precepts be religiously obeyed Never transgress its limits Abhor a falsehood I would say to the people, You cannot, without guilt and disgrace, stop where you are The oration was delivered by J L Thompson, Esq The event occurred B C 1001 To R H Dana Jun Esq the wellknown author of "Two Years before the Mast," the community are greatly indebted But the seasons are not alike in all countries of the same region, for the reasons already given See Chap VI 2 ¶ 4 p 330 See (257, 4) Little and Brown's store A new thing under the sun Ripe apples for sale Chapter XX Sec X Part I

255. Interrogation and Exclamation Points.

1. An interrogation point is used at the close of an interrogative, and an exclamation point at the close of an exclamatory sentence; as, "Who comes there?" "How unsearchable are his

ways!"

as,

2. When an interrogative sentence is used as a subordinate clause,(1.) The interrogation point is employed when the clause is quoted directly; "He said, Why do you weep?"

(2.) The interrogation point is not employed where the clause is quoted indirectly; as, "He asked me why I wept."

3. An exclamation point is often used within a sentence, after an exclamatory expression or an interjection; as, “O, Jove Supreme! whom men and gods revere!" "O! let soft pity touch the mind!"

256. Exercises.

Insert interrogation and exclamation points where they are required in the following examples :—

Daughter of Faith awake arise illume the dread unknown the chaos of the tomb Whither shall I turn Wretch that I am To what place shall I betake myself O Pascal thou wert pure in heart in this world, and now thou art in full sight of God. Apostles of liberty what millions attest the authenticity of your mission Did she fall like Lucifer, never to hope again To purchase heaven has gold the power Who shall separate us from the love of Christ What kill thy friend who lent thee money, for asking thee for it The secret I implore: out with it speak discover utter

Punctuate correctly in all respects the following examples:

What a piece of work is man How noble in reason how infinite in faculties in form and moving how express and admirable in action how

Interrogation points-after subordinate clauses. Exclamation points within

a sentence.

like an angel in apprehension how like a God The air was mild as summer all corn was off the ground and the skylarks were singing aloud by the way I saw not one at Keswick perhaps because the place abounds in birds of prey. Dr H Marsh FR S &c Bishop of Peterborough b 1757 d 1839 As the pupil is often obliged to bend all his faculies to the task before him and tears sometimes fall on the page he is studying so it is in the school of God's providence there are hard lessons in it When the poor victims were bayoneted clinging round the knees of the soldiers would my friend but I could cannot pursue the strain of my interrogation

257. Other Marks used in Writing.

1. Brackets ([]) are used when a word or phrase is introduced for explanation or connection; as, "He [the teacher] thus explained the difficulty."

2. The Apostrophe (') is used either to denote the possessive case, or the omission of a letter; as, "John's." "O'er."

3. The Quotation Marks (" ") are used to include a passage taken verbatim from some other author; as, "He said, 'I relinquish my claim.'"

4. The Asterisk [*], the Obelisk (†), the Double Dagger (‡), and the Parallels (1) are used to refer to notes in the margin, or at the bottom of the page. Sometimes the Section (§) and the Paragraph (¶) are used. Also, small letters, or figures, which refer to notes at the foot of the page.

5. The Caret (^) is used in writing to show that some letter,

on

word, or phrase has been omitted; as, "The pencil lies the table."

л

6. The Hyphen (-) is used to separate the parts of a compound word; as, "Book-binder." When placed at the end of a line, it shows the word is divided, the remaining part being carried to the next line.

7. The Ellipsis (***) (· -) is used to denote the omission of certain letters or words; as, "C *** 11." "K—g."

8. The Brace (· ) connects a number of words with one

common term.

Brackets. Apostrophe. Quotation marks. Asterisk, &c. Caret. Hyphen. Ellipsis. Brace.

9. The Index (B) points to some remarkable passage. 10. The Section (§) also denotes the divisions of a treatise. 11. A Paragraph (T) also denotes the beginning of a new subject.

