4. Write the following words upon your slate, and divide them into syllables, marking the accented syllable:—

Conscience, detecting, inability, indubitable, commotion, laborious, relate, detestation, infesting, exemplary.

20. Primitive, Derivative, and Compound Words.

1. A word in no way derived from a radical is a primitive word; as, form, harm.

2. A radical is a word or part of a word wholly underived from any other word.

3. A word formed by joining to a radical some letter or syllable, to modify its meaning, is a derivative word; as, re-form, harm-less.

4. A word formed by uniting two or more entire words is a compound word; as, inkstand, schoolhouse.

5. The parts of those compounds which have been long in use are generally united closely; as, nevertheless, sunrise; in others, the hyphen (-) is used to separate the parts; as, labor-saving.

21. Exercise.

1 Tell which of the following words are PRIMITIVE, which DERIVATIVE, and which COMPOUND:

Bright, fair, told, meek, some, playful, joyless, income, bookstore, play-mate, cloud-capped, ink, housetop, fearful, reform, dismember, dreary.

2. Form derivative words from the following primitives, and draw a line under the added syllable or letter :—

Hope, fear, harm, love, care, know, peer, ape, weed, cloud, form, grade, place, joy, truth, poet, fade, weep, laugh.

MODEL. Hopeless.

3. Form compound words by joining some appropriate word to each of the following:

Air, chest, alms, bank, birth, bill, fire, eye, weed, toll, wood, foot, work, play, land, busy, tree, breeze.

MODEL. Air-pump.

SPELLING.

22. Spelling Defined.

Spelling is the art of representing words by their proper letters;

Primitive, derivative, and compound words. Radicals. Spelling.

it may be treated of under the three classes of words,-primitive, derivative, and compound.

PRIMITIVE WORDS.

23. Rules for Primitives.

NOTE. The spelling of primitive words should be learned mainly from the dictionary or spelling book. The following are the most obvious rules :1. RULE I. Monosyllables ending in f, l, ór s, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant; as, stuff, bell, miss. If, of, as, gas, was, has, yes, is, his, this, us, thus, are exceptions.

2. RULE II. Words ending in any other consonant than ƒ, 7, or s, do not double the final letter; as, put, rap, on, trim, brag, star. Add, odd, ebb, egg, inn, bunn, err, burr, purr, butt, buzz, fuzz, are exceptions.

DERIVATIVE WORDS-PREFIXES.

24. Rules for applying Prefixes.

NOTE.-In the formation of derivative words, the final letters of the primitive, as well as those of the prefix, often undergo a change. Hence the following rules should be studied with care.

、 1. That part of a derivative word which is placed before the radical is called a prefix; as, re-turn, pre-pay.

NOTE.-In applying prefixes to radicals, certain changes often take place, to render the sound more agreeable. These changes are made according to the following rules :

2. RULE I. DROPPING THE FINAL LETTER.-The final letter of a prefix is sometimes omitted; as, co-existent, for con-existent; ant-arctic, for anti-arctic.

3. RULE II. CHANGING THE FINAL LETTER.-The final letter of a prefix is often changed to one which will harmonize, in sound, with the initial letter of the radical; as, im-pious, for in-pious.

(a.) The final letter of the prefix generally becomes the same as the first letter of the radical; as, il-limitable.

..

(b.) The principal prefixes which undergo this change are ad (ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at); con (cog, com, col, cor); en (em); e (ex, ec, ef); dis (dif, di); ob (of, oc, op); sub (suc, suf, sug, sup, sur); syn (sym, syl).

Primitives in f, 1, or s. Prefixes. Rules for final letter.

1

DERIVATIVE WORDS-SUFFIXES.

25. Rules for applying Suffixes.

1. That part of a derivative word which is placed after the radical is called a suffix; as, faith-ful, end-less.

NOTE. In applying suffixes, the final letter or letters of the radical are often changed. Such changes are made according to the following rules :

2. RULE I. DOUBLING THE FINAL LETTER.-On receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel, the final consonant of a monosyllable, or of any word accented on the last syllable, is doubled, if the radical ends with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel; otherwise it remains single; as, dig-ing, digging, defer-ing, deferring; so appeal', becoming in the derivative appel', gives appellant. Not so repair-ing, defend-ing, differ-ing. Acquit, following the rule, gives acquitted, since qu kw.

(a.) In many words ending in l; as travel, libel, cancel, cavil, chisel, counsel, duel, equal, gravel, model, pencil, revel, rival, trammel, tunnel, argil, &c., some double the 7 on adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, though the accent is not on the last syllable; others follow the rule. To these words add worship, bias, kidnap; worship-ping, bias-sing, kidnap-ping.

(b.) As x final is equivalent to ks, it is never doubled; as, mix, mixed, mixing.

(c.) When in the derivative word, the accent is changed to a preceding syllable of the root, the final letter is not always doubled; as, from prefer', we have preference, and pref'erable; from refer', ref'erence, and ref'erable, or refer'rible; infer', in'ference, in'ferable, infer'rible; transfer', transferable, or transferrible.

