EXAMPLES. 2. "Sarah has written a letter." ... Has written is a verb (why?); principal parts (pres. write, past wrote, past part. written); transitive (why?); active voice (why?); common form (why?); indicative mode (why?); present perfect tense; it is formed by prefixing have, which both denotes present time and is the sign of completion, to the past participle written, which denotes completion(I have written, thou hast written, he has written; we have written, you have written, they have written); third person, singular number, to agree with its subject Sarah, according to Rule IV.: "The verb must agree with its subject in number and person." 3. "She can play." Can play.. is a verb (why?); regular (why?); principal parts; intransitive (why?); common form (why?); potential mode (why?); present tense (why?); (analyze and inflect it) third person, singular number (why ?). Rule IV. 4. "America was discovered by Columbus." Was discovered. is a regular transitive verb, passive voice-or simply a regular passive verb-the subject is represented as acted upon; (discover, discovered, discovered,) indicative mode (why?); past tense (why?); (analyze (114, 3) and inflect it), third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject, America, according to Rule IV. 7 5. "I love to see the sun shine." is an irregular transitive verb, active voice, &c., infinitive mode (why?); present tense, and limits love, according to Rule XVI.: "The infinitive has the construction of the noun," &c. is an irregular intransitive verb (shine, shone, shone), infinitive mode, present tense, and limits see. 6. "If they were reading the book." Were reading.. is an irregular transitive verb, active voice, progressive form (why?) subjunctive mode (why ?), &c. 7. "Has he come ?" is an irregular intransitive verb, common form (conjugated interrogatively), &c. Models for parsing. 8. Add an object, and change the following transitive verbs from the active to the passive voice: Mary loved. They read. Henry lost. tus threw. Anna found. He rowed. Jane broke. Give. Will you lend? The truth was loved by Mary. The children played. AugusHear. The father punished. Thus: Mary loved the truth = = 9. Change the following transitive verbs from the passive to the active form, and supply a subject when it is omitted:— America was discovered in 1492. Religious liberty was established in Rhode Island. The Magna Charta was granted to the English. The Mexicans were defeated at Buena Vista. The king was concealed in the tree. The retreat of the Greeks was conducted very skilfully. A great battle was fought at Marathon. The gunpowder plot was discovered. King Charles was restored to the throne in 1660. Paradise Lost was written by Milton. The Messiah was written by a distinguished poet. Thus: Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. 10. Parse the VERBS in the following examples; also the NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS and PARTICIPLES: In August, even, not a breeze can stir but it thrills us with the breath of autumn. A pensive glory is seen in the far, golden gleams, among the shadows of the trees.-Hawthorne. Reproach did not spare Braddock, even in his grave. Still his dauntless conduct on the field of battle shows him to have been a man of fearless spirit; and he was universally allowed to be an accomplished disciplinarian. Whatever may have been his faults and errors, he expiated them by the hardest lot that can befall a brave soldier, ambitious of renown—an unhonored grave in a strange land; a memory clouded by misfortune, and a name for ever coupled with defeat.-Irving. Now, by the skies above us, and by our fathers' graves, Many a night from yonder ivied casement, ere I went to rest, Models for parsing. ADVERBS. 132. Definition. 1. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, participle, or other adverb; as, "He learns quickly." 2. When an idea, however expressed, is put in such relation to a verb, an adjective, a participle, or an adverb, as to represent some circumstance of place, time, cause, or manner, it is adverbial, because it is placed in an adverbial relation in the sentence. The same idea placed in relation to a noun or pronoun is of the nature of an adjective; as, "He who acts uprightly, is an upright man." 3. When an adverbial idea is expressed by a single word, that word is called an adverb; as, "He walks slowly." The relation is determined either by the termination, the position, or the meaning. When the idea is expressed by a noun, the relation is expressed by a preposition; as, "The affair was managed with prudence" = prudently. In this case the phrase, consisting of the preposition and noun, is said to be adverbial. When the idea is expressed by a proposition, the relation is expressed by a conjunctive adverb. Here the clause, consisting of a connective, subject, and predicate, is adverbial; as, "Speak so that you can be understood" distinctly. 4. Words properly called adverbs are abridged expressions. They take the place of phrases consisting of a preposition and noun; as, "He lived there" = in that place. "He conducted wisely" in a wise manner. = 5. Sometimes an adverb seems to qualify a noun, and thereby to partake of the nature of an adjective; as, "I found the boy only." 6. Sometimes an adverb modifies a phrase, or an entire proposition; as, "Far from home." "The old man likewise came to the city." 133. Exercise. 