H. of R.] Buffalo and New Orleans Road. (March 24, 180. Gulf of Mexico must always depend chiefly on the fight- has been the revenue of the Government during the last ing men and supplies from the upper country for its de fourteen years? By whom has it been paid? And where fence. Kentucky and Tennessee is the natural strength has it been expended? The annual receipts into the of that vulncrable frontier, but their position is far distant. treasury in that time have averaged at least twenty-two Our rivers, more than half the year, are too low to afford millions, amounting to more than three hundred millions. water conveyance: hence the necessity of a convenient The gentleman las truly said, that population is the rule communication ky land. Nothing but the suclden and ex- by which contributions should be levied; and as to imports, traordinary rise of the Cumberland, in November, 1814, the consumers, as a general rule, pay the duties. It is seconded by extraordinary efforts, enabled the Tennessee also true that this revenue las chiefly been raised by dutroops to reach the scene of action in the very juncture ties. The Western country, comprising Western Pennof time. But for that, New Orleans must have fallen, sylvania, Western Virginia, and the nine Western States, without a miracle in aid of the unsurpassed skill and bra- contains about one-third of the population of the United very with which it was defended. States. Upon these conceded principles, then, the people As a military road, New Orleans must be deprived of all of this portion of the Union have contributed to the geneadvantage from it, should its location be through the ral fund, in the short period of which I am speaking, Southern States, each of which has cities and seaboard the enormous amount of one hundred millions of dollars. frontiers of its own to clefend. The local forces and sup. Yes, sir, they have contributed much more: for, in addi. plies of those States ought not, and will not be drawn tion to their common share, they have, since the settlement elsewhere. In any war we are likely to have with a fo- of the new States, paid directly into the treasury more than feign enemy, the South will have enough to do to take forty millions of dollars in the purchase of public lands. care of itself; and it will give a good account of that, or And where have these contributions gone? It is, perhaps, any other trust, for its arms have always equalled the easier to tell where they have not gone. They have not highest expectations of valor and patriotism-- nor would returned to the country from which they were drawn, exsuch a location be greatly serviceable, even for southern cept the miserable piitance dealt out to some old penwarfare. The march of troops, the transportation of sioners, a few salaries to federal officers, and a little aid provisions there, like the course of trade, must generally for particular public works, lately drawn through the fire be across, rather than along the road. by the efficacy of this same internal improvement operaThe reports of the engineers, already referred to, give tion. But the road on which the heavy wholesale approthe decided preference to the western route; and should priations have travelled to the seaboard is broad and beatthe commissioners to be appointed select for the location en. It needs little improvement. Its track can be seen of the road the most western branch of that route, as the far off. The by-ways on which the retail business is carbill authorizes them to do, and as they undoubtedly will ried on in the same direction are more difficult to trace. do, if my views are correct, there will then be some plain The actual expenditures in the same period, for the inand prominent advantages attained, peculiar to that loca- crease of the navy, for navy yards, dock yards, and tion, which must put to rest all further comparison. It wharves, for fortifications and light-houses, amount to will unite East and West Tennessee, separated by the twenty-four millions; and how many millions more have, Cumberland mountain. It will pass within forty miles of in the same quarter, been laid out upon sca-walls, harbors, the Cumberland river, crossing one of its navigable streams, and the like, I have not been at the pains to compute. To the Caney fork. It will cross the Tennessce river pro- the sca-coast and commercial cities are drawn almost the bably a little above the Muscle shoals, comecting with whole contents of the sinking fund chest, which is annually the canal about to be made there; and, above all, it will replenished with ten millions to defray the public debt, to intersect, a little south of Tennessee, the road branching say nothing of the officers and agents of thie Government off from the Cumberland road at Zanesville, in Ohio, pass- in every description of service, who spend their compening througlı Kentucky and West Tonnesscc to Florence, sation there, and the many inventions sought out to relieve in Alabama, and ultimately to New Orleans. the treasury of its surplus, with some of which I have no Here there is at once united the double advantage of acquaintance, except by the appropriation bills. In a bringing together these two great avenues of communi- word, the interior is tributary to the exterior. The treacation, and the expense of making two roads, that point sury communicates vigor to the one, while the other lanto New Orleans, from a distance of four hundred miles, is guishes under its continual exactions. No wonder our saved by one-half. One road, instead of two, will be