the Nib of it into another glass Vessel of Water; fo that the Aperture of the firft Glafs may touch the bottom of the fecond; whilst the Stem is Jupported a little by the Mouth of the under Glass, fo as to stand, without having its Orifice entirely closed. And the better to effect this, apply fome Wax to the Mouth of the under receiving Glass; but fo as uot to stop this up neither. Before the bellied Glass is inverted into the other, let its Belly be heated at the Fire; and when placed, as abovementioned, the Air which was dilated by the heating, will contract itself (after the adventitious Heat is gone) to an equal Dimenfion with that of the external or common Air, at the Time; and raise the Water upwards in the fame Proportion. And now, when a Scale of Degrees, made upon a long Slip of Paper, is pafted along the Stem; cording as the Weather grows hotter or colder, the included Air will contract with the Cold, and expand with the Heat; and fhew the Effect; by the Afcent of the Water, when the Air is contracted; and by the Defcent thereof, when the Air is expanded. But the Senfibility of the Air, in refpect of Heat and Cold, is fo fubtile and exquifite, as far to exceed the Perception of the human Touch; infomuch, that a. Ray of the Sun, or the Warmth of a Man's Breath, much more the Heat of one's Hand, placed upon the Top of the Glass, will immediately caufe the Water manifeftly to fink. Tho' we conceive that the Spirit of Animals has a ftill more exquifite Sense of Heat and Cold; unless it be obstructed and blunted by the groffer Matter of their Bodies.

ac

Heat and

(39) Next to Air, we judge thofe Bodies to be most fenfible of Heat, The Scale of which are newly changed, and compressed, by Cold; fuch as (1.) Snow Bodies moft and Ice: for thefe begin to relent and diffolve with any gentle Heat. fufceptible of (2.) After thefe, perhaps comes Quickfilver: After this comes (3.) fat Cold. Bodies; fuch as Oil, Butter, &c. (4.) Wood; (5.) Water; (6.) and laftly, Stones and Metals: which do not eafily beat, especially within; tho they very long retain the Heat they have once received; fo that a red-hot Brick, Stone, or piece of Iron, quenched in a Bafon of cold Water, retain fuch a Heat, for fome Minutes after, that they cannot be handled.

(40.) The lefs Bulk a Body is of, the fooner it conceives Heat, by Heat averse the approach of a bot Subftance: which fhews that all Heat with us is to tangible in a manner averse to tangible Bodies .

(41.) Heat

For the Improvement of Thermometers, fee Mr. Boyle's Hiftory of Cold; and

Dr. Hook's Works, paffim. See alfo Dr. Boerhaave's Chemistry.

As being readieit communicated in the fmalleft, and perhaps the most rarified Bodies.

Bodies.

Natural Hi

(41.) Heat, to the Senfe and human Touch, is an undetermin'd, relative Thing; fo that warm Water shall feem hot to a cold Hand; and cold, if the Hand be hot .

B.

* See Mr. Boyle's Hiftory of Cold, in init.

APHORISM XIV.

28. How unprovided we, at prefent, are in Natural and Experimental Story defective. Hiftory, may be eafily obferved from hence; that in the preceding Tables we are frequently obliged to direct Experiments, and farther Enquiry to be made into Particulars; and that instead of approved Hiftory, and fuch Inftances as may be depended upon, we are fometimes driven to infert Traditions and Relations; tho' we do this always with a manifest doubting of their Truth and Authority".

Use of the pre

APHORISM XV.

29. The Office and Ufe of thefe three Tables, is, to prefent a View ceding Tables. of Inftances to the Understanding. And when this View is procured, the Bufinefs of Induction is to be put in Practice. For, upon a particular and general View of all the Inftances, fuch a Nature is to be discovered, as may be continually prefent, or abfent, and always increase and decreafe, with that Nature; and, as we above laid down, limit the more common Nature". But if the Mind fhould attempt to do this affirmatively from the firft, as it uses to do when left to itself, there presently rife up Phantoms and notional Hypothefes, ill defined; and Axioms that daily require a mending-hand; unless, after the Cuftom of the Schools, we would contend for Falfehood: tho' doubtless these Axioms would be better or worse, according to the Powers and Strength of the Forms known Understanding that formed them. God, the great Giver and Creator of intuitively to Forms, doubtlefs, knows them, by immediate Affirmation, at the first fublime Intel Glance of the Understanding; and fo, perhaps, may Angels, and fuch ligences. fublime Intelligences: but this far exceeds the human Capacity; which can only first proceed by Negatives, and laftly, after a perfect Exclufion, end in Affirmatives.

