criminal justice, 213-215; civil jus-
tice, 215-217; House of Lords as a
court, 217-218; Judicial Committee
of Privy Council, 218-219; local
government before 1832, 220-222;
Municipal Corporations Act, 222-
224; local government acts of 1888
and 1894, 225-227; central control
of local affairs, 227-228; county
government, 228-230; other rural
areas, 231-232; borough government,
232-235; government of London,
236-237; importance of parties,
238-241; era of Tory ascendancy,
241-242; era of Whig ascendancy,
243-246; Conservative period to
1905, 246-250; the Liberal revival,
251-253; the Liberals in power, 253-
255; elections of 1910, 255-257;
parties in the period 1914-20, 257-
259; party composition, 260-262;
geographical distribution of party
strength, 263-266; party organiza-
tion in Parliament, 266-268; local
party organizations, 268-270; na-
tional party organizations, 271-275;
trade unionism and socialism, 276-
278; rise of Labor party, 278-280;
influence of labor on legislation, 280-
281; relations with Ireland, 281-285;
question of Irish Home Rule, 289-
290; Home Rule Bill of 1912, 290-
295; questions of tariff and taxation,
297-301; land reform, 301-303;
problem of disestablishment, 301-
306; education question, 308-312;
party truce in 1914, 314; coalition
government, 315-316; later phases
of Irish problem, 316-321; Home
Rule Bill of 1919, 321-324; elections
of 1918, 324-330; party develop-
ments after elections of 1918, 330-
335; colonial policy, 336-338; self-
governing dominions, 338-346;
crown colonies and protectorates,
346-348; relations with India, 349-
352; problems of imperial reor-
ganization, 353-356; source of
French political liberalism, 361;
France copies cabinet system, 369.
Equity, development in England, 209-
Erfurt Program, 697-699.
Erzberger, Matthias, attacks Pan-
Germans, 707.
Estates General, weakness, 359.
Estimates, preparation and adoption in
Great Britain, 186-191; in France,
439-441.
Exchequer, in medieval England, 5.
Expenditures, in English elections, 137–
139.
Fabian Society, 277.
Federal Assembly (Switzerland), com-
position, 587; National Council,
588-589; Council of States, 589-590;
powers, 590-592; procedure, 592-
593; relation to referendum and
initiative, 593-597; elects members
of Federal Council, 598.
Federal Council (Switzerland), adoption
of plural executive, 597; composition,
597-598; status of president, 598;
organization, 598; powers and func-
tions, 599-600.
Federalism, nature of, 53; tendencies
in France, 483; beginnings in Swit-
zerland, 556; abolished in Switzer-
land in 1798, 557; restored in 1802,
558; confirmed in 1815, 559; essen-
tial features of, 563-565; applied in
Switzerland, 565-567; division of
powers in Switzerland, 567-571;
relation to Swiss citizenship, 571-573;
in North German Confederation,
616-617; in German Empire, 617-
619, 621-622; division of powers in
Germany, 623-625; survivals in
German republic, 723-725.
Federal Pact, in Switzerland, 559.
Fehrenbach, Konstantin, becomes Ger-
man chancellor, 735.
Fenian movement, 283.
Foreign Office, in Great Britain, 79-81.
Fortescue, Sir John, treatise on English
government, 26.
Fortschritt, in Prussia before 1871, 686.
