= = = 212, R. 2. Jovi; like tibi, v. 5. The oak was sacred to Jupiter. 16. Habitae... oracula regarded as oracles. Graiis. Gr. 388. II. A. & S. 225. II. Oracula. Gr. 362 and 2. 2). A. & S. 210, R. 3 (3) (c). Quercus; the oak-groves at Dodona. See on E. IX. 13. 17. Pullulat, etc.; propagation by natural suckers. Aliis. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223.-18. Parnasia; because the laurel was sacred to Apollo, whose temple of Delphi stood at the foot of Mount Parnasus.—19 Se subjicit=shoots up.-20. Primum; i. e. before man had tried experiments. His; sc. modis. — 22. Alii; sc. modi. Ipse... usus, i. e. experience alone, without the example of nature. Via: = by method, by a regular course or process. Voss, followed by Forb. and Keightley, personifies usus, and makes via on her way, in her progress. 23. Plantas suckers. 24. Deposuit. See on I. 49. Stirpes, sudes, and vallos denote the same thing differently treated: stirpes, the stock along with some of the root; sudes and vallos, rods or larger branches from the parent tree set into the ground like stakes, the former split into four parts (quadrifidas) at the lower end to form a root, and the latter sharpened to a point (acuto robore). — 25. Robore. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.-26. Silvarum arborum. Gr. 396. III. A. & S. 212. Arcus; the bows which the depressed layers form.-27. Viva; because not separated from the parent stem. Sua.. terra; i. e. in which they themselves grow. —28. Summum ... cacumen; i. e. a cutting from the very top of the tree. — - 29. Referens = restoring; i. e. to its native earth. - 30. Quin et sectis. The root and branches were which was then cut across into pieces or planted either whole, or split up before and I. A. & S. 276. III. — 31. Radix oleagina; a specimen of the trees thus grown. — 32. Impune = without damage (to the quality of either tree). 34. Prunis: on plum-trees. Gr. 422 and 1. A. & S. 254, R. 3. Corna; cornel cherries, which are of a beautiful red color. The epithet lapidosa shows that corna is not put for cornos, as some think; and rubescere, too, would be inapplicable to a change from the redder fruit to the less red. - Quare; i. e. since art can do so much. Generatim = according to their kinds; i. e. the kinds of trees. -37. Ismara (plu. of Ismarus); a mountain in Thrace. Bacchovitibus. 38. Taburnum; a mountain on the confines of Samnium and Campania. — 39. Una; sc. mecum. Decurre = run through. A naval mecaphor. Laborem. Gr. 371. 1. 3). A. & S. 232 (1). Cf. A. V. 862, Currit iter tutum. -40. Decus... pars. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. 41. Maecenas. See Life of Virgil. Gr. 369. A. & S. 240. Pelagoon (lit. to) the sea. It may refer metaphorically to the extent, the lessness, of the subject. Gr 384 and II. - nay even. Caudicibus lopped off from the trunk, lengths"; and these were planting. Dictu. Gr. 570 = = A. & S. 223. 42. Cuncta the whole subject. 43. Non; sc. optem amplecti, or amplectar. Sint. Gr. 503 and III. A. & S. 261. 2. -44. Primi - oram = coast along the very edge of the shore; since he does not design to go thoroughly into the subject. Primi litoris oram primam litoris oram = the first part of the edge of the shore. Litus denotes the shore only as the line which separates the land from the sea, 1. e. as the strand; ora, as the space and tract of land that borders on the sea, i. e. as the coast. Litoris ora, is, therefore, ora per litus extensa. — 45. In manibus terrae the land is at hand; carrying out the metaphor of the preceding line. Carmine ficto= by feigned strains; i. e. by a mythical poem, such as were then in vogue. Ambages - exorsa. He thus designates the length of those poems and the involutions of their plots. 47. A return to the threefold division of trees naturally produced (see vv. 10- - 19); each of which kinds is shown to admit of improvement by cultivation. 48. Laeta luxuriant. — 49. Quippe - subest refers only to laeta et fortia, not to infecunda. Solo. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Natura a natural productive power. Subest is latent; lit. is underneath. Tamen must relate to infecunda, to which silvestrem animum is clearly parallel. 50. Mutata transplanted. Subactis carefully prepared; i. e. with the spade. -51. Exuerint. Gr. 473. 1; 511. II. A. & S. 259, R. 1 (5). Animum naturam. 52. Artes = artificial modes of culture. They will learn whatever lessons you choose to teach. — 53. Sterilis; sc. arbor from v. 57. The reference is to a sucker. See v. 17. Sterilis is the general description; quae stirpibus exit ab imis, the characteristic. Imis. Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. — 55. Nunc; i. e. in its natural state. -56. Crescenti = when growing up. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224, R. 2. Fetus = fructus. Ferentem when bearing (fruit); i. e. wither up the productive powers it exerts. 