The Business of genuine Induction.

APHORISM XVI.

30. We must, therefore, make a perfect Refolution and Separation of Nature, not by Fire, but by the Mind; which is, as it were, the divine

Fire.

Little Progrefs can be expected in Philofophy, and the Sciences, till an ample and exact Hiftory of Nature and Art is procured; out of which, as out of a Storehouse, Particulars should be drawn, as they come to be wanted, in all Enquiries.

See above, Part II. Aph. 4.

Fire. And thus the first Work of genuine Induction, in the Discovery of Forms, is to throw out, or exclude, fuch particular Natures, as are nct found in any Inftance, where the given Nature is prefent: or fuch as are found in any Inftance, where that Nature is abfent: and again, fuch are found to increase in any Inftance, when the given Nature decreases; or to decreafe when that Nature increafes. And then, after this Rejection and Exclufion is duly made, the affirmative, folid, true, and well defined Form, will remain as the Refult of the Operation; whilst the volatile Opinions go off in Fume. And this is eafily expreffed in Words; but the Thing itfelf cannot be come at, without numerous Turnings and Windings. We will, however, endeavour not to omit any one Step that conduces to the End.

APHORISM XVII.

31. But here a general Caution, or perpetual Admonition, must be given; The Notion of left, as we seem to attribute fo much to Forms, what we fay of them Forms, lifhould be understood of fuch Forms, as Men have hitherto accustomed mited. themselves to confider ".

32. For, (1.) we do not at prefent fpeak of compound Forms, that is, Thefe Forms Combinations of fimple Natures, according to the common Courfe of fimple. the Univerfe; as the Form of an Eagle, a Lion, a Rofe, Gold, &c. the Time of treating which will be, when we come to conceal'd Proceffes and fecret Textures; and the Discovery of them, as they are found in those call'd Subftances, or concrete Natures.

33. (2.) And even in the Cafe of fimple Natures, we must not be Not ideal. understood to mean any abstract Forms, or Ideas, that are either undetermined, or ill determined in Matter. For when we speak of Forms, we mean no other than thofe Laws and Determinations of pure Action, which regulate and conftitute any fimple Nature; as Heat, Light, and Gravity; in all Kinds of Matter, and Subjects, fufceptible thereof and therefore the Form of Heat, or the Form of Light, is the fame Thing as the Law of Heat, or the Law of Light: for we perpetually keep clofe to Practice, and Things themfelves f; and therefore when we fay, for Example, in the Enquiry

The Metaphor feems taken from the Operation of Testing, or the Way of Refining, or Affaying Gold and Silver Ores, with Lead; which very appofitely illuftrates this Method of Induction: the Lead, fome way or other, carrying off with it, whatever is volatile, or vitrifiable, and not true Gold or Silver. For thus, the proper Sett of Inftances being procured, (like an Ore, wherein the nobler Metals are contained,) they are tried by Induction, as in the Furnace ; fo as to leave the true Form behind, like a Brill of Gold or Silver, upon the Teft.

Viz. The Peripatetic, or notional Forms, &c.

• See de Augment. Scientiar. p. 84.

f Certainly this Caution has not been fufficiently obferved; whence many have conceived this Second Part of the Novum Organum to be rather a deep, or, according to the vulgar Expreffion, a metaphyfical Speculation, than a Thing directly tending to Operation; or, what it is in reality, with regard to the Mind, Practice itself.

Nor too ab. Atraded.

