4. Select the verbs in the following examples, tell whether they are regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, of the active or passive voice :

The thunders of heaven are sometimes heard to roll in the voice of a

united people.

In the battle of Solferino, four hundred thousand men are said to have been engaged.

I care not what mines are opened in the mountains of Siberia, or in the sierras of California; wheresoever the fountains of the golden tide may gush forth, the streams will flow to the regions where educated intellect has woven the boundless net-work of the useful and ornamental arts.-Everett.

'Tis finished.-Their thunders are hushed on the moors;

Culloden is lost, and my country deplores:

But where is the iron-bound prisoner? Where?
For the red eye of battle is shut in despair.-Campbell.

89. Mode.

1. Mode is the manner in which the action, being, or state is asserted.

2. Mode does not show the manner of the action or state, but the manner of its assertion. It may be asserted as a reality, or as something imagined, that may, can, or must take place, or as something imagined or supposed, which is placed under a condition, or as something desired. The manner of the action or state is expressed by means of limiting words; as, “The soldier fought (a reality) bravely” (manner of the act); "The soldier may fight (something imagined) bravely" (manner of the supposed act).

3. The infinitive is not properly a mode of the verb (80, 2); for, since it does not assert action at all, it cannot be said to have any manner or mode of assertion. The same may be said of the participles. In fact, the infinitive is a participle, partaking of the properties of the noun and the verb, as the (so called) participles partake of the properties of the adjective and the verb.

4. There are commonly reckoned five modes—the indicative, the potential, the subjunctive, the imperative, and the infinitive. 5. The indicative mode asserts a thing as actually existing; as, "James loves." "William was struck.'

6. The potential mode asserts the power, liberty, permission, necessity, or duty of acting, or being in a certain state; as, "We

Mode, the manner of assertion. indicative mode. The potential.

Infinitive not properly a mode. The

can sing." "You may write." "He must read." should obey the law."

"They

7. The subjunctive mode asserts a thing as conditional, or doubtful; as, "If he leave me." "Though he slay me."

8. The imperative mode asserts a command, an entreaty, or a permission; as, "Write." "Go thou." "Be admonished." 9. The infinitive mode represents the action or state as an abstract noun; as, "To write." "To be seen." (10.) The indicative mode is used in principal propositions, and is employed to represent what is actual, real, or absolute.

It may be used in interrogative or exclamatory sentences; as, "Has he arrived?" "The villain has fired the dwelling!" It is often used in subordinate propositions, but always to represent what is actual; as, "I know that he discovered (actually) the plot."

11. The potential mode is also used in principal propositions, not, however, to represent the actual, but that which, at the time of speaking, exists, or is supposed to exist, only in idea-that which is merely imagined or thought of. The ideal act or state, however, is supposed to have some relation to reality. It can become a reality; that is, there is no impossibility in the way of its realization; no ability is wanting: it may become a reality, that is, permission is granted, or in the final result perhaps it will be a reality; it must become actual, that is, a necessity, or an obligation exists. This mode may be used in interrogative, exclamatory, or supplicatory sentences; as, "Can he leave the city in safety?" "He may be assassinated!" "May the truth be victorious." It may be used in subordinate propositions, but always to represent what is ideal or what has not been realized; as, "He says that I may (I do not now) attend school." The potential may be known by the auxiliaries, may, can, must, might, could, would, should. See (113).

12. The subjunctive mode is used exclusively in subordinate propositions, and hence its name ("sub," under, and "jungo," I join). It is joined to the verb of the principal proposition by the subordinate conjunctions, if, though, although, lest, except, that, save that, unless, provided that, and some others; they impart the idea of doubt, contingency, or conditionality. Whatever of futurity may be implied in the subjunctive, is to be accounted for either from the fact that anything that is conditional or contingent is yet to be realized (if ever), or from the influence of a suppressed auxiliary, such as shall or should, which imparts (though understood) the idea of futurity; as, "Though he (should) slay me, yet will I trust in him."

The subjunctive mode. The imperative. The infinitive. The indicative and potential used in principal propositions. The subjunctive used in subordinate propositions.