France, government in the Old Régime,
358-360; growth of liberalism in
eighteenth century, 360-362;
turs and contributions of Revolution
of 1789-94, 363-366; Revolutionary
constitutions, 366-367; Napoleonic
régime, 367-368; Constitutional
Charter of 1814, 368-369; revolution
of 1830, 370; revolution of 1848 and
Second Republic, 370-371; Second
Empire established, 372-373; Second
Empire collapses, 374; National
Assembly elected, 374; conflict of
parties, 376; rehabilitation of cab-
inet system, 376-378; failure of
monarchist programs, 378-379; con-
stitution of Third Republic adopted,
379-381; form and character of
constitution, 381-383; constitutional
amendments, 383-386; election of
president, 388-389; presidential
term, 390; immunities of president,
391-393; powers of president, 393-
397; composition of ministry, 398-
400; ministerial organization, 400-
402; ministerial responsibility, 402-
404; the civil service, 404-406;
experiments with unicameral and
bicameral legislatures, 407-408; com-
position of Senate, 408-411; composi-
tion of Chamber of Deputies, 411-
412; parliamentary suffrage, 413;
term and qualifications of deputies,
414-415; electoral procedure, 415-
418; movement for electoral reform,
418-424; electoral law of 1919, 424-
427; parliamentary sessions, 428-
430; status of senators and deputies,
430-432; parliamentary organization
and procedure, 432-436; the legisla-
tive process, 436-439; the budget
and money bills, 439-441; parlia-
mentary control over administration,
442-443; causes of ministerial in-
stability, 443-447; origins of legal
system, 448-449; the great law codes,
449-452; general aspects of judicial
system, 452-455; appointment and
tenure of judges, 455-456; ordinary
courts, 456-457; administrative law,
459-460; administrative courts, 460-
462; the Senate as a court, 463-464;
local government before 1789, 465-
466; reorganization of local govern-
ment between 1789 and 1814, 466-
468; development of local govern-
ment in nineteenth century, 468-469;
general aspects of present system,
469-472; the department, 472-474;
the arrondissement, 474-475; the
canton, 475; the commune, 475-478;
government of Paris, 479-480; prob-
lems of administrative reform, 480-
483; origins of parties, 484-486;
party development to the Great War,
486-489; rise of socialism, 489-492;
the Unified Socialist party, 492-
496; parties and ministries during
the Great War, 496-498; party
reorganization after the war, 498–
500; elections of 1919, 500-501;
summary of party phenomena, 501-
503.
Frederick the Great, treatises on gov-
ernment, 609.
Frederick III, liberal ideas, 677.
Frederick William IV, convokes
Vereinigter Landtag, 612; rejects
imperial crown in 1848, 614; grants
constitution to Prussia, 614.
Free Church Federation, 305.
Free trade, establishment in England,
243; reaction against, 251.
Garibaldi, Sicilian expedition, 514–515.
Gemeinde, organization in Prussia, 673.
Gemeinderat, in Switzerland, 586.
Généralité, in France before 1789, 466.
George I, accession, 59.
George III, ideas of kingship, 35.
George V, participation in public
affairs, 65; calls conference on Irish
question, 294.
German People's party, after 1918, 712.
Germany, early liberal movements,
608-609; in Napoleonic era, 610;
written constitutions granted, 611-
612; liberal movement in 1848,
612-613; failure of movement, 613;
constitution granted to Prussia, 614;
Prussia assumes leadership, 615; Bis-
marck's policies and measures, 615-
616; establishment of North Ger-
man Confederation, 616-617; es-
tablishment of Empire, 617-618;
Imperial constitution framed, 619;
contents of constitution, 620; mode
of constitutional amendment, 621;
federal character of Empire, 621-622;
division of powers between Empire
and states, 623-625; the privileged
states, 625-627, 654-655; status and
privileges of Emperor, 628-629;
miscellaneous powers of Emperor,
629-631; Emperor's control over
foreign affairs and army, 631-633;
the Chancellor, 633-635; absence of
ministerial responsibility, 635-637;
composition of Bundesrath, 637-
639; organization and procedure of
Bundesrath, 639-641; functions and
powers of Bundesrath, 641-643;
composition of Reichstag, 643; elec-
toral system, 644-645; organization
and procedure of Reichstag, 645-
647; powers and actual status of
Reichstag, 647-650; the codes of
law, 650-652; the courts, 652-653;
the Prussian constitution to 1918,
656-658; king and ministers in
Prussia, 658-660; Prussian Herren-
haus, 660-661; Prussian Abgeord-
netenhaus, 661; Prussian electoral
system, 661-663; movement for
electoral reform in Prussia, 663-666;
local government in Prussia, 667-674;
reasons for survival of absolutism,
675-676; the Hohenzollern dynasty,
676-678; William II and Prussian
doctrine of monarchy, 678-679;
status of the army, 680; landholding
aristocracy, 681; Kultur, 681-683;
general aspects of party system, 683-
684; early parties, 685-686; rise of
the Center, 687; growth of Social
Democratic party, 687-689; elec-
tions of 1907, 689-690; elections of
1912, 691-692; parties on eve of
Great War, 693-695; Social Demo-
cratic organization and activities,
696-697; Erfurt Program, 697-699;
the revisionist movement, 699-701;
Social Democrats and the govern-
ment, 701-702; Daily Telegraph
episode, 703-704; Zabern incident,
705-706; movement for political re-
form during the Great War, 706-708,
political changes in the hour of de-
feat, 708-710; abdication of William
II, 711; socialist government estab-
lished, 711-712; new parties and their
programs, 712-713; split in socialist
ranks, 713-714; the Spartacists, 715;
constituent assembly of 1919, 717;
republican constitution framed, 718–
720; characteristics of new consti-
tution, 720-722; method of amend-
ment, 722; nature of governmental
system, 723-726; the National As-
sembly, 726-727; the National Coun-
cil, 727-729; the president, 729;
the chancellor and ministry, 729-731;
the judiciary, 731-732; elections of
1920, 733-735; change of party
situation, 736.