12. The vowel marks are the Diaresis (...), placed over the second of two vowels which are separated; the Long sound (-), placed over a long vowel; the Breve, or Short sound (~), placed over a short vowel; and accents, Grave (`), Acute ('), and Circumflex (^).

NOTE: The best practical exercises on all these marks and points, will be given by the teacher. Let the pupil be required to construct sentences requiring the use of them; or, let the teacher read from some book, any passage which demands their use, and let the class be required to insert them in their proper places.

258. Exercise.

Punctuate properly the following examples, and insert the capitals :—

what was cæsar that stood upon the bank of the rubicon a traitor bringing war and pestilence into the heart of that country no wonder that he paused no wonder if his imagination wrought upon by his conscience he had beheld blood instead of water and heard groans instead of murmurs no wonder if some gorgon horror had turned him into stone upon the spot but no he cried the die is cast he plunged he crossed and rome was free no more knowles.

what sort of eyes can you have got said he
why very good ones friend as you may sec
yes i perceive the clearness of the ball
pray let me ask you can you read at all

Index. Section. Paragraph. Diæresis, &c. Exercise.

PROSODY.

259. Definition.

Prosody treats of the laws of versification.

260. Verse.

1. A verse is a succession of accented and unaccented syllables, constituting a line of poetry.

2. A couplet is the combination of two lines or verses. A triplet consists of three lines.

3. A stanza is the combination of several lines forming a division of a poem or song.

4. Verse is sometimes erroneously applied to a stanza.

5. Verse is of two kinds-rhyme and blank verse.

6. Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound of one verse to that of another.

7. Blank verse is verse without rhyme.

261. Feet.

1. A foot is a portion of verse containing two or more syllables, combined according to accent.

2. The quantity of a syllable is the time employed in uttering it. All syllables are either long or short.

3. In English, an accented syllable is considered long; and an unaccented, short.

4. A straight line (-) over a syllable shows that it is accented, and a curved line (~) that it is unaccented.

5. The principal feet in English are the iambus, the trochee, the anapast, and the dactyl.

6. The iambus consists of a short and a long syllable; as, "invite," "děvõte,” “běnign.”

Prosody. Verse. Couplet. Stanza. Rhyme and blank verse. A foot. Quantity. Iambus.

22*

R

(257)

7. The trochee consists of a long and a short syllable; as, "grateful," "grievous."

8. The anapast consists of two short syllables and one long one; as, "incomplete," "condescend.”

9. The lactyl consists of one long syllable and two short ones; as, "pōsitive," " "lōneliness."

10. Besides the kinds of feet mentioned above, four others sometimes occur, the pyrrhic and the spondee, the amphibrach, and the tribrach. The pyrrhic consists of two short, and the spondee of two long syllables; as, în thě (vale);” “vāin mān.” The amphibrach has three syllables, of which the first and third are short, the second is long; as, “cõntēntment." The tribrach consists of three short syllables; as, rable."

(innu)mě

11. These last four feet are seldom found in English poetry. They sometimes mingle with other feet, and give thereby a pleasing variety; as,

"From peak | to peak | the rat- | tling crāgs | ămōng.
Leaps the live thūn- | der! nōt | from ōne | lone cloud."

Here, in the second line, the first foot is a trochee, and the second is a spondee. They occur in a single verse of an Iambic poem.

262. Exercises.

1. What foot does each of the following words contain :—

Absent, control, viewing, darkness, complete, correct, glory, reproduce, indite, reconstruct, compose, gloriously, positive, acquiesce, reunite, beautiful, sweetest, comforter, overcome, churlishness, nourishing, intercede, foolishness.

2. Prefix one or more words to the following, so as to make a phrase consisting of two iambic feet, thus:—

1. A line consisting of one foot is called monometer; of two, dimeter; of three, trimeter; of four, tetrameter; of five, pentameter; of six, hexameter; of seven, heptameter.

2. When a syllable is wanting, the line is said to be catalectic; when

Trochee. Anapæst. Dactyl. Other kinds of feet. Classes of verse,