13. The subjunctive represents an ideal act, or a real act, conceived only as an idea, and places it under a condition accompanied with more or less doubt. As to a distinctive form of the subjunctive, it can scarcely be said to have any, unless it be found in the present tense, or present and past of to be; and in all such cases (with the single exception of were, in examples like "If it were,” “If I were"), by supplying an ellipsis, they may be referred to the forms of the indicative future or the past potential; as, "If it rain, we shall not leave"=If it should rain, &c. "Till one greater man restore (shall restore) us, and regain (shall regain) the blissful seat, sing, heavenly muse. The majority of writers, at the present time, employ the forms of the indicative present; as, "If it rains;" "If he leaves." Hence the subjunctive may be regarded as borrowing its forms from the indicative and potential modes. 14. The imperative mode is used in principal propositions. It is the mode which expresses will or desire. It may usually be known by the omission of the subject; as, "Read"' (thou); "write." The force of this mode, under the same form, depends upon the relation of the parties. If a superior speaks imperatively to an inferior, it is a command; if an equal to an equal, it is an exhortation or an entreaty; if an inferior to a superior, it is a prayer or supplication. The imperative is made subordinate only in a direct quotation; as, "God said, Let there be light." It is often elegantly put for a conditional clause; as, "Let but the commons hear this testament, and they would go and kiss dead Cæsar's wounds" = Could the commons, &c., or, If the commons could but hear, &c.

15. The infinitive is used in abridged propositions, and hence is wholly dependent, being incorporated as an element of another proposition. It does not assert anything; it is not limited by the number and person of a subject, and hence its name (80, 2), infinitive—unlimited, in distinction from finite, which is applied to all verbs used in construction with their subjects, and thereby limited by the number and person of the latter.

16. The infinitive is used as an abstract noun, yet it may be associated with the subject from which it has been abstracted; as, "The soldier faints" (finite), "for the soldier to faint" (infin.); "He goes" (finite), "for him to go" (infin.); "we told him to go" (infin.).

90. Exercise.

1. Tell the mode of each of the verbs in the following examples; also the kind of verb :

Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding.

Forms of the subjunctive. The imperative used in principal propositions. The subjunctive used in abridged propositions.

F

Then said Jesus to his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.

Daughter of Faith! awake, arise, illume

The dread unknown, the chaos of the tomb.-Campbell.

I steal by lawns and grassy plots,
I slide by hazel covers;

I move the sweet forget-me-nots
That grow for happy lovers.

And out again I curve and flow,
To join the brimming river;
For men may come and men may go,
But I go on for ever.-Tennyson.

PARTICIPLES.

91. Definition and Distinctions.

A participle is a word having the signification of a verb, but the construction of an adjective; as, "We found him lying on the ground." Having written his letter, he sent it to his friend."

1. The participle is so called because it participates or partakes of the properties of the verb and adjective. It is the attributive (80, 4, 5) part of the verb alone; it is the being, action, or state deprived of the power of assertion; and therefore, when joined without the copula to the noun whose attribute it expresses, it must be assumed (not predicated), (163, 7) just as an adjective is assumed under similar circumstances. It has the meaning of the verb, is modified like the verb, but is used like the adjective.

2. The participle is not a distinct part of speech, but is derived directly from the verb,-the present by adding ing, the past by adding ed, to all regular verbs, and the perfect by prefixing to the past the auxiliary having.

92. Classes of Participles.

1. There are, properly, two participles-the present and the perfect; as, reading, having read; (being) loved, having been loved.

2. These two participles correspond to the present and perfect tenses

The participle. The attributive part of the verb. Two participles.

of the verb. They are used in abridged propositions; the former when the proposition before its abridgment was in the present, past, or future tense; the latter when it was in either of the perfect tenses. abridged propositions (182, 6).

See

3. There are, however, three forms, commonly called participles -the present, the past, and the perfect. Thus,―

4. The passive participle loved does not necessarily denote past time. Of itself, it simply denotes the reception of an act, complete or incomplete. The time depends upon that of the verb with which it is associated.

5. The form called the past participle may have been once the passive participle, having the same form. If so, it has now wholly lost its original signification, and, strictly speaking, has lost its character as a participle. It never partakes of the properties of the adjective; it never is used to limit a noun like that part of speech; it is never used alone in participial constructions, that is, where the participle, with the words depending upon it, takes the place of a subordinate proposition; it is always found in the predicate, either of complete or abridged propositions, and is connected with some form of have; as, have loved, had loved, having loved; it has an active signification, and always denotes a past, completed act, and belongs as well to intransitive as to transitive verbs.

6. The passive participle of the same form, on the contrary, is limited to transitive verbs, has always a passive signification, may denote as well present as past time; it may have the participial construction, or with the copula, may form the passive verb in all the modes and tenses.

7. Participles, in their appropriate use, take the place of dependent propositions, and consequently represent time in the same manner as the propositions from which they are derived. As the verb of the dependent clause dates from the time expressed by the principal verb, and not from that of the speaker, the participle may be present, with a past, present, or future act; as, I saw a man walking;" "I see a man walking;" "I shall see a man walking." So, again, the participle may denote a past act, completed at the time of a past, present, or future act; as, "Having ploughed his field, the farmer sowed, sows, will sow the seed."

Three participial forms. The past participle. The passive participle. Participles same as dependent propositions.