Giolitti, influence in Italian politics,
545-546.
Gladstone, W. E., premiership, 246–
247; Home Rule bills defeated, 248-
284.
Government of National Defense, in
France in 1870-71, 374.
Grand Conseil, in Switzerland, 579–580.
Grand ordonnance, 449.
Grand Remonstrance, 27.
Great Britain, creation of, 41-43;
union with Hanover, 59.
Great Council, in medieval England, 6;
relation to Parliament, 10-12, 14-15;
relation to Privy Council, 15-16.
Grévy, Jules, resignation, 391.
Griffith, Arthur, leader of Sinn Fein,
317.
Guesde, Jules, revives French socialism,
Holy Roman Empire, weakness and
end, 609-610.
Home Office, in Great Britain, 81;
supervision of local affairs, 228.
Home Rule. See Ireland.
House of Commons (Great Britain),
bicameral principle established, 12;
development in Tudor period, 21-22;
present membership, 113; qualifica-
tion of members, 113; women made
eligible, 114; mode of resigning,
114-115; electoral conditions in
early nineteenth century, 115-117;
problem of redistribution of seats,
117-118; reform act of 1832, 118-
120; reform act of 1867, 120-122;
reform act of 1884, 122-123; redis-
tribution of seats in 1885, 123-124;
question of plural voting, 125;
over-representation of Ireland, 126;
woman suffrage, 126-127; war-time
movement for electoral reform, 127-
129; suffrage provisions of Repre-
sentation of People Act of 1918, 129–
132; other provisions, 132-134;
electoral machinery and methods,
134-137; regulation of campaign
expenditures, 137-139; control over
money bills asserted, 149; prospec-
tive relations with House of Lords,
159-161; physical surroundings, 164-
166; officers, 166-168; committees,
169-171; privileges of members,
172-173; payment of members, 173-
175; consideration of public non-
financial bills, 184-185; considera-
tion of money bills, 186-191.
House of Lords (Great Britain), in
Tudor period, 21-22; abolished in
1649, 27; restored in 1660, 29;
hereditary peers as members, 141-
142; representative peers, 142-143;
law lords, 143; lords spiritual, 143-
144; withdrawal of Welsh bishops,
144; increase in size, 144-145;
changed position in nineteenth cen-
tury, 145; reform proposals to 1909,
146-148; decline of control over
money bills, 148-150; rejects Finance
Bill of 1909, 150; new proposals for
reform, 150-152; Lansdowne's re-
form bill, 152-153; Parliament Act
of 1911, 154-155; question of farther
reform, 156-158; desirable features
of a reform, 158-159; prospective
status, 159-161; physical surround-
ings, 166; organizations, 171-172;
privileges, 172-173; procedure, 199-
200; judicial functions and proce-
dure, 217-218; frustrates Liberal
measures, 253-255.
House of Lords (Prussia), composition,
660; conservative character, 661;
organization and powers, 666-667.
House of Representatives (Prussia),
composition, 661; three-class elec-
toral system, 661-663; movement
for electoral reform, 663-666; or-
ganization and powers, 666-667.
Humble Petitition and Advice, 28.
Hundred, in early England, 4.
Hungerford, Thomas, first known
Speaker of House of Commons, 167.
Impeachment, of French president,
392; of other French officers, 404.
Imperial Conference convened during
Great War, 108; sessions and
character, 355-356.
Imperial federation, plans for, 353-
356.
Imperial War Cabinet, 108.