The derivatives of excel', and some other words, though the accent is changed, still double the final letter; as, excel', ex'cellent, ex'cellence.

3. RULE II. DROPPING THE FINAL LETTER.-On receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel, the final vowel of the radical is dropped, in words ending in e silent; as, love-ing, loving; love-ed, loved; also in some words ending in y and i; as, felicity-ate, felitate; dei-ism, deism.

(a.) Contrary to the general rule, the final e is retained, when preceded by c or g, to preserve the soft sound of these letters; as, peace-able, peaceable; change-able, changeable. So also we have singeing and swingeing, to distinguish them from singing, swinging.

(b.) The final letters le, when followed by ly, are dropped; as, noble-ly, nobly. So also t or te before ce or cy; as, vagrant-cy, vagrancy; prelate-cy, prelacy.

Suffix. Rules for final letter of radical.

(c.) Words ending in ll usually drop one l on taking an additional syllable beginning with a consonant; as, skill-ful, skilful.

(d.) Sometimes when the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is dropped before a suffix beginning with a consonant; as true, truly; awe, awful; sometimes it is retained; as, rue, rueful; shoe, shoeless. The final e preceded by a consonant is dropped before a suffix beginning with a consonant in the words, whole, wholly; judge, judgment; abridge, abridgment; acknowledge, acknowledgment.

4. RULE III. CHANGING THE FINAL LETTER.-The final y of a radical is generally changed to i, if preceded by a consonant; otherwise it usually remains unchanged; as happy-est, happiest; duty-es, duties; day-s, days.

the e

(a.) Before the terminations ly and ness, some words, as shy, dry, do not change the final y. To prevent doubling i, the y is not changed when the suffix begins with i; as, marry-ing, marrying. For the same reason, being dropped by Rule II., in die, lie, tie, vie, the i is changed into y; as, dying, lying, tying, vying.

(b.) The f, in words ending in for fe, is often changed to v, when the suffix begins with a vowel; as, life, by (25, 3) lif,—plural liv-es, lives.

(c.) From lay, pay, say, and stay, though y is preceded by a vowel, we have laid, paid, said, and staid. So from day, we have daily; and from gay, gaily, and gaiety; though better written gayly and gayety.

26. Exercise."

1. Change by rule, and prefix ANTI to arctic; CON to temporary, laborer, extensive, location, mend, mix, mingle, nomen, relative; AD to scribe, credit, firm, fluent, legation, rest, point, ply, tempt; IN to religious, legal, legible, liberal, noble, perfect, penitent, potent, prove; EN to body, broil; Oв to position, press, cur, fend; SUB to cession, fix, fumigation, fusion, gest, press, render; sYN to pathetic, logistic; Ex to centric, flux; DIS to fuse, late.

2. Apply the preceding rules by adding ING, ED, or ER, to beg, sit, dig, dim, bed, dog, let, bet, prefer, transfer, forget, dispel, propel, befit, control, travel, level, counsel; love, compile, receive, leave, grieve, confine, define. Add ABLE to peace, change, sale;—LY to able, disagreeable, conformable, idle, noble ;-FUL to skill, will;-ES, ED, or ING, to duty, lily, glory, story, history, beauty, beautify, amplify, rectify.

3. Correct the following and explain your corrections :—

Beding, beting, wifes, debared, abhorent, alkalioid, gloryous, citys, fancyful, tarriing, carriing, dutyful, bountyful, handsomeest, bloting, fameous, agreeabley, incompatibley.

Rule for changing final letter.

4. Analyze incomplete, goodness, hopeful, retrograde.

COMPOUND WORDS.

27. Formation of Compound Words.

1. Compound words usually follow the orthography of the primitive words of which they are composed.

2. In compounds which are closely united (20, 5), full and all drop the final 1; as, handful, careful, fulfil, always, although, withal; but in those compounds which are merely temporary, the l is retained; as, full-faced, chock-full, all-wise.

3. When possessives are compounded with other words, they often drop the apostrophe; as, herdsmen, helmsman (210, 13, a.).

4. Chilblain, welcome, welfare, and fulfil, drop one l; shepherd, wherever, and whosever, drop an e; and wherefore and therefore assume one.

28. Exercise.

1. Correct the errors in the following examples, and give the rule by which each correction is made:

Wil, kniting, frized, clif, peacable, bur, stil, manumited, buieth, occuring, differring, begg, knel, bels, mobb, bigotted, whigism, gass, coquetish, swiming, cryeth, spyed, shily, shuned, veryest, maiest, interruptting, spoonful, al-powerful, allways, somthing, stilyards, defering, prevailling.

29. Rules for the use of Capitals.

1. RULE I. The titles of books, and the heads of their parts, chapters, sections, and divisions, are usually printed in capitals; as, CLASSES OF NOUNS; COMPOUND RELATIVES. When the titles of books are quoted, only their principal words should begin with capitals; as, "Watts on the Mind." Inscriptions on signs and monuments are subject to the same rule.

2. RULE II. The first word of every entire sentence, and of

Compound Words. Rules for Capitals. I. and II.