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addition. As these parts correspond to each other, these connectives are called correlatives.

6. Adversative conjunctions are those which unite parts in opposition to, or in contrast with, each other; as, "The fish was brought to the shore, but plunged into the water again."

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7. Adversative conjunctions are employed, (1.) When the second part is placed in opposition to the first; as, "It does not rain, but it snows.' (2.) When the second part is placed in opposition to a supposed inference from the first; as, "The army was victorious, but the general was slain." Here, lest the inference should be that all was prosperous, the second clause preceded by but, is added.

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8. The adversative conjunctions are,

(a.) But, which simply shows opposition without emphasis; as, "I shall go, but I shall not walk."

(b.) Yet, still, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, now, and some others, which are associated with but, either expressed or understood, and give emphasis or some additional idea; as, "The delinquent has been repeatedly admonished, (but) still he is as negligent as ever."

9. Alternative conjunctions are those which offer or deny a choice between two things; as, "We must fight, or our liberties will be lost." "She can neither sing nor play."

10. The alternative conjunctions are,—

(a.) Or, which offers, and nor (not or), which denies a choice.
(b.) Else, otherwise, associated with or for the sake of emphasis.
(c.) Either and neither, correlatives of or and nor.

11. Parts standing in a causal relation to each other are sometimes coördinate; but usually there are, in such cases, two connectives, one expressed and the other understood; as, "The south wind blows, [and] therefore, there must be rain."

12. Subordinate connectives are those which join dissimilar or heterogeneous elements; as, "I shall go when the stage arrives."

Here when joins the subordinate clause, when the stage arrives, to the verb shall go. It is a part of the clause itself, being equivalent to at the time at which. Hence it should be introduced in naming the clause; but not so with the pure coördinate conjunctions.

13. The connected element is always a proposition; it is subordinate, and consequently demands a subordinate connective, because it becomes merely a limiting expression of the antecedent term on which it depends. It is unlike the part with which it is connected, in its form, in its relation or rank, and in its grammatical character.

Adversative conjunctions. Alternative conjunctions. Subordinate connectives.

14. A subordinate connective, like a preposition, always shows a relation of dependence. But the second term is a proposition, instead of a noun or pronoun.

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15. Subordinate connectives are divided into three classesthose which connect substantive clauses, those which connect adjective clauses, and those which connect adverbial clauses.

16. Substantive clauses containing a statement, (170, 3) are connected by the conjunctions that, that not, and sometimes but, but that. Substantive clauses containing an inquiry, are connected by the interrogatives who, which, what, where, whither, whence, when, how long, how often, why, wherefore, how.

17. Adjective clauses are connected by the relative pronouns who, which, what, that, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever, and sometimes the relative adverbs why, when, where.

18. Adverbial clauses are connected by the conjunctive adverbs where, whither, whence, wherever, whithersoever, as far as, as long as, farther than, which denote PLACE; when, while, whilst, as, before, after, ere, till, until, since, whenever, as long as, as soon as, the moment, the instant, as frequently as, as often as, which denote TIME; or the conjunctions because, for, as, whereas, since, inasmuch (causal), if, unless, though, lest, except, provided, provided that (conditional), that, that not, lest (final), though, although, notwithstanding, however, whatever, whoever, whichever, while, with the correlatives yet, still, nevertheless (adversative), all of which denote CAUSAL relations; as, just as, so . . . as, same. . . as (correspondence), so . . . that, such... that (consequence), as . . . as (comparison of equality), the.. the, the... so much the (proportionate equality), than, more than, less than (comparison of inequality), which denote MANNER.

144. Exercise.

1. Study the following outline for parsing conjunctions.

In parsing a conjunction or connective, tell,

(1.) What part of speech, and why.

(2.) To what class it belongs.

(3.) What elements it connects.

(4.) Give the rule.

2. "Socrates and Plato were distinguished philosophers."

And... is a conjunction ;-it is used to connect sentences, or the parts of sentences; coördinate, because it connects similar elements;

Subordinate connectives show a relation of dependence. Connectives of clauses-substantivo-adjective-adverbial.

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it connects Socrates and Plato, according to Rule XI. (Repeat it.)

3. "Wisdom is better than riches."

Than.. is a conjunction (why?); subordinate, because it connects dissimilar elements; it connects the proposition than riches (are) with better, according to Rule XVI. (Repeat it.)

4. "We must either obey or be punished."