Independent Labor party (U. K.),
277; opposes declaration of war in
1914, 314.
Independent Socialist party, estab-
lished, 713-714; attitude toward the
Great War, 714-715; in elections of
1920, 734-735.
Industrial revolution, effect on party
alignments in England, 263-264.
Initiative, origins in Switzerland, 583;
use in the cantons, 584; in the federal
government, 595-596; results, 596–
Intendant, in France during Old
Régime, 358, 466.
India, governmental system, 349-351;
modifications in 1919, 352.
Instrument of Government, 27–28.
Interpellation, in France, 444-445; in
Italy, 523.
Ireland, union with England in 1800,
43-45; quota of seats in House of
Commons, 113, 121, 123; over-
representation, 126; quota of seats
under Act of 1918, 132-133; repre-
sentation in House of Lords, 142-143;
legal system, 210; defeat of first and
second Home Rule bills, 247-248;
sources of discontent, 282; dis-
satisfaction with union of 1800,
283; rise of Home Rule movement,
283-284; governmental system, 286-
287; arguments for Home Rule, 287-
288; arguments against Home Rule,
289-290; Home Rule Bill of 1912,
290-292; Ulster protest, 292-294;
Amending Bill of 1914, 294; Home
Rule Act receives royal assent, 295;
attitude in early portion of Great
War, 316-317; rise of Sinn Fein,
317-318; convention of 1918, 319;
elections of 1918, 320, 328-329;
republic declared, 320-321; Home
Rule Bill of 1919, 321-324;
paign pledges of coalition ministry,
326.
Irish Nationalist party, rise, 283-284;
increased power after 1910, 285;
attitude on Home Rule Bill of 1912,
291; opposes division of Ireland, 294;
demands enforcement of Home Rule
Act, 318; routed in elections of 1918,
320, 329; opposes Home Rule Bill
of 1919, 324.
Italy, political condition in eighteenth
century, 504; Napoleonic changes,
505-509; restoration of 1814-15,
509-511; revolutions of 1821, 511;
revolutions of 1848, 511-512; na-
tional unity achieved, 513-516; na-
ture of constitution, 516-519; the
crown, 520-522; composition of
ministry, 522; functions and status
of ministers, 522-525; composition
of Senate, 525-526; weakness of
Senate, 526-527; proposed reforms,
527-528; composition of Chamber
of Deputies, 529; development of
suffrage, 529-531; electoral law of
1912, 531-532; parliamentary or-
ganization, 533; parliamentary pro-
cedure, 533-534; the judiciary, 534-
537; general features of local govern-
ment, 537; the province, 537-538;
the commune, 538-539; law of Papal
Guarantees and status of the church,
540-541; papal resistance to the
state, 542-543; rise of political
parties, 543-544; character of party
politics, 545-546; Republican party,
546; Radical party, 546; growth of
socialism, 547-549; re-entrance of
Catholics into politics, 549-552;
People's party, 552; elections of
1919, 552-553-
James I, views on government, 24.
James II, overthrow of, 31.
Jaurès, Jean, on socialist aims in France,
491-492; opposes France's entrance
into Great War, 496.
Jenks, Edward,, on the uses of King-
ship in England, 67–78.
John, grants the Great Charter, 7.
Judicial Committee, of British Privy
Council, 218-219.
Judiciary. See Courts.
Juge de paix, established, 453; func-
tions, 456-457.
Junkers, in Prussia, 681.
Jury, use in England, 214-215.
Justice of the peace, in England, 213–
214, 221.
Kantonsgericht, in Switzerland, 586.
Kautsky, Karl, opposes revisionism,
700.
Kingship (England), origins, 2-3;
growth of power in Norman-Angevin
period, 5; restrictions imposed in
Magna Carta, 8-9; in Tudor period,
17-20; views of James I, 24; abol-
ished in 1649, 27; restored in 1660,
29; altered basis after 1689, 30-33;
declining powers in eighteenth cen-
tury, 35-36; basis of title, 59;
succession, 59-60; regencies, 60;
privileges, 61; Civil List, 61-62;
crown and sovereign, distinguished,
62-63; authority and uses of the
sovereign, 64-65; why monarchy
survives, 65-68; origins of powers,
68-70; powers of crown classified,
70-72.
Kingship (France), in eighteenth cen-
tury, 358-360; abolished in 1792,
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