wonderful invention. He is an younger man than we thought. She This is an hard saying.

showed an uniform adherence to truth.

Those sort of people are very

I do not like remarks of these kind. disagreeable. Will you buy six pair of boots? I have bought eight foot of wood. It cost a thousand pound. The lot is fifty foot in width. The water is six fathom deep. We walked three mile in a short time. He ordered ten ton of coal.

I found them books on the table. Which of them scholars recites the best? Go and tell them boys to come here. Ask them children to bring them apples here.

She dresses neat. The time passed very quick. The ship glides smooth over the water. The stream flows silent on. It is not such a great distance as I thought it was. He behaved much wiser than the others. Mary speaks French very fluent. I am exceeding sorry to hear such tidings.

He was the larger of them all. He was the oldest of the two brothers. He preferred the latter of the three. Which is the oldest of the two? John is the wisest of the two.

After the most straitest sect of our religion, I lived a pharisee. This was the most unkindest cut of all. The rose is most fairest of all flowThe chief of the Arabian tribes is styled the sheik. The chief magistrate is called the emperor. He was an abler financier than a negotiator.

ers.

208. The Noun or Pronoun in Apposition.

1. RULE VI. A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pronoun is put by apposition in the same case; as, "William the Conqueror defeated Harold, the Saxon king."

2. The explanatory noun or pronoun must denote the same person or thing as that which it identifies. It usually explains by showing the office, rank, capacity, occupation, or character of the principal term; as, "Peter the Hermit." "John the Evangelist."

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3. This construction may be regarded as derived from an adjective clause by abridging it; as, "Paul, who was the apostle to the Gentiles" Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles. Hence, like the full clause, it may be restrictive, in which case it points out the individual; as, "William, the Conqueror;” or, it may be explanatory (202, 13); that is, it resumes the idea expressed by the principal noun for the purpose of amplification, rhetorical effect, or even argument; as, "Moses, the servant of the Lord, died there in the land of Moab." Here, "servant" is not used to distinguish this Moses from some other, but to show the writer's idea of his exalted character as the scrvant of

Nouns in apposition, denote office, &c. Restrictive or explanatory.

1

the Lord. Mark, also, the following examples,-"The Lord, the most high God, the possessor of heaven and earth;" "You have ruined him, your protector, your best friend," that is, notwithstanding he is your protector and your best friend.

4. It is an error to suppose that a noun or pronoun is in apposition with another noun or pronoun, because the construction requires them to be put in the same case. The predicate noun is not in apposition with the subject noun, though it is required to be in the same case; in one case we affirm what in the other we assume (163, 7). The second, or attributive object, after the active voice of copulative verbs, is not in apposition with the first, though in the same case. (See 212, 9.)

5. Three cases of apposition may be distinguished,—

(a.) The noun in apposition, though subordinate to the principal, is made prominent, and receives the emphasis; as, " Peter the Hermit." In this case it is always placed last.

(b.) The noun, when put in apposition with a personal pronoun, though placed last, is so nearly equal in value with the latter, as to render it sometimes doubtful which should be regarded as principal; as, " Ye men of Athens." (c.) When used as a title, or part of a name, the noun in apposition loses the emphasis, is placed first, and may be taken with the principal noun, as one complex name (44, 5); as, “General Scott." "Washington Irving." Some have supposed the leading noun here to be used adjectively. But when a noun is used wholly as an adjective, it denotes a different thing from that which it limits; as, "A silver cup."

6. When, for the sake of emphasis, the same name is repeated, it is in apposition with the former; as, "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse."

7. When the limiting noun denotes a person, it generally, though not always, agrees with the limited, in number, gender, and case; as, "Paul the Apostle." "The Franks, a people of Germany."

8. The noun in apposition is rendered more emphatic when joined by such connectives as namely, as, to wit, that is; as, "Two men, namely, George and James." "So that he, as God, sitteth in the temple of God."

9. A noun or pronoun in the plural may be represented, not by one, but by two or more nouns, which, together, are equivalent to it; as, "The victims a brother and a sister." The reverse of this rule is equally true; as, "Intemperance, oppression, and fraud, vices of the age." In the case of the expressions, each other and one another, the first words, each and one, are in apposition with a preceding plural noun or pronoun, or with two or more singular nouns taken conjointly; as, "The boys struck one another" The boys struck-one struck another; "John and David love each other": John and David love each loves the other. Each and one are in the nominative case, and other is in the objective case. It is better, in some cases, to consider the combination as an inseparable term; as, "He did not recommend the washing of one another's feet."

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10. The proper name of a place, instead of being put in apposition with

Use

Nouns in the same case not always in apposition. Three cases. Nouns repeated. Nouns denoting persons agree in number, gender, and case. of namely, as, &c. Each other, &c. A proper and a common name.

the common name, is usually governed by the preposition of; as, "The city of Rome."

11. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a sentence, and sometimes a sentence with a noun; as, "They devoted their whole time to the promotion of our happiness-attentions which we shall not soon forget." "The maxim, Enough is as good as a feast, has silenced many a vain wish."

12. When possessives are in apposition, the sign of possession ('s) is commonly used with only one of them, and that one which immediately precedes the limited noun; as, “John the Baptist's head." "His majesty King Henry's crown." "For Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife." "At Smith's,

the bookseller."

13. Sometimes a noun, preceded by "as," without the sign, and evidently without the signification of the possessive, refers logically to a noun or pronoun in the possessive; as, "What do you think of my brother's success as a teacher ?" "As an author, his 'Adventurer' is his capital work.'" Rather than to consider teacher and author in the possessive case here, it is better to suppose teacher to refer in sense to brother's, but to take its case from success; and author to refer logically to his, but grammatically to work.

209. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the nouns or pronouns in apposition:

The patriarch Abraham was accounted faithful. The Emperor Nero was a cruel tyrant. James, the royal Scottish poet, was imprisoned in Windsor Castle. In the fifth century, the Franks, a people of Germany, invaded France. Frederic William III., King of Prussia, son of Frederic William II., and Louisa, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, was born August 3, 1770.

MODEL. "Daniel Boone, the pioneer of Kentucky, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in the month of February, 1735.” -Sparks.

Analyze this sentence, and parse the subject, predicate, and all the connectives.

Pioneer is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, nominative case, and is used to identify "Daniel Boone," with which it is put in apposition, by Rule VI. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct similar examples of your own to illustrate apposition.

3. Correct, by the rule, the following examples :

I am going to see my friends in the country, they that we visited last summer. Washington will be remembered by our posterity as him who was the father of his country. The echo-song was sung by Jenny Lind, she who delighted the whole country.

A noun in apposition with a sentence. Possessives in apposition.

210. Noun or Pronoun in the Possessive.

1. RULE VII. A noun or pronoun used to limit the application of another noun, by denoting possession, is put in the possessive case; as," Stephen's courage failed;""Their fortune was ample;" "Whose work is this?"

2. The principal idea expressed by this relation is that of possession; yet, this term should not be understood to mean simply property. The possessive case is employed to denote,

(a.) Property;` as, "The farmer's house."

(b.) Source or origin; as, "Heaven's command;" "The sun's rays."

(c.) Agency; as, "Solomon's temple," i. e., the temple built by Solomon. (d.) Adaptation or fitness; as, "Men's hats."

(e.) Kindred; as, "Brother's son.”

(f.) Time, weight, and measure; as, "The ten years' war;" "A pound's weight; "A mile's length."

3. The possessive case is used to limit the noun, when we wish to express some agency emanating usually from a person, or some object treated as a person. It performs the office of the adjective, and is hence reckoned an adjective element.

4. The relation of the possessive is one of dependence. There must, therefore, be some noun for it to limit. This noun, however, may be understood; as, "He worships at St. Paul's [church]."

5. The present active participle, the present passive (with being), and the perfect participles (but never the past, or simple passive), when used as nouns, may be limited by the possessive, and at the same time may have the limitation which they have when they are complete predicates; as, "I heard of your studying Latin;" "I am in favor of their bringing the dispute to a speedy close."

6. Instead of the possessive form, the preposition of, with the objective, is often used; as, "The court of the king": The king's court.

7. The possessive case may be either assumed or predicated; as, "David's book;""This book is David's."

8. An adjective sometimes, though seldom, intervenes between the possessive and the noun on which it depends; as, "Of man's first disobedience;" and when, in such case, the noun is understood, the possessive sign is annexed to the adjective used as a noun; as, "This is the wretched's only plea."

9. All possessive constructions may be divided into simple, complex, and compound. The construction of simple possessives is sufficiently explained by Rule VIII.

Possessives, what they denote.

The possessive, an adjective element.

Limited noun understood. Possessives may limit participles. Assumed or

predicated. Adjectives intervene.

10. A possessive is complex, when a group of words, consisting of a principal and a subordinate term, is put into the possessive. Of this there are two cases,

(a.) The subordinate noun may be in the objective after a preposition; as, "The duke of Wellington's sword." Here, the possessive sign is applied to an inseparable group. Although "duke" alone is in the possessive, it would not be improper to regard the whole group as a noun in the possessive, limiting "sword." When possession in a similar case is predicated (7 above), the sign is applied to the simple possessive noun; as, There shall nothing die

of all that is the children's of Israel."- Exodus ix., 4.

noun.

(b.) The subordinate noun may be put in apposition with the principal Here are two cases: (1.) When the subordinate noun unites with the other, forming a complex name (208, 5, c.). In this case, the sign of possession is applied to the last only, or that nearest the limited noun; as, "General George Washington's farewell address;" (2.) When the subordinate noun is properly in apposition with a possessive noun; as, "For thy servant David's sake;" "At Smith's, the bookseller." Here, the rule is to give the possessive sign to the one immediately preceding the governing noun, whether it be the first possessive, as in the second example, or the second, as in the first example.

11. A possessive is compound, when the terms composing it are coördinate; and here, also, are two cases,

(a.) The coördinate terms may individually limit a noun denoting one common object; as, "Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln's store," or,

(b.) They may limit the same noun applied to different objects; as, “Richardson's, Worcester's and Webster's Dictionary," that is, three dictionaries. In this case, each noun has the sign, because dictionary is understood immediately after it. But, in the other case, the group has the sign, which is, by a general rule, applied to the noun nearest to the governing word.

12. There are two other constructions which are thought by some to come under the case of complex possessives: the one is the case of the predicate noun in an abridged proposition, whose subject has been changed to the possessive; the other is that mentioned in (208, 13). For these cases, see (200, b., and 208, 13).

13. Sometimes, a possessive and the limited noun unite and form a compound, which may be taken

(a.) Literally, and should be written without the possessive sign; as, tradesman, craftsman, ratsbane, doomsday; or,

(b.) Metaphorically, in which case they should be written with the sign; as, Job's-tears, Jew's-ear, bear's-foot, hound's-tongue, bear's-breech, lion's-tail, wolf's-bane, wolf's-peach, names of plants.

When a compound, consisting of a possessive and its governing noun, is used as an adjective, the sign should not be omitted; as, “A bird's-eye view ;” "A camel's-hair shawl."

Possessive constructions, simple, complex, compound. The possessive and limited noun form a compound.