr. Fox, which happily ended without bloodshed, when the latter jocularly remarked, that had his antagonist not loaded his pistol with government powder, he would have been shot. Mr. Adam generally opposed the politics of Mr. Pitt. In 1814 he submitted to government the plan for trying civil causes by jury in Scotland. In 1815 he was made a privy councillor, and was appointed one of the barons of the Scottish exchequer, chiefly with the view of enabling him to introduce and establish the new system of trial oy jury in civil cases In 1816 an act of parliament was obtained, insti- ¡ Saturday in a ride to some scene of historical intuting a separate jury court in Scotland, in which terest within an easy distance; enjoyed a quiet he was appointed lord chief commissioner, with Sunday at home,—' duly attending divine worship two of the judges of the court of session as his at the Kirk of Cleish (not Cleishbotham)'—gave colleagues. He accordingly relinquished his situ- Monday morning to another antiquarian excursion, ation in the exchequer, and continued to apply and returned to Edinburgh in time for the courts his energies to the duties of the jury court, over- of Tuesday. From 1816 to 1831 inclusive, Sir coming, by his patience, zeal, and urbanity, the Walter was a constant attendant at these meetmany obstacles opposed to the success of such an ings." It was during one of these visits to Blairinstitution. In 1830, when sufficiently organized, Adam that the idea of 'The Abbot' had first arisen the jury court was, by another act, transferred in Scott's mind, and it was at his suggestion that to the court of session, and on taking his seat on the chief commissioner commenced a little book the bench of the latter for the first time, addresses on the improvements which had taken place on his were presented to him from the Faculty of Advo- estate, which, under the title of Blair-Adam, cates, the Society of Writers to the Signet, and from 1733 to 1834,' was privately printed for his the Solicitors before the Supreme Courts, thank- own family and intimate friends. "It was," says ing him for the important benefits which the intro- the Judge, " on a fine Sunday, lying on the grassy duction of trial by jury in civil cases had conferred summit of Bennarty, above its craggy brow, that on the country. In 1833 he retired from the | Sir Walter said, looking first at the flat expanse of bench; and died at his house in Charlotte Square, Kinross-shire (on the south side of the Ochils), Edinburgh, on the 17th February 1839, in the and then at the space which Blair-Adam fills be89th year of his age. tween the hill of Drumglow (the highest of the After his appointment to the presidency of the Cleish hills) and the valley of Lochore—' What jury court, he spent a great part of his time at an extraordinary thing it is, that here to the north his paternal seat in Kinross-shire. "Here," says so little appears to have been done, when there are Lockhart, in his Life of Scott, "about Midsum- so many proprietors to work upon it; and to the mer 1816, he received a visit from his near rela- south, here is a district of country entirely made tion William Clerk, Adam Fergusson, his heredi- by the efforts of one family, in three generations, tary friend and especial favourite, and their life- and one of them amongst us in the full enjoyment of long intimate, Scott. They remained with him what has been done by his two predecessors and for two or three days, in the course of which they himself! Blair-Adam, as I have always heard, were all so much delighted with their host, and he had a wild, uncomely, and unhospitable appearwith them, that it was resolved to re-assemble the ance, before its improvements were begun. It party with a few additions, at the same season of would be most curious to record in writing its orievery following year. This was the origin of the ginal state, and trace its gradual progress to its Blair-Adam club, the regular members of which present condition.'" Lockhart adds, upon this were in number nine; viz., the four already named, suggestion, enforced by the approbation of the the chief commissioner's son, Admiral Sir other members present, the president of the BlairCharles Adam; his son-in-law, the late Mr. An- Adam club commenced arranging the materials for struther Thomson of Charleton, in Fifeshire; Mr. what constitutes a most instructive as well as enThomas Thomson, the deputy register of Scot-tertaining history of the agricultural and arboriland; his brother, the Rev. John Thomson, mini-cultural progress of his domains in the course of a ster of Duddingstone, one of the first landscape hundred years, under his grandfather, his father painters of his time; and the Right Hon. Sir Sam- | (the celebrated architect), and himself. And Sir uel Shepherd, who became chief baron of the Walter had only suggested to his friend of Kincourt of exchequer in Scotland, shortly after the ross-shire what he was resolved to put into practhird anniversary of this brotherhood. They usu- tice with regard to his own improvements on ally contrived to meet on a Friday; spent the Tweedside; for he began at precisely the same |