138. Exercise.

1. Study the following outline for parsing adverbs:To parse an adverb, tell,

(1.) What part of speech it is, and why.

(2.) Compare it (where it admits of it), and tell what degree.
(3.) Tell what it modifies.

(4.) Give the rule.

2. "The sun shines brightly."

Brightly . . . . . is an adverb; it modifies the meaning of the verb; it is

compared (positive brightly, comparative more brightly, superlative most brightly); it is in the positive degree, and modifies the verb shines, according to Rule IX. (Repeat it.)

3. "Mary writes more elegantly than her brother."

More elegantly. is an adverb; it modifies the meaning of the verb; it is compared (elegantly, more elegantly, most elegantly); it is

in the comparative degree, and modifies the verb writes, according to Rule IX.

4. "I will go whenever you wish."

(Repeat it.)

Whenever.... is a conjunctive adverb of time. (Why?)

(1.) As an adverb it modifies both will go and wish, according to Rule IX.

(2.) As a connective it connects the subordinate clause "whenever you wish" to will go. Rule XI.

5. Parse the ADVERBS in the following examples; also the ADJECTIVES, VERBS, and PRONOUNS :

No human fancy can take in this mighty space in all its grandeur, and in all its immensity; can sweep the outer boundaries of such a creation; or lift itself up to the majesty of that great and invisible arm, on which all is suspended.-Chalmers.

He (Sir Thomas More) stands unchangeably on the centre of eternal right; his head, majestically erect, gloriously lifted up to heaven, bends not before the shock, and his breast receives the tempest only to shiver it.-Giles.

Hitherto shalt thou come, and no further, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed.

Models for parsing.

Breathes there a man with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said,—

This is my own, my native land!

Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned,
As home his footsteps he hath turned,

From wandering on a foreign strand?—Scott.

PREPOSITIONS.

139. Definition.

1. A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word; as, "The ship was seen from the "He sailed upon the ocean in a ship of war."

citadel."

2. The preposition always shows a relation between two terms, an antecedent and a subsequent. The subsequent term is called the object of the preposition. The preposition and object united form a dependent element of the sentence, having the antecedent term as its principal element.

3. The preposition always shows a relation of dependence. When the antecedent term is a noun, the dependent phrase is of the nature of an adjective; as, "The rays of the sun' solar rays.

When the antecedent term is a verb, participle, adjective, or adverb, the dependent phrase is of the nature of an adverb (sometimes an indirect object); as, "The case was conducted with skill" = = skilfully.

4. The object of the preposition is not always a single word; it may be a phrase or clause; as, "The city was about to capitulate when Napoleon arrived." "Much will depend on who the commissioners are."

5. The preposition is sometimes placed after its object; as, "While its song, sublime as thunder, rolls the woods along." The preposition and object sometimes precede the word on which they depend; as, "Of all patriots, Washington was the noblest."

Prepositions. Two terms-antecedent and subsequent. The subsequent, a dependent term. The object. The preposition sometimes after its object. List of prepositions.

LEFE

among or amongst,

around,

at,

athwart, bating,

concerning,

down,

during,

ere,

except,

excepting,

over,

past,

unto,

up,

upon,

regarding,
respecting,

with,

round,

within,

since,

without.

1. According to, as to, as for, out of, instead of, because of, off from, over against, round about, from among, from between, from around, from before, and the like, may be regarded as complex prepositions, and parsed as a single word; or the first word of the phrase may be parsed as an adverb. According, contrary, in the phrases according to, contrary to, are sometimes regarded as participles or adjectives modifying some noun in the sen

tence.

2. In such connections as the following, put in, go up, go down, cut through, pass by, climb up, and others, the preposition may be parsed as an adverb when it is not followed by an object; as the italicised words in such sentences as the following: "The captain stood in for the shore." They rode by in haste."

3. Some words, most commonly prepositions, are occasionally used as adverbs; these are, before, after, till, until, above, beneath, for, on, in, &c. So also some words commonly employed as adverbs, are sometimes used as prepositions; as, but, save, despite, &c. Off is usually an adverb, but may be parsed as a preposition when followed by an object. Instead is either a preposition, or equivalent to a preposition and noun — in stead.