57. Jam = moreover. This use of jam (nearly = praeterea) is not uncommon. Seminibus jactis. See on v. 14. — 58. Venit; as in v. II. Seris nepotibus. Cf. v. 294 and E. IX. 50. 59. Poma; all kinds of fruit. — 60. Turpes unseemly. Avibus praedam; i. e. because no men will pick them. Uva; for vitis. — 61. Scilicet = the fact is. It is explanatory. Omnibus; sc. arboribus. Cogendae in sulcum drilled into the trench; conveying the notion of training and disci pline. Multa mercede at great cost; i. e. of labor. Gr. 416. A. & S. 252. — 63. Truncis... propagine. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. Truncis; answering to the caudicibus sectis of v. 30.· 64. Solido... de robore answers to stirpes, sudes, and vallos, vv. 24, 25. Paphiae; because sacred to Venus, who was worshipped at Paphos, a city in the island of Cyprus. Myrtus. Gr. 117. 2. A. & S. 89 (6). 66. Herculeae coronae; i. e. the poplar. See on E. = 1 VII. 61. 67. Chaonii patris; i. e. Jupiter of Dodona in Chaonia. See on E. IX. 13. Glandes=quercus. Gr. 705. II. A. & S. 324. 2. The oak was sacred to Jupiter. — 68. Nascitur; sc. plantis. Abies. The fir was much used for ship-building; hence casus visura marinos. 69. Nucis; i. e. the walnut. Horrida; from the roughness of the stem. Fetu. Gr. 414 and 4. opp. to pomifera. Gessere canuit and fregere. = A. & S. 247 and 3. — 70. Steriles; gerere solent. See on I. 49. So in71. Castaneae; sc. albo flore. Fagus. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309 (1). It may, however, according to Wr. and Forb. be the nom. pl. of the 4th decl. and subject of incanuerunt understood, incanuit agreeing with the nearer noun. -73. Inserere. Gr. 563. 6. A. & S. 275. III. N. 1. See I. 213. Simplex: =unus; i. e. inoculation is distinguished from engrafting; they are not one. — 75. Tunicas the inner coats; i. e. of the bark: that which is under the cortex. -76. Sinus = cavity, slit. — 80. Et. Cf. A. III. 9. A remnant of primitive simplicity of expression, which sometimes gives more force to a passage than the employment of a more formal connecting particle. -81. Exiit. See on I. 330. - 82. Sua. Cf. E. I. 38. — 83-108. There are varieties in each kind of tree, the olive, the apple, and the pear, and especially the vine, the diversities of which are innumerable. - 84. Que. See on v. 87. Idaeis; from Mount Ida in Crete, whence the cypress was said to have been brought into Italy. -86. Orchades and radii appear to be so named from their shape. The orchades are oblong, the radii are long like a weaver's shuttle. Pausia is a kind of olive which requires to be gathered before it is ripe : hence amara bacca. Bacca. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. — 87. Que is disjunctive, as often in excited or emphatic narrative. Nor are apples, etc., of one sort any more than olives. Alcinoi silvae the orchards of Alcinous. Alcinous was king of the Phaeacians, in the island of Corcyra, and is celebrated by Homer in the Odyssey for the beauty of his gardens. Silvae = arbores. See on v. 26. — 88. Crustumiis; so called from Crustumerium or Crustumium at the conflux of the Allia and the Tiber. Servius says they were partly red. Syriis. Servius and Pliny say they were black. Piris. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Volemis; so named, it is said, because they would fill the vola or hollow of the hand. -89. Arboribus. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247 and 3. Arbos, here and in vv. 267, 278, 300 is probably the silvestria virgulta of v. 2, on which see note. Vindemia = uva. 90. Methymnaeo; from Methymna, a town in the island of Lesbos, which was famous for the excellence of its wine. -91. Thasiae; from Thasos, an island off the coast of Thrace, celebrated for its corn, wine, and mines. Mareotides; from Lake Mareotis, near Alexandria in Egypt. — 92. Hae .. illae former . . . latter. Gr. 452. 2. A. & S. 207, R. 23 (6). = - ... = = Habiles adapted to. - 93. Passo; sc. vino: =vino e passis uvis facto. Psithia... Lageos. These terms are Greek, and designate two different kinds of vine, but their meaning is not well known. Tenuis = subtile, spiritous, intoxicating. - 95. Preciae = early ripe. -96. Rhaetica; sc. vitis. Rhaetia was a region of the Alps (the modern Tyrol), but it was considered to extend into Cisalpine Gaul, and it was in the neighborhood of Verona that the grapes grew which the poet here praises. Nec nec tamen. Falernis. The wine of the Falernian district, in Campania, enjoyed the highest reputation. — 97. Aminaeae. These wines are said by Aristotle to have been introduced into Italy by a Thessalian tribe called Aminaei. They were cultivated chiefly in the neighborhood of Naples. Firmissima = very strong. Vina, by a peculiar species of apposition, producing wines. Cf. fines. genus, A. I. 339. — 98. Tmolius— Phanaeus to which the Tmolian and the Phanaean itself, the prince of wines (rex), rise up to pay homage. Virgil speaks in Greek fashion, olvos being implied. Tmolius is from Tmolus, a mountain in Lydia, producing excellent wine; Phanaeus, from Phanae, a harbor and promontory in the Isle of Chios, which produced the celebrated Ariusian wine, which is here styled rex. See on E. V. 71. Some supply mons. — - 99. Argitisque minor. This vine, of which there were two kinds, a major and a minor (so named from the size of the grapes), is said to derive its name from ȧpyós, white, referring to the color of the grapes. Cui. Gr. 385. 