1. Point out the ADVERBS in the following sentences: She sang sweetly. The wind moaned mournfully over her grave. O, lightly, lightly tread. The storm raged fearfully. When shall I see you again? They lived very happily. pointed. Do you expect them to-morrow? her mind. It cannot be true. true. George writes elegantly. They were agreeably disapShe is continually changing Perhaps I shall go. Doubtless it is 2. Insert the following adverbs in sentences of your own:Where, hopefully, soon, bravely, yes, surely, undeniably, sorrowfully, briefly, quite, below, above, ever, constantly, so, yet, although, no. Adverbs. Expressions in an adverbial relation. A single word-a phrase -a clause. Adverbs equivalent to phrases. Adverbs used as adjectives. 134. Classes of Adverbs. 1. Adverbs may be divided into four general classes-adverbs of place, of time, of cause, of manner. 2. Adverbs of place answer the questions Where? Whither? Whence? as, here, there, above, yonder, below, somewhere, back, upwards, downwards, &c. 3. Adverbs of time answer the questions When? How long? How often? as, then, yesterday, always, continually, often, frequently, &c. 4. Adverbs of cause answer the questions Why? Wherefore? as, why, wherefore, therefore, then. 5. Causal relations are commonly expressed by phrases and clauses. 6. Adverbs of manner and degree answer the question How? as, elegantly, faithfully, fairly, &c. They are generally derived from adjectives denoting quality. 7. Under the head of degree may be classed those which answer the question How? in respect to quantity or quality; as, How much? How good? &c.; as, too, very, greatly, chiefly, perfectly, mainly, wholly, totally, quite, exceedingly. 8. Modal adverbs, or those which show the manner of the assertion, belong to this class also. The following are the principal modal adverbs: yes, yea, verily, truly, surely, undoubtedly, doubtless, forsooth, certainly, no, nay, not, possibly, probably, perhaps, peradventure, perchance. 9. The adverbs when, where, why, how, &c., when used in asking questions, are called interrogative adverbs; as, "When did he come?" 10. Adverbs of manner are generally formed from adjectives by adding ly; as, bright, bright-ly; smooth, smooth-ly. But when the adjective ends in ly, the phrase is commonly used; as, "In a lovely manner," instead of lovelily. 11. There is used as an expletive to introduce a sentence when the verb to be denotes existence; as, "There are many men of the same opinion." It is also sometimes used with the verbs seem, appear, come, go, and others; as, "There went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus." In this use it has no meaning. 12. The adverb so is often used as a substitute for some preceding word or group of words; as, "He is in good business, and is likely to remain so." 135. Conjunctive Adverbs. 1. Conjunctive adverbs are those which express the adverbial Classes of adverbs-place-time-cause-manner-degree. Modal adverbs. Interrogative adverbs. There as an expletive. The adverb so. Conjunctive adverbs. relation of a dependent clause, and connect it with the verb, adjective, or adverb, which it modifies; as, "I shall meet my friend when the boat arrives." 2. The principal conjunctive adverbs will be found under the head of connectives (143, 18). They are equivalent to two phrases, the one containing a relative pronoun, the other its antecedent; as, "The lilies grow where the ground is moist" - The lilies grow in that place in which the ground is moist. Here the phrase in that place modifies grows, and the phrase in which modifies moist; hence where, the equivalent of the two, modifies both. 3. The words therefore, wherefore, hence, whence, consequently, then, now, besides, likewise, also, too, moreover, and some others, are adverbs, and at the same time are used-either alone or when associated with other connectives, to join propositions. But unlike conjunctive adverbs, they connect coördinate and not subordinate clauses. 136. Exercise. 1. Tell the class of the following adverbs:— Very, greatly, perhaps, therefore, below, to-morrow, when, there, purely, truly, always, continually, yesterday, why, sorrowfully, painfully, down, above, here, vainly, exceedingly. 2. Point out the conjunctive adverbs in the following examples :— He will be prepared when the time arrives. She may return whenever she wishes. He disobeyed the rule, although he knew it was wrong. Whither I go ye cannot come. I mourn because I have lost my friend. 137. Comparison of Adverbs. 1. Many adverbs, especially those denoting manner, admit of comparison; as, brightly, more brightly, most brightly; soon, sooner, soonest. 2. When an adjective undergoes comparison, it shows that two or more objects are compared; but when an adverb undergoes the same change, it shows that two or more actions or qualities are compared; as, "James speaks more fluently than George [speaks]." 3. The following adverbs are compared irregularly: Ill or badly, worse, worst; little, less, least; far, farther, farthest; much, more, most; well, better, best. Conjunctive adverbs equivalent to two phrases. The adverbs therefore, &c. Comparison of adverbs. Irregular comparison. |