4. In such expressions, as, a hunting, a fishing, &c., if authorized at all, the a may be regarded as itself a preposition, or a contraction of at, in, or on.

141. Exercise.

1. Study the following outline for parsing the preposition :—

To parse a preposition, tell,

(1.) What part of speech, and why.

(2.) Between what words it shows the relation.

(3.) Give the rule.

2. "He went from England to France."

From. is a preposition;—it is used to show the relation of a noun or pro

Complex prepositions. Prepositions used as adverbs. Models for parsing.

noun to some other word;-it shows the relation of the noun England to the verb went, according to Rule XIII. (Repeat it.) To... is a preposition; it shows the relation of the noun France to the verb went, according to Rule XIII.

3. Point out the PREPOSITIONS in the following sentences, and explain their relations:

He heard the birds sing in the morning. The buds are swelling in the sun's warm rays. The winds will come from the distant south. The bees gather honey from the flowers. thirsty flowers from sea and stream.

I bring fresh showers for the I shall be Queen of the May. In

the garden the crocus blooms. The hills are covered with a carpet of green. We shall have pleasant walks with our friends. We shall seek the early fruits in the sunny valley.

4. Parse the Nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and PREPOSITIONS in the following sentences :—

Humility mainly becometh the converse of man with his Maker,

But oftentimes it seemeth out of place in the intercourse of man with

man,

Yea, it is the cringer to his equal, that is chiefly seen bold to his God, While the martyr whom a world cannot browbeat, is humble as a child before Him.-Tupper.

Of all the thoughts of God that are
Borne inward unto souls afar,

Along the Psalmist's music deep

Now tell me if there any is,

For gift or grace surpassing this—

66

'He giveth His beloved, sleep" ?—Mrs. Browning.

CONJUNCTIONS.

142. Definition.

1. A conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, or the parts of sentences; as, "The horse fell over the precipice, but the rider escaped." "The horse and rider fell over the precipice."

In the first example, but connects two sentences; in the second, and connects the two parts, horse and rider.

2. A pure conjunction forms no part of the material (158, 1) or substance of a sentence; its office is simply to unite the materials into a single structure.

Conjunctions. Pure conjunctions.

3. Besides pure conjunctions, there is a large class of words which enter into the sentence as a part of its substance, and at the same time connect different elements or parts; as, "This is the pencil which I lost." Here which is the object of lost, and at the same time connects the dependent clause, which I lost, to pencil. All such words are called connectives, or conjunctive words.

143. Classes of Connectives.

1. All connectives (whether pure conjunctions or conjunctive words) are divided into two classes-coördinate and subordinate. Coördinate connectives are those which join similar or homogeneous elements; as, "John AND James were disciples."

Here John and James are similar in construction, and have a common relation to the predicate.

2. Two elements are coördinate, and consequently demand a coördinate conjunction, when they are placed in the same relation or rank (159, 1); as, "The insects devoured leaves and blossoms." Here leaves is dependent on devoured; blossoms also is not only dependent, but has precisely the same sort of dependence as leaves; hence they are coördinate with each other. In the sentence, "The insects devoured the leaves greedily," leaves and greedily are both dependent on devoured, but they have not a similar dependence; hence they are not coördinate, and cannot be connected by and, or any other coördinate conjunction.

3. Coördinate connectives are always conjunctions, and may be divided into three classes-copulative, adversative, and alterna

tive.

4. Copulative conjunctions are those which add parts in harmony with each other; as, "The day dawned, and our friends departed."

5. The copulative conjunctions are,

(a.) And, a connective of the most general character, placing the connected parts in a relation of perfect equality, without modification or emphasis.

(b.) So, also, likewise, too, besides, moreover, furthermore, now, hence, whence, therefore, wherefore, consequently, even; connectives associated with and expressed or understood, and used to give emphasis, or some additional idea; as, "She sings; [and] besides she plays beautifully.”

(c.) Not only... but, but also, but likewise, as well... as, both... and, first... secondly, thirdly, &c.; connectives employed when we wish not only to make the second part emphatic, but to awaken an expectation of some

Connectives or conjunctive words. Classes of connectives. connectives. Copulative conjunctions.

Coördinate