5. A. & S. 223, R. 2. Certaverit. Gr. 485; 486. III. and 2. A. & S. 260. II. -100. Tantum fluere = in yielding so much juice. -101. Dis secundis. Drinking did not begin till after the first course, when it was commenced by a libation. 102. Transierim. Gr. 485 486. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 4. Rhodia; sc. vitis; the vine of Rhodes, a noted island off the coast of Caria. Bumaste; so called from its producing large grapes. The term is Greek, and signifies large-breasted. Racemis. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6. 103. Sint. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. — 104. Neque enim = nor indeed. Numero = by a (definite) number. 105. Velit . . . velit. Gr. 485. A. & S. 260. II. Aequoris the desert. Idem. Gr. 451. 3. A. & S. 207, R. 27 (a). — 108. Ionii. . . fluctus fluctus Ionii maris. - 110. Fluminibus salices. Cf. E. VII. 66. 111. Steriles. See on v. 70. Myrtetis. Gr. 414 and 2; 317. 2. A. & S. 247 and 1; 100. 7. Apertos suggests the idea of apricos, to which aquilonem et frigora is opposed. He treats soil and climate together, as in I. 51 foll. 113. Bacchus; i. e. vitis. —114. Extremis - orbem extremas orbis partes cultas. The sentence is closely connected with what follows, the sense being, Look at foreign lands, go as far as you will, = of the plain; i. e. 112. = you will find each country has its tree. Cultoribus. Gr. 388. II. A. & S. 225. II. —115. Pictos tattooed. Gelonos; a Scythian people, on the Borysthenes (Dnieper), in the district now called Ukraine. 116. Divisae=divided among, apportioned; i. e. each tree has its allotted country. Arboribus. Gr. 384. A. & S. 223. 117. Sabaeis. See on I. 57. 118. Quid. Gr. 380 and 2. A. & S. 235, R. 11; 232 (3).—119. Que also. Baccas pods. Martyn understands it of the globules of gum. Acanthi; a tree, probably the acacia, from which gum arabic is procured. See on E. IV. 20. — 120. Nemora Aethiopum; the cotton plant. Lana. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and 1. - 121. Vellera. It was the general belief in Virgil's time, and long after, that silk, which was brought to Europe from the East, grew on the leaves of trees in the country of the Seres, a people whose abode was supposed to be between India and Scythia. Silkworms were not known in the Roman empire till the time of Justinian. Depectant. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Tenuia. Gr. 669. II. and 3. A. & S. 306 and (3). — 122. Oceano propior is explained by extremi sinus orbis. It seems to imply the Homeric notion of the ocean as a great stream, encircling the outside of the world. 123. Extremi orbis. India is so called as forming the extreme bend or curvature of the oblong habitable earth at the ocean in the East. Aëra summum arboris; i. e. the top of the tree in the air. -125. Et ... quidem et tamen. Tarda inexpert. 126. Tristes. See on I. 75. Tardum; that remains long in the mouth. 127. Felicis blessed; i. e. as an antidote. Mali; from malum, the citron. Presentius = more efficacious. - 128. Infecere; sc. veneno. — 129. Miscuerunt. Gr. 669. IV. A. & S. 307. I and (2). Non verba incantations.-130. Atra venena. Here, as in I. 129, ater seems to contain the double notion of black and deadly. The former refers to the color of the poison itself (cf. A. IV. 514), or to the color produced by it on the body. -131. Faciem. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. and R. 2.-133. Erat; for esset. Gr. 511. II. 2. A. & S. 259, R. 4. I and (b). Labentia. We should expect labuntur; but the poets sometimes in description use participles or adjectives for finite verbs. - 134. Ad prima in the highest degree. Olentia (= fetid) applies to animas as well as to ora. -135. Fovent = correct, sweeten. Illo; sc. malo. Senibus. Gr. 385 and 2. A. & S. 223, R. 2 and 1 (a). Anhelis asthmatic. 136. Silvae; i. e. the citron-groves. Terra. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. See on vina, v. 97. - 137. Ganges; i. e. India, of which the Ganges is the principal river. Auro turbidus; whose mud or sand is gold. Gr. 414 A. & S. 247 and 1. Hermus; i. e. Lydia, in which the river Hermus rolls its golden sands. 138. Certent. Gr. 484 and 2. = = = = |