Enquiry into the Form of Heat, reject Tenuity, or Tenuity is not of the Form of Heat; 'tis the fame as if we faid, Men may fuperinduce Heat, upon a denfe Body; or, on the other hand, that Men may take away Heat from a rare one h

34. (3.) And if any one fhall think that our Forms have fomewhat abstracted in them, because they appear to mix and join together Things that are heterogeneous; as the Heat of the Celestial Bodies, and the Heat of Fire; the fixed Redness of a Rofe, and the apparent Redness of the Rainbow, the Opal, or the Diamond; Death by Drowning, and Death by Burning, Stabbing, the Apoplexy, Confumption, &c. which, tho' very diffimilar, we make to agree in the Nature of Heat, Redness, Death, &c. he must remember, that his own Understanding is held and detained by Cuftom, Things in the grofs, and Opinions. For, it is certain, that the Things abovementioned, however heterogeneous and foreign they may feem, agree in the Form, or Law, that ordains Heat, Redness, and Death. Nor can the human Power be otherwife freed, and fet at Liberty from the common Course of Nature, and extended and exalted to new Efficients, and new Ways of working, than by disclosing and investigating this Kind of Forms. But after treating of this Unity of Nature, which is a moft capital Thing; we fhall proceed to the true Divifions and Paths of Nature, as well the ordinary as internal *.

..

APHORISM XVIII.

The Exclufion, 35. But we are next to propofe an Example of the Exclufion or Reor Rejection of jection of thofe Natures, which by the Tables of View, are found not to be Natures,, not of the Form of Heat; admonishing, by the way, that not only each Table belonging to the Form of fuffices for the Rejection of any Nature; but alfo every fingle Inftance, Heat. contained in each Table: for it is manifeft, from what goes before, that any one contradictory Inftance deftroys the Notion of Form. However, for Clearness fake, we fometimes double or repeat the Exclufion; the better to demonftrate the Ufe of the Tables,

See below, Table IV. §. 8.

It cannot be too well remember'd, nor, perhaps, fufficiently inculcated, that Theory and Practice, in the Mind, are but one and the fame Thing; or differ no more, in any respect, than as Caufe and Effect, or Rule and Work.

iSee above, Part II. Aph. 3.

* See below, Sect. II. paffim.

See in particular, Aph. 4, 16, &c.

An EXAMPLE of the EXCLUSION, or REJECTION, of NATURES, from the FORM OF HEAT.

(1.) BY the Sun's Rays; reject Elementary, or Terrestrial Nature,

from the Form of Heat a.

(2.) By common Fire; and principally by the fubterraneal Fires, which are very remote, and entirely cut off from the celestial Rays; reject celeftial Nature.

(3.) By the heating of all kinds of Bodies, whether mineral, vegetable, or animal; whether Water, Oil, Air, &c. upon the bare Approach of Fire, or other hot Body; reject all Variety, or fubtile

Texture of Bodies.

(4.) By Iron, and ignited Metals, which heat other Bodies, without Lofs of Weight, or Substance; reject Communication, or Mixture of

any

other hot Substance.

(5.) By hot Water, hot Air, Metals, and other folid Bodies that will receive Heat without Ignition; reject Light and Splendor. (6.) By the Rays of the Moon, and Stars, except the Sun; again, reject Light and Splendor.

(7.) By the Comparison of ignited Iron, and the Flame of Spirit of Wine; whence the Iron appears to be hotter and lefs lucid, but the Flame of the Spirit more lucid and lefs hot; again, reject Light and Splendor.

(8.) By Gold and other ignited Metals, which are very denfe in their entire Subftance; reject Tenuity.

(9.) By Air, which is generally found cold, and yet remains thin and fubtile; again, reject Tenuity.

(10.) By ignited Iron, which fwells not in Bulk, but remains of the fame Dimenfion to Appearance; reject local, or expansive Motion in the whole.

a That is, fince the Sun's Rays are found to be hot; a terreftrial or elementary Nature is not of the Form of Heat; or Heat is not confined to terreftrial or elementary Bodies. See below, Aph. 19. and 20. (31.)

Tho' not upon exact Trials. Let it be confider'd how juftly this Expansion, or Rarifaction of the whole Body, has been made by fome the univerfal Criterion, or Form of Heat. Se below, Aph. 20. (8.) (15.) (13.) (26.)

VOL. II.

Nnn

(11.) By