the condition is intolerable; the wonder is that we have enresult of such a location. For let the road now in ques. dured it so long. Nothing but the freshness and fertility tion be located on any other route, it will not meet the of our soil has upheld us till now; but the fatness of the road from Zanesville, till they both terminated at Orleans land must fail, without something to encourage and repay by different directions. These considerations, to whom the toil of the dispirited farmer. I will give you, for exsoever they are known, must be conclusive on the subject ample, my own State. Its population is about one-twenty, of preference. And I will only add that this branch of ty-second part of the national census; of course, accordthe Cumberland road has been surveyed in the direction I ing to general principles, it pays about one million annually have stated. A bill has been reported by the Committee in the shape of indirect tax. How many dollars of that of Internal Improvements for its establishment and con- million usually find their way back again? That which struction, and now awaits the action of the House. pays a district judge, two district attorneys, two marshals, The leading argument levelled by the gentleman from here and there a pensioner his ninety-six dollars, or less, Virginia ( Mr. BARBOUR] at the whole system of internal with the little savings of ihe members of Congress; and improvement, appears to consist in the assumed inequality all told. We do not expect this whole million to be returnwhich the system will produce in the disbursement of the cd, nor half of it. It would be unreasonable and impracrevenue, and the remexly proposed for the correction of|ticable if we did. We have no Government creditors that inequality. A successful reply to that must greatly there. Our people had no money to lend for the war. impair the force of his very able speech. This reply is They did their share in fighting. Neither have we any all that I shall, at present, undertake. And, for success use for fortifications, navy yards, breakwaters, nor any of in this, I will depend on matter of fact and experience, the asparatus of forcign commerce; but we have some in. rather than thicories and speculations. It is the inequality of ternal commerce, and would with suitable internal imdisbursement, without this system, of which I complain; provements have much more. And we humbly conceive and to effect something like equality in this respect, 1 that the Government has an equal interest with us in makhold the steady pursuit of it to be indispensable. What ing these to answer its purposes. In accomplishing these INDEX TO THE DEBATES IN THE SENATE. Adjournment, joint committee appointed to wait upon the Georgia, motion to print the remonstrance of the State of, against treaties formed by the United States with the Indians in that State, and against the inter- course law of 1796, 245; proposition to amend so as to include the laws of Georgia extending amendment proposed, to include the laws of all the States concerning Indian relations, 245; amendments adopted, and resolution agreed to, 247. removal of, from the office of recorder of land titles iir Missouri, taken up, 367; debate thereon; 367 to 374; laid upon the table, 374. property by the depredations of, taken up, 11. Indian agencies, bill authorizing the President to divide, of stock in, taken up, 453; proposition to amend, reading, 129. dian title within the State of, taken up, 16; de. bate thereon, and amendments proposed and adopted, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; bill laid on the table, 21; again taken up, 284. progress of civilization among the, taken up, 42; amended and adopted, 43. and for their removal west of the Mississippi, taken up, and amendment proposed, 305; again taken up, and amendment withdrawn, 307; bill resumed, various amendments proposed, and debate thereon, 309 to 320, 324 to 339, 343 to 357, 359 to 367, 374 to 377, 380, 381, 382, 383; bill ordered to a third reading, 383; returned from the House of Representatives with amend- negatived, and the amendments of the House of Representatives concurred in, 456. during the war, taken up, amended, and post- Internal improvement, bill making appropriations for ex- its introduction, 172; leave given, and bill read taken up, 340; amendments proposed and adopt. ed, 340; further amendments proposed, and de. bate thereon, 340 to 343; bill ordered to a third reading, 343. and of abolishing the office of surveyor general, taken up, 3; debate thereon, 4 to 7; postponed, 7; again taken up, 11; debate thereon, 11 to 16, 22 to 30; motion to amend, so as to hasten the sales, and extend more rapidly the surveys, 30; modifications of the amendment proposed, and debate thereon, 31 to 41; motion to postpone in- definitely, 41; debate thereon, 43 to 172; 179 to 220; 223 to 244; 247 to 272; 277 to 302; 435 to 452. from the House of Representatives, with amend- ments, taken up, 274; further proposition to amend negatived, and the amendments of House of Representatives concurred in, 276. Land claims in the district of Jackson court-house, bill the bill in relation to light-houses and harbors, for further consideration, 457. pro tempore, elected, 456. and debate thereon, 405 to 409; laid on the table, Pursers in the navy, bill regulating the duties of, and pro- amended, and ordered to a third reading, 300, 307; passed, 309. ceedings thereon, 1. Theodore.) resolutions submitted, calling for the number of, the names of officers, and the reasons for their removal, 