Either.. is a coördinate conjunction (alternative), used to awaken expectation of an additional element, and also to introduce it with emphasis.

Or.... is a coördinate conjunction (alternative), and with its correlative either is used to connect the predicate must be punished with must obey. Rule XI. (Repeat it.)

5. "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him."

Though. is a subordinate conjunction (adversative), used to awaken expectation of an additional idea.

...

Yet is a subordinate conjunction (adversative), and with its correlative though is used to connect the subordinate clause, "he slay me," with the principal one, "will I trust in him," according to Rule XVI.

6. Tell which of the following connectives are coördinate, and which are subordinate:

The pen and ink are poor. The horse and the rider were plunged into the water. If you come, I shall have the work in readiness. When the million applaud, seriously ask yourself what harm you have done. He knew that he had disobeyed instructions. That which cannot be cured must be endured. Take heed lest ye fall.

7. Parse the CONJUNCTIONS, ADJECTIVES, and VERBS, in the following examples:-

It is to the Union that we owe our safety at home, and our consideration and dignity abroad. Every year of its duration has teemed with fresh proof of its utility and its blessings; and, although our territory has stretched out wider and wider, and our population spread further and further, they have not outrun its protection or its benefits.-Webster. In a word, point us to the loveliest and happiest neighborhood in the world on which we dwell,—and we tell you that our object is, to render this whole earth, with all its nations, and kindreds, and tongues, and people, as happy as, nay, happier than such a neighborhood.-Wayland.

Models for parsing.

Thy Hector, wrapped in everlasting sleep,

Shall neither hear thee cry, nor see thee weep.-Pope.

'Twas but a kindred sound to move,

For pity melts the heart to love.-Dryden.

INTERJECTIONS.

145. Definition.

1. An interjection is a word used to express some strong or sudden emotion of the mind.

my friend."

"Alas! I then have chid away

2. As the interjection is not the sign of an idea, but merely an expression of emotion, it cannot have any definable signification, or grammatical construction; but as it is of frequent use in colloquial and impassioned discourse, it should not be omitted in parsing.

3. " 'Interjection" is derived from the Latin word “interjectus”— thrown between, that is, between the parts of the sentence; but it is often placed at the beginning, or at the end of a sentence.

4. The most common interjections are, hey, hurra, huzza, expressing joy or exultation; aha, hah, ah, expressing surprise; ho, lo, halloo, hem, calling attention; fie, pshaw, pugh, tush, foh, expressing aversion or contempt; alas, woe, alack, O, expressing sorrow, grief, or compassion; hist, hush, mum, expressing a wish for silence; heigh-ho, heigh-ho-hum, expressing languor; ha, ha, he, he, expressing laughter.

5. Some words used as interjections may be parsed as verbs, nouns, or adjectives; as in the sentence "Strange! cried I." Strange is an adjective, and the expression is equivalent to "it is strange ;" and in the sentence, "Behold! how well he bears misfortune's frowns!" behold is a verb in the imperative, equivalent to behold ye.

146. Exercise.

1. Outline for parsing an interjection :—

To parse an interjection, tell,

(1.) What part of speech, and why?
(2.) Give the rule.

2. "Hark! they whisper."

Hark. is an interjection (why ?); it is used independently. Rule X.

3. Parse all the words in the following examples :—

Oh! say what mystic spell is that which so blinds us to the suffer

Interjections. Its derivation. The most common interjections. Interjections used as verbs, &c.

ings of our brethren,—which deafens our ear to the voice of bleeding humanity, when it is aggravated by the shriek of dying thousands.— Chalmers.

Woe worth the chase! woe worth the day!
That cost thy life, my gallant grey.-Scott.

Oh, now you weep; and I perceive you feel
The dint of pity; these are gracious drops.

Kind souls! What! weep you when you but behold

Our Cæsar's vesture wounded! Look you here!

Here is himself, marred as you see, with traitors.-Shakspeare.

Hail! holy light, offspring of heaven first born,
Or of the eternal, co-eternal beam! - Milton.

Philosophy consists not

In airy schemes or idle speculations;
But the rule and conduct of all social life
Is her great province. Not in lone cells
Obscure she lurks, but holds her heavenly light
To senates and to kings to guide their counsels,
And to teach them to reform and bless mankind.
All policy but hers is false and rotten;
All valor not conducted by her precepts,
Is as destroying fury sent from hell,
To plague unhappy man, and ruin nations.

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