385; postponed indefinitely, 396. the Senate, 456. tice given of its introduction, 404; bill introduced, and read the first time, 405. and proceedings thereon, 357. South Carolina railroad company, petition of, asking a subscription to the stock, presented and referred, 21, 22. Surgeon General of the navy, bill creating the office of, taken up, amended, and ordered to a third read. ing, 321, 322. Virginia State line in the war of the revolution, bill for the relief of the officers and soldiers of the, takerup, 421; amended, and ordered to a third reading, 42). scription of stock in, taken up and postponed, 7; again taken up, and ordered to a third reading, 427; returned by the President of the United States, with his objections, 456; reconsidered and rejected, 456. Wirt, Mr. appears as counsel for Judge Peck, 432. heirs of Robert Fulton, 247. on third reading Louisville and Portland canal bill, 247. 340, 343. Mississippi, 383. 405. lic lands, 421. soldiers of the Virginia State line in the revolu- tionary war, 423. lands to Commissioner of the Land Office, 427. on ordering same to third reading, 427. road bill, 427. on third reading bill to exempt certain merchandise from the operation of the tariff " act of 1828, 433. on laying on table bill authorizing a subscription to the stock of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company, 455. on passing same, after being returned by the Presi. dent, with bis objections, 456. INDEX TO THE NAMES OF TIIE SPEAKERS IN THE DEBATES IN THE SENATE, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. navy, 322. Adlains, Mr. on confirming land claims in the district of Clayton, Mr., on internal improvement, 340, 342. on graduating the price of public lands, 417. on amendments of the House of Representatives to bill for removal of the Indians, 456. Dickerson, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 3. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, 306, 308. on crcating the office of Surgeon General of the on internal improvement, 340, 341. 380. on bill to exempt certain merchandise from the ope- ration of the tariff, 452, 453. Ellis, Mr. announces the death of his colleague, 1. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson court-liguse, 320, 321. on limiting sales of public lands, 4, 7, 16, 30, 31, 438. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 20. regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson court-house, 320, 321. on internal improvement, 342. on bill declaratory of the pension laws, 396. General, 404. on graduating the price of the public lands, 423. Forsyti, Mr. on disposing of New York memorial asking protection for the Indians, 7. on the mileage bill, 10. on civilization of the Indians, 42. on remonstrance of Georgia against Indian treaties, 245. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson court-house, 320, 321. neral, 323, 404. 325, 377. on internal improvement, 341, 342. on further regulating the Patent Office, 379, 380. 18, 19. on remonstrance of Georgia against Indian treaties, 245, 246. 307, 309, 380, 381. on reorganizing the department of the Attorney Ge- neral, 323, 404. on prohibiting the transportation of the mail on the sabbath, 427. on amendments of House of Representatives to bill for the removal of Indians, 456. Grundy, Mr. on limiting the sales of public lands, 210. on reducing the duties on tea and coffee, 428. on the light-house bill, 432. on Baltimore and Ohio railrond bill, 453, 455. on the mileage bill, 10. Hayne, Mr. on executive powers, 11. Livingston, Mr. on limiting sales of public lands, 30, 247. on the public life of Mr. Bayard, 94. on internal improvement, 341, 342, 343. on prohibiting the transportation of the mail on the sabbath, 427. operation of the tariff, 453. Marks, Mr. on allowing interest to certain States, 2. on reduction of duties on tea and coffee, 428. on the President's power of removal from office, 467. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 19, 21. on relief to purchasers of public lands, 274, 275. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302, 303, 301. 324, 381. General, 323. on internal improvement, 340. on graduating the price of public lands, 415. McLane, Mr. on relief to purchasers of public lands, 276. on graduating the price of public lands, 424. Noble, Mr. on limiting the sales of public lands, 5, 163. on limiting the sales of public lands, 4, 5, 6, 15, 27, on the mileage bill, 10. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 19. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 305. on relief to officers and soldiers of the Virginia line, 423. on Fredericktown turnpike road bill, 427. pi, 374. on mode of deciding controversies between States, 409. on limiting the sales of public lands, 435. on limiting the sales of public lands, 129. on taking Louisville and Portland canal stock, 247. on reorganizing the establishinent of the Attorney General, 276, 323, 404. Sandford, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 2. asking protection for the Indians, 7. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. General, 324, 404. on the light-house bill, 433. on the bill to exempt certain merchandise from the operation of the tariff, 453. Silsbee, Mr. on the Massachusetts claim, 9. on Massachusetts militia claims, 358. States, 2. on fixing the military peace establishment, 2, 3. on limiting the sales of public lands, 30. on the public life of Mr. Bayarı, 94. on narine service, 220. on mounted infantry, 274. 306, 309. on creating the office of Surgeon